Minutes 01-17-23 Minutes of the City Commission Meeting
Held Online Via the GoToWebinar Platform and
In-Person at the City Hall Commission Chambers
100 East Ocean Avenue, Boynton Beach, Florida
On Tuesday, January 17, 2023, at 6:00 P.M.
Present:
Vice Mayor Angela Cruz Daniel Dugger City Manager
Commissioner Woodrow L. Hay Mike Cirullo, City Attorney
Commissioner Thomas Turkin Maylee De Jesus, City Clerk
Commissioner Aimee Kelley
Absent:
Mayor Ty Penserga
1. Agenda Items
A. Call to Order— Vice Mayor Cruz
Vice Mayor Cruz called the meeting to order at 6:02 P.M. She read a letter by Mayor
Penserga into the record in regards to his absence today.
Roll Call
City Clerk Maylee De Jesus called the roll. A quorum was present.
Invocation by Pastor Chuck Brannon, Gateway Community Church
Invocation was given by Pastor Chuck Brannon.
Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag led by Commissioner Woodrow Hay
Commissioner Hay led the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag.
Agenda Approval:
1. Additions, Deletions, Corrections
Commissioner Kelley added item 11B, a discussion regarding adding extra Police Officers
to the budget, for next fiscal year.
Motion
Commissioner Turkin moved to approve the agenda, as amended. Commissioner Hay
seconded the motion. The motion passed unanimously.
2. Other
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City Commission Meeting
Boynton Beach, FL January 17, 2023
A. Informational items by the Members of the City Commission.
Commissioner Kelley had no disclosures or informational items.
Commissioner Turkin had no disclosures or informational items.
Commissioner Hay thanked the City for the Martin Luther King Jr. Celebration, and
said that he hopes there is more attendance next year. He stated that he had no
disclosures.
Vice Mayor Cruz said that the City will be receiving over $1 million dollars, from
Federal appropriations, to replace the radio communication tower. She thanked
Congresswoman Lois Frankel for her help with securing these funds.
3. Announcements, Community and Special Events And Presentations
A. Introduce the new Human Resources and Risk Management Director, Tennille
DeCoste.
Daniel Dugger, City Manager, introduced Tennille DeCoste and gave a history of her
background.
Ms. DeCoste stated that she is excited to be at Boynton Beach, and she is making changes
to help with cost savings.
City Manager Dugger stated that he would like to add item 5D, travel plans for
Commissioners, to the agenda.
B. Announcement: Oceanfront Bark - Boynton Beach's Dog "Paw-ty" on the Beach
- will be on Saturday, January 21, 2023, from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM at
Oceanfront Park located at 6415 N. Ocean Blvd. This is the third of four
scheduled events being held the third Saturday of each month thru February.
This is a free event for all well behaved, licensed dogs and their owners. Dogs
will be allowed off leash in a designated fenced area. Parking is free during
Oceanfront Bark for all beach patrons from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM.
Vice Mayor Cruz announced Oceanfront Bark, Boynton Beach's Dog "Paw-ty" on the
Beach.
C. Announcement: The Immortal Four Chaplains Memorial Service being hosted
by the Boynton Beach Veterans Task Force and the City of Boynton Beach on
Sunday, January 29, 2023. The Service will be held at the First Presbyterian
Church of Boynton Beach located at 235 SW 6th Avenue, starting at 2:00 PM
and is open to the public.
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Boynton Beach, FL January 17, 2023
Vice Mayor Cruz announced The Immortal Four Chaplains Memorial Service.
D. Announcement: Homestead Exemption Outreach will be at City Hall on
Thursday, January 26 and Thursday, February 23 from 9 AM - 10 AM. Filing
assistance will be provided by the Palm Beach County Property Appraiser's
Office.
Vice Mayor Cruz announced the Homestead Exemption Outreach. She asked where this
will be located.
Laura Lansburgh, Public Information Director, responded that they will be in the Community
Room, and no appointment is necessary.
Commissioner Kelley asked who residents can contact in regards to documents needed, if
they do not have internet access.
Ms. Lansburgh stated that there are flyers in the back with information on them, and they
can contact the Property Appraiser's Office director, or they can contact her.
E. Announcement by Glenn Weiss, Public Arts Manager: The 2023 Kinetic Biennial
Event received a National Endowment for the Arts Grant.
Glenn Weiss, Public Arts Manager, announced that the 2023 Kinetic Biennial Event
received a National Endowment for the Arts Grant, which is the primary funder of arts
organizations. He stated that Boynton Beach was awarded $20K towards the Kinetic Event
and other future events, and they also received $15K from South Arts to support the Unity
Project, and they were recommended for a $25K from the State of Florida Cultural Affairs
Grant. He explained the location of the artwork that will be spread out along Ocean Avenue.
He showed a slideshow of pictures of artwork that will be coming to the event.
Commissioner Hay asked if we will have any of these art pieces after the event.
Mr.Weiss responded that all of the artwork will be around until next November, unless there
is a serious hurricane.
F. Present a Certificate of Achievement from Mayor Ty Penserga to Mivadia
Joseph for successfully earning a high school diploma from Smart Horizons
through the Library's Career Online High School Program.
Jeannie Taylor, Assistant Library Director, presented a Certificate of Achievement to
Mivadia Joseph, for successfully earning a High School Diploma from Smart Horizons
through the Library's Career Online High School Program. She stated that Ms. Joseph's
plans are to go to college and become a nurse.
Ms. Joseph thanked everyone for the opportunity and said that it was difficult to do, as a
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Boynton Beach, FL January 17, 2023
single mother. She stated that she worked hard to take care of her kids and worked at night
to accomplish this degree, and she is proud of herself.
Maylee De Jesus, City Clerk, stated that she would like to acknowledge Vice Mayor Cruz
and Commissioner Kelley on receiving their certificate of completion from the Florida
League of Cities Institute of Municipal Elected Officials Conference in October.
4. Public Audience
Individual Speakers Will Be Limited To 3 Minute Presentations (at the discretion of
the Chair, this 3-minute allowance may need to be adjusted depending on the level
of business coming before the City Commission)
City Clerk De Jesus read into the record a letter by Danny Ferrell.
Victor Norfus thanked everyone for coming out to the MLK event, and said that he tried to
direct it towards the children in the City. He asked that the City start planning the MLK
Parade when they do the Christmas Parade. He stated that Boynton Cemetery, around
the tree, is unkept and he would like it to be cleaned up. He asked the City to bring back
the Heritage Celebration, where everyone can celebrate their heritages.
Susan Oyer thanked Commissioner Turkin for being a judge in her neighborhood
Christmas and Holiday Decorations Contest. She mentioned the white roof project and
gave the history on it, and asked that we move forward on this.
Clovis Moody stated that she has seen the difference that public art has made to the City,
and she appreciates the support of the Commissioners and staff that make the City
beautiful. She invited everyone to come out to the 2023 Kinetic Event.
Cindy Falco DiCorrado responded to the remarks by Danny Ferrell and said that she has
2 lesbian sisters and she loves them, and they rejected her because of her . She stated
that it in about her religion and breaking laws regarding government and LGBTQ. She
requested that the Commissioners be criminally charged, if they
Tory Aura stated that the MLK Event was nice and they were all having fun. He stated that
Bernard Wright was in a bad accident, and that they found the car, but not the person. He
asked if it was a cop, or something like that, and is this why they have not said who it is.
He asked that they get answers about who hit him.
Jim Czizik stated that there was a typo in the heading, and the Immortal Four Chaplains
Memorial Service is on January 26, not February. He spoke about the monuments for the
Tuskegee Airmen and the African Americans in the Military.
Christina Pierre asked for an update in regards to who hit Mr. Wright. She stated that she
came to a Commission Meeting a few months ago to ask for speed humps, and said that
they have not been installed anything yet, after it was being monitored for a little while.
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Commissioner Hay asked that Ms. Pierre go speak to Gary Dunmyer.
Mr. Weiss stated that he forgot to give recognition to Susan Oyer for the idea of the sailfish
artwork.
Ernest Mignoli stated that both buildings in the complex where he lives have serious
problems, and that the Commissioners stated that they cannot do an ordinance in regards
to this, and that it was finally passed and he did not get any credit. He complained about
the City not doing anything to help his Code Enforcement complaints.
Virtual Comment: 1 hand
Ace Tilton Radcliff stated that she is very proud of everything that the Art Board has done.
She said that she hopes everyone can attend the Kinetic Event. She said that she is proud
every time she drives over the LGBTQ+ flag.
5. Administrative
A. Approve the request of Commissioner Woodrow Hay to distribute $1 ,000.00 of
his Community Support Funds to Boynton Strong.
Motion
Commissioner Turkin moved to approve Commissioner Hay's Community Support Funds
to Boynton Strong in the amount of $1,000.00. Commissioner Hay seconded the motion.
The motion passed unanimously.
B. Approve the request of Commissioner Woodrow Hay to distribute $1,000.00 of
his Community Support Funds to Heart of Boynton Community Association.
Motion
Commissioner Turkin moved to approve Commissioner Hay's Community Support Funds
to Heart of Boynton Community Association in the amount of $1 ,000.00. Commissioner
Hay seconded the motion. The motion passed unanimously.
C. Announce vacant positions on City Advisory Boards.
Vice Mayor Cruz announced the vacant positions on the City Advisory Boards.
Commissioner Turkin stated that William Cwynar put in an application for the
Planning and Development Board.
City Clerk De Jesus stated that the application did not make the cutoff time to be on
this agenda, but it will be on the next one.
5D- Upcoming Conferences for Commissioners
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City Manager Dugger announced that Commissioner Turkin requested to go to the
National League of Cities Congressional Cities Conference from March 26-28, 2023,
which is in Washington DC and is budgeted. He stated that PBC Legislative Days will
be on March 7-8, 2023, in Tallahassee, which is a Commission Meeting and it will
need to be rescheduled. He said that he would need the names of which
Commissioners would like to attend PBC Legislative Days, and that they should
contact Kendra if they would like to go.
Attorney Cirullo stated that the March 7°' meeting would need to be moved tonight,
due to proper notices.
There was discussion regarding changing the meeting in March. There was
consensus to add this discussion to the next Commission Meeting.
Kathryn Rossmell, Attorney with Lewis, Longman & Walker, P.A., stated that they can
have a discussion at the next Commission Meeting, which is February 7, 2023.
6. Consent Agenda
A. Approve and authorize the use of Federal Forfeiture Trust Funds to
purchase equipment and services from Axon Enterprises, Inc. for five (5)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in the amount of$48,712.00 via the Axon
Enterprises Contract PD23-015 (Resolution R22-168) and a sole source
equipment purchase from American Locker in the amount of $15,570.00.
Total use of Treasury Funds to authorize is $64,282.00.
B. Proposed Resolution No. R23-009- Approve and authorize the Mayor to
sign the ARPA Subrecipient Agreement for the Wounded Veterans Relief
Fund to provide housing support for homeless Veterans and Veterans on
the verge of homelessness for a total amount of $50,000.
C. Proposed Resolution No. R23-010- Approve and authorize the Mayor to
sign the lease agreement between the City of Boynton Beach and the
Boynton Beach Community Redevelopment Agency for the space located
at 511 East Ocean Avenue.
D. Accept the written report to the Commission for purchases over $10,000
for the month of December 2022.
E. Approve minutes from the January 3, 2023 City Commission Meetings.
Commissioner Turkin pulled item 6B.
Commissioner Kelley pulled item 6A.
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Motion:
Commissioner Turkin moved to approve the consent agenda, as amended.
Commissioner Hay seconded the motion. The motion passed unanimously.
6A- Approve and authorize the use of Federal Forfeiture Trust Funds to
purchase equipment and services from Axon Enterprises, Inc. for five (5)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in the amount of $48,712.00 via the Axon
Enterprises Contract PD23-015 (Resolution R22-168) and a sole source
equipment purchase from American Locker in the amount of$15,570.00. Total
use of Treasury Funds to authorize is $64,282.00.
Commissioner Kelley asked what the purpose of this is and how will it benefit the residents
and Police Department.
John Bonafair, Police Major, explained the drone program, which allows them to do more
with the manpower they currently have, such as searching for children or elderly that get
lost. He said that this will also allow them to map a traffic homicide crime scene in 15
minutes, instead of 4 hours.
Commissioner Hay asked if this program will communicate with traffic lights.
Major Bonafair stated that there are laws that are clear in regards to traffic enforcement,
but this will allow them to monitor the traffic and change traffic patterns, in the event of an
emergency. He said that they utilize the PBSO and Delray Drone Programs currently.
There was discussion regarding what the drones would be used for; warrants that would
need to be requested for certain searches; and Police Officer trainings.
Motion:
Commissioner Hay moved to approve the agreement. Commissioner Turkin seconded
the motion. The motion passed unanimously.
6B- Proposed Resolution No. R23-009- Approve and authorize the Mayor to
sign the ARPA Subrecipient Agreement for the Wounded Veterans Relief Fund
to provide housing support for homeless Veterans and Veterans on the verge
of homelessness for a total amount of $50,000.
John Durgan, Economic Development Director, stated that they have been working
with Mr. Durkey at the Wounded Veterans Relief Fund to finalize their scope of work
for the ARPA Agreement.
Michael Durkee, Executive Director of the Wounded Veterans Relief Fund (spoke
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virtually), thanked the Commission for supporting the Veterans. He said that they will
use the money to help with rental assistance and getting Veterans off of the streets.
Commissioner Turkin thanked Staff for getting this program together.
Motion:
Commissioner Turkin moved to approve Resolution No. R23-009. Commissioner Kelley
seconded the motion. The motion passed unanimously.
7. Consent Bids and Purchases over $100,000
A. Approve the one-year extension for RFPs/Bids and/ or piggy-backs for the
procurement of services and/or commodities over $100,000 as described
in the written report for January 17, 2023 - "Request for Extensions and/or
Piggybacks."
B. Approve an Amendment to Purchase Order No. 210344 with Globaltech
Inc. in the amount of$18,496.00 to provide additional engineering services
and special inspection service for Fluoride Storage and Feed
Improvements project at the East Water Treatment Plant, for a total
Purchase Order amount of $160,158.50.
C. Proposed Resolution No. R23-011- Award of Bid No. PWE23-004 for "Re-
Bid Ezell Hester Jr. Park Improvement - PH 1A" and authorize the City
Manager to sign a Construction Contract and issue a Purchase Order to
the lowest responsive and responsible bidder, LTG Sports Turf One, LLC.,
of Boynton Beach, Florida, in the amount of $3,685,000.00 plus a 10%
contingency amount of $368,500.00, for a total estimated amount of
$4,053,500.00.
D. Approve the purchase of three (3) replacement vehicles that were
approved in the FY22-23 budget for an estimated amount of$4,225,247.88
by utilizing the following contract: Sourcewell contract #113021-SUT. The
contract satisfies the City's Procurement requirements.
Motion:
Commissioner Hay moved to approve the Consent Bids and Purchases over $100,000.
Commissioner Turkin seconded the motion. The motion passed unanimously.
8. Public Hearing
6 p.m. or as soon thereafter as the agenda permits.
The City Commission will conduct these public hearings in its dual capacity as
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Local Planning Agency and City Commission.
9. City Manager's Report- None
10. Unfinished Business- None
11. New Business
A. Discussion for an ordinance regarding tints for paraphernalia shops,
requested by Commissioner Turkin.
Commissioner Turkin asked about an ordinance to require tint for storefronts that are
paraphernalia shops. He stated that it is right in the downtown area, where families
are at, and this does not look good in that area.
Attorney Cirullo stated that they will have to look at this ordinance.
City Manager Dugger stated that adult novelty shops have tinted windows, so there
might be a possibility of this.
Attorney Cirullo stated that he will get back to the Commission on this.
Commissioner Kelley asked that staff look at what other municipalities do, and if it
will jeopardize their business if it is tinted.
There was discussion regarding looking into what other municipalities do.
11 B- Additional Police Officer allocations for FY 2023-2024.
Commissioner Kelley stated that after the PBSO Proposal, they learned that the PD
is understaffed, and they would like to see if they can allocate funds for the number
of Officers that they are down, before we get to the Budget Workshops.
City Manager Dugger stated that they added 21 Firefighters for this fiscal year, but
they did not allocate for additional Police Officers.
Joseph DeGiulio, Police Chief, stated that they are requested 6 Officers and a
Supervisor last budget year, and that they are looking at needing more Officers with
an increase in population.
There was discussion regarding the following: having different units in the different
zones, such as the CRA area; Police Officers overlapping duties; the budgetary
impact for next year; budgeting for health insurance to be lowered to help the cost to
the families for all staff, which can offset costs to hire more officers; and public safety,
which is their number one priority in the City.
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Boynton Beach, FL January 17, 2023
Commissioner Kelley stated that she would like to be proactive and think ahead,
instead of playing catch up.
Vice Mayor Cruz asked if we hire people pre-academy.
City Manager Dugger responded yes, they have put Officers through the academy.
He asked if they would like to add 6 additional Police Officers for the next budget
year.
There was consensus to add 6 additional Police Officers to the budget for next fiscal
year.
Commissioner Turkin thanked the Police Department for thinking outside of the box
to recruit people.
Chief DeGiulio stated that it is all hands-on deck, and everyone has a part in this.
12. Legal
A. Proposed Resolution No. R23-012 - Approve and authorize the Mayor to
sign an Agreement for the Exchange of Real Property between the City
and Boynton Beach Town Center Apartments, LLC.
Attorney Cirullo stated that this is part of what is needed to move forward with the
Town Center Project. He said that there is due diligence that needs to be done.
Ms. Rossmell stated that this helps keep the project moving forward. She explained
the process with this agreement and timeline. She noted that the copy before them
does not have the legal description, but she read it into the record.
Public Comment: None.
Virtual Comment: None.
Manny Mcllroy, GIS Analyst, stated that Mark Lynn, representing the other entity is
on the line if there were questions that needed to be asked.
Motion:
Commissioner Turkin moved to approve Resolution No. R23-012. Commissioner Hay
seconded the motion. The motion passed unanimously.
13. Future Agenda Items
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Boynton Beach, FL January 17, 2023
A. Continue discussion on adding a new sister city based on
recommendations from Boynton Sister Cities. - February 7, 2023
B. Continued discussion regarding a potential park in Leisureville and
creating a Restrictive Covenant on this parcel, requested by Vice Mayor
Cruz. - February 21, 2023.
C. Discussion regarding American Rescue Plan Funds, requested by Mayor
Penserga - February 2023
D. Consider revised local rules for approval. -TBD
E. Discussion regarding installing a coral reef at Oceanfront Park, requested
by Commissioner Turkin - TBD
F. Review Advisory Board Ordinance, requested by Commissioner Kelley. -
TBD
G. Discussion regarding future cemetery lots in Boynton Beach, requested by
Commissioner Hay-TBD
H. Approval of Variance (ZNCV 23-002) of Part Ill, Chapter 4, Article II,
Section 4.B.3.c — Urban Landscape Buffer (Type 2), to grant a variance of
seven (7) feet from the required twelve (12) foot buffer, to allow for a five
(5) foot wide landscape buffer, and the elimination of the requirement to
provide a six (6) foot tall masonry wall.- Tabled until February 21 , 2023
14. Adjournment
Commissioner Hay asked to add to future agenda, a discussion regarding penalties
for destruction of political signs.
Attorney Cirullo stated that there are already tools that they can use, and he can get
with the Police Chief to figure out what is already happening.
Vice Mayor Cruz stated that she would like to add to future agenda, a discussion
regarding regulating medical marijuana shops near schools.
Commissioner Turkin stated that he thinks the City of West Palm Beach has a
moratorium on them.
Attorney Cirullo stated that he will look into it, but it has to be regulated the same as
pharmacies. He said that he will research it.
Vice Mayor Cruz stated that she would like to add as a future agenda item, an update
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Boynton Beach, FL January 17. 2023
on AirBnB's, and not being allowed to rent to sexual predators.
Adam Temple, Assistant City Manager, stated that Mr. Rumpf is working on a draft
regarding short-term rentals that will be included in this.
Motion
Commissioner Turkin moved to adjourn the meeting. Commissioner Hay seconded the
motion. The motion passed unanimously.
There being no further business to discuss, the meeting was adjourned at 7:39 P.M.
CITY OF BOYNTON BEACH
ATTEST:
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Good Evening
Mayor and Commissioners
Danny Ferrell
4414 Round Table Ct
Boynton Beach FL 33436
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to speak this evening.
Normally I like to address'e some good or positive news about our community, but I won't be doing
that tonight. Tonight I'm going to address what happened at the last commission meeting and meetings
before that.
A group of"Residents", one after another/left the need to come up to this podium to let us all know how
much the LGBTQ community is less than the rest of the community and how we are social outcasts who
only pervert children. This is nothing new and is something I have dealt with most of my life, but what
they did last week was beyond anything I have ever had been subjected to.
We are a just group of citizens that are hard workers, raising families and married just like everyone else
by the laws of the United States.This open and constant hatred for the LGBTQ community that is
demonstrated by this group goes beyond hate and is very dangerous for those of us who love and live in
this city.
Luckily,these few people who spoke do not represent the majority of the City of Boynton Beach.
Boynton Beach is a loving and caring community that accepts everyone for who we are and being gay is
just a part of who we are,that is not what we are.
I am very proud to stand up here tonight as a Husband, Son, Brother, Uncle,Veteran and proud and out
Citizen of Boynton Beach.
December 22, 2022
Commissioner Aimee Kelley
City of Boynton Beach
100 E Ocean Ave
Boynton Beach, FL 33435-4515
Dear Commissioner Aimee Kelley,
On behalf of the Florida League of Cities, I am pleased to award this certificate to you for the completion
of the Institute for Elected Municipal Officials in Tampa, FL on October 14-15,2022.
It is our sincere hope that you found the program challenging and worthwhile.We encourage you take
advantage of other training opportunities through FLC University. We also invite you to register for the
next offering of IEMO II,when registration opens.You can find dates and locations for other trainings on
our event calendar.
We strongly believe that your attendance at the Institute is indicative of your continued commitment to
improving the quality of municipal government in Florida. If we may be of assistance in the future,
please do not hesitate to call upon us.
Sincerely,
VvipA,p& A. 3-*" .,
Lynn S.Tipton
Director, FLC University
Florida League of Cities
December 22, 2022
Vice Mayor Angela Cruz
City of Boynton Beach
PO Box 310
Boynton Beach, FL 33425-0310
Dear Vice Mayor Angela Cruz,
On behalf of the Florida League of Cities, I am pleased to award this certificate to you for the completion
of the Institute for Elected Municipal Officials in Tampa, FL on October 14-15, 2022.
It is our sincere hope that you found the program challenging and worthwhile. We encourage you take
advantage of other training opportunities through FLC University. We also invite you to register for the
next offering of IEMO II,when registration opens. You can find dates and locations for other trainings on
our event calendar.
We strongly believe that your attendance at the Institute is indicative of your continued commitment to
improving the quality of municipal government in Florida. If we may be of assistance in the future,
please do not hesitate to call upon us.
Sincerely,
V46-)m,.A. 3p) ,
Lynn S.Tipton
Director, FLC University
Florida League of Cities
Cha-chi's Village' West Palm Beach on Okeechobee Blvd, Just west of 1-95.
Fifty years before the founding of West Palm
Beach, a Seminole town called "Cha-chi's Village"
,li
_ r"i'- . _ ,q,, in honor of its chief peacefully existed along the
. 'f Ire •
rt chain of lakes which today are part of the city's
., do. . t. western suburb. The original inhabitants of the
�' '' Palm Beaches the Jeaga, Guacata (Santaluces)
� and Tequesta tribes died due to diseases and
x t''. - Indian slave raids 1702 -13, leaving a
,. depopulated ulated Florida wilderness. In 1760s
P
_. "N. : near Jupiter Inlet Black Seminole tribes entered
the Palm Beaches as hunters, and then as settlers
in the 19th century.
The Black Seminole village chief Cha-chi (Chai-chee, Chi, or Chai Chi) was the first known residents of the
Palm Beaches. Polly, Cha-Chi's wife is the first woman residing in the county in the 1840s Col.William
Jenkins Worth, the U.S. army commander captured the Seminole village. His officers called him "George
or Old Georgy" instead of Cha-chi's a Muskogean name. The Second Seminole War in 1835 initially had
little impact on Cha-chi's Village.They continued to raise crops along the freshwater Hypoluxo Lake
(Water all around or Big Water").The battle slowly shifted southward after the death of Osceola. A
major battle was fought along the northern shore of Lake Okeechobee on Christmas Day, 1837. In 1838,
the war came to the Palm Beaches. U.S. Navy, Army and state militia units fought along the Loxahatchee
River in January 1838, followed by the construction of Fort Jupiter three miles west of the inlet. Cha-
chi's Seminole neighbors to the north were forced to either surrender or withdraw into the Everglades.
Mayor William Lauderdale's 233 Tennessee Volunteers, stationed at Fort Jupiter, cleared a pathway
west of Cha-chi's Village. It was called the "Military Trail." In four days, "Lauderdale's Route"was cut and
hacked, linking the Jupiter garrison with an outpost 63 miles to the south on the New River.The camp
was named Fort Lauderdale after its commanding officer in March 1838.
The remaining Seminole Indians in the eastern Palm Beaches were flanked to the north and south by
military forts, while Army units patrolled the new road Military Trail to the west.The war arrived at the
Cha-chi village. By 1841 the United States government searched for a way to end the conflict. A few
hundred Seminole and Mikasuki Indians remained in South Florida while others were killed, captured or
deported west to Indian Territory(Oklahoma). Col. Worth was the officer assigned to ending the war.
Small detachments of Army regulars, Navy river boats and Indian guides were used to find the remaining
Seminole hideouts.
On Nov. 5, 1841, Captain Richard A. Wade embarked from Fort Lauderdale with 60 men in 12 dugout
canoes. His destination was the Hillsboro Inlet and the river system along the Broward-Palm Beach
County line where Seminole hunting parties were reported. Captain Wade proceeded by the inland
passage north at Hillsborough Inlet. Concealed from the view of an Indian, discovered Seminoles fishing
on the northern point of the inlet.They were captured and coerced to lead the soldiers to his
encampment 15 miles to the west.
1
4. , ' Colonel WLLIAM JENKINS WORTH WAS IN COMMAND OF U.S. FORCES
!!' IN THE FLORIDA TERRITORY DURING THE SECOND SEMINOLE WAR.
The camp was surrounded and assaulted, resulting in the capture of 20
,i , l;► Indians and the deaths of eight, who were killed while trying to escape.
li
'� �" "" , , - Under the guidance of an old Indian Chief Cha chi, they found among
seh
- ,' ,�� '•"'" our prisoners,the Army marched a mile of deep bog and saw grass.
__— r`- They marched some 30 miles north. On November 8 they encountered
another village, which we also surrounded and captured 27 Indians, six
rifle, shotgun, and four canoes.
The next day Cha-chi led the soldiers and captives back to Hillsboro Inlet where the canoes were left
under guard. Captain Wade's raid resulted in the capture of 55 Indians. Cha-chi won the trust of the
Army officer and was allowed to return to the Palm Beaches alone to persuade any remaining Seminoles
to surrender.The army permitted Cha-chi to go bring in other Indians, which he promised to do in three
or four days.This promise he subsequently redeemed, having brought in six at Fort Lauderdale.There
were few if any Seminole Indians remaining in the eastern Palm Beaches. Cha-chi's motive in assisting
the U.S. Army as a guide was a promise that he and his family could remain in Florida instead of
deportation to Oklahoma.The promise was kept by both the Army and Cha-chi, at the expense of his
tribe and former villagers.
Lake Worth Exploration with Cha-Chi the Captain Wade was rewarded for the successful raid with a
promotion to the rank of major. Following reports of renewed Indian activity along the Loxahatchee
River, he led a second expedition Dec. 19 with 17 canoes and 80 men on a round trip from Fort
Lauderdale to Fort Jupiter and back. He followed an unexplored waterway, later named "Lake Worth" in
honor of his commanding officer, as his chosen route. Joining him on the expedition was Lt. Andrew A.
Humphreys, a topographical engineer,to survey and record new discoveries on their journey. He would
later draw a map which included the location of Cha-chi's Village. He wrote, "Inland Routes from Fort
Jupiter to Fort Lauderdale," he described Lake Worth as "a pretty body of water, about 20 miles long
and three quarters of a mile in width; bounded on the west by pine barren, and on the east by sand hills
of the beach,which are sometimes 12 to 15 feet in height, and covered with cabbage trees, wild fig,
mangroves, saw palmettos,with here and there a variety of cactus.They traveled south from Fort
Jupiter, he wrote, "Six miles from the last haulover, on the west side of the lake, is Cha-chi's Landing. A
broad trail, half a mile in length, formerly led from this place over a spruce scrub towards the villages of
the Indians whose gardens were on the opposite shore of Lake Worth, which they reached by hauling
their canoes over the trail.
Cha-chi's Village was located 12.5 miles south of Lake Worth Creek, and 1.5 miles west of Lake Worth.
He added, "Captain Wade's command were two days in going from Fort Jupiter to Cha-chi's Village."
His description of the abandoned village: "The site of Cha-chi town is on a pretty island, bounded on the
northbound-east by a deep clear pond half a mile wide, and between a mile and a half and two miles
long. On the west and the south it is surrounded by a grassy lake." After aiding Captain Wade, Cha-chi
was a guide for the Navy's"Mosquito Fleet," under the command of Captain John T. McLaughlin. The
fleet's mission was to search coastal waters and inlets for hostile natives. During one of these missions,
"Chi's Cut" in Biscayne Bay was named for guide who located it for the fleet.
2
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Urban Densification -
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RESOURCES
Urban Heat Island Mitigation
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The urban heat island(UHI)effect occurs when urban areas are hotter than surrounding areas.This phenomenon is
caused by a high concentration of dark,impervious surfaces such as roofs,walls,and roads combined with a lack
of trees and green space.Tall buildings that block or slow air movement,known as urban canyons,contribute to the
formation of heat islands,along with waste heat released by vehicles and air conditioning.
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This illustration describes the factors that contribute to urban heat islands(UHI),as well as factors that help mitigate UHI.Urban heat islands occur
when the temperature in urban environments is higher than surrounding areas.High surface temperatures lead to elevated air temperatures,
especially at night.Heat islands increase heat-related discomfort,illness,and death.They also cause greater air conditioner use,which increases
energy costs and air pollution.Urban heat has a disproportionate impact on disadvantaged communities(HSU et al.,2021;Hoffman et al.,2020;and
Wilson,2020).
Image credit Cool Roof Rating Council
Heat islands are dangerous for our communities because they increase the risk of heat-related illness and death.
They also make working outside uncomfortable or even dangerous and can decrease productivity and school
performance.Heat islands also increase peak power demand because air conditioning systems must work harder
to keep spaces cool,which makes power interruptions more likely and increases air pollution.
Studies show that low-income communities and communities of color are impacted more severely by UHIs than
other neighborhoods.This is because less investment has been made in trees,parks,and infrastructure in these
areas.Check out the below video by The Verge for an example of temperature disparity between neighborhoods in
New York City.
Why some city neighborhoods are hotter than others
a
Cool Roofs and Walls as Urban Heat Island
•
Mitigation Strategies
Cool roofs and walls have an important role in combating UHIs.Due to their ability to reflect heat back into the
atmosphere,installing reflective materials on buildings decreases the building's surface temperature,as well as
temperatures inside the building.This means that,compared to buildings with conventional roofs and walls,less air
conditioning is needed to keep occupants comfortable and buildings without air conditioning stay cooler.Cool roofs
and walls also contribute to increased solar reflectance(albedo)of a community,which can help decrease outdoor
air temperatures.
and residual chemicals from the building's cooling towers.
Cool Roof Case Study - Are White Roofs For more information on this massive project,please read the article written about it in the July/August 2009
edition of Western Roofing Magazine.
Cooler and More Energy Efficient than Are White Roofs Cooler and More Energy Efficient than Non-White Roofs?
At the request of the Arizona Cool Roof Council in July 2009,Starkweather Roofing set out to determine if
Non-white Roofs? white roofs are indeed cooler and more energy efficient than non-white roofs.The Nationwide'Scottsdale
Insurance Company roof was a perfect choice for this in-depth cool roof study.
Data loggers were installed on roofs of neighboring buildings to On the morning of August 6th 2009,Chris Walker and Sherm Robison of Starkweather Roofing installed HOBO
demonstrate the energy efficiency of white versus non-white roofs. data loggers from Massachusetts-based Onset Computer Corporation directly on the roof surfaces and in the
low-traffic,non-air conditioned stairwells of both the Nationwide'Scottsdale Insurance Company building and
APPLICATION STORY a building next door in the same corporate plaza(which still has the original ballasted EPDM roof system in
place):It was a perfect"before and after"condition,being that the results would be based on identical weather
conditions as opposed to data from one year to the next on the same building,where many different variables
could negatively affect the results.
Written by Chris Walker,Owner,Roof pal Services LLC,Chris@roofpal.cortt
The temperature sensors on the roof surfaces were secured under the exact materials used in each of the
Introduction:A Tale of Two Roofs current roof systems,as to not allow for the direct sunlight to impact the readings and to give an accurate
surface temperature on each building.The temperature sensors placed in the non-air conditioned stairwells
were secured three feet from the roof hatch and directly to the concrete roof deck to measure the energy
7b' efficiency of the roof systems(in other words,they measured how much heat was being transferred through
ri""
Tl < '' - the concrete deck into the inside of the building).
atw
' The sensors measured both the roof surface and stairwell temperatures on both buildings every hour,24 hours
�, per day from August 6th to September 4th.Official temperature data for Scottsdale over the same time period
and at the same time intervals was obtained as well.During the data collection period Scottsdale had primarily
hot sunny days,with a few monsoon storms sprinkled in,which allowed for near perfect test conditions.
After 18 years of extreme desert heat,the roof of the Nationwide`Scottsdale Insurance Company
headquarters building in Scottsdale,Arizona began the natural deterioration process.The maintenance staff The conditions of this study were considered near perfect for multiple reasons.First,it involved virtually
had been chasing leaks for nearly five years when they hired Alan Stevens Associates,Inc.to solve the problem
identical buildings that were side-by-side.Second,one building had the old roof system and the other had the
new cool roof system-so a before-and-after analysis could be conducted at the same time and under the
and bring their roof system into the 21st century
same conditions.Finally,a concrete deck is not typical in Arizona(plywood decks are much more common).If
The original roof system was a ballasted EPDM over 4"of R-20 roof insulation on a concrete roof deck,and the data proved any significant increase in energy efficiency in a building of this construction,it would be
blanketed by 2"of river rock.Compared to the modern heat resistant roofing systems used in Arizona today, known with certainty that even greater results would be gained in a building of typical Arizona roof
this was fast becoming a major liability in regards to structural integrity,maintenance costs and energy construction.
consumption.
Our Analysis and Conclusions
The new cool roof system installed by Starkweather Roofing in December 2008 consisted of 3"of R-19 ISO
board insulation with a tight-set roofing adhesive glued to the concrete roof deck,and a self-adhesive Conclusion#1:White Roofs Reduce Thermal Shock
Polyglass Eastoflex SAV base sheet and PolyKool cap sheet over the top.This roof system is capable of
withstanding Arizona's infamous extreme temperatures and rapid temperature changes of the summer
monsoon season.
The PolyKool sheet is white with a reflective surface(solar reflectance index value of 84)that not only meets all
current and proposed energy performance standards,but also withstands constant foot traffic,ponding water
temperature in a 24 hour period.On a building as large as these two,nearly 8 degrees means a lot in terms of
the additional energy required to maintain a consistent temperature for the building's tenants.
Conclusion#2:White Roofs Increase Energy Efficiency
Over the course of a typical hot August day in Scottsdale Arizona,a white roof is 4.62%cooler(more energy
�aeaa aaa ze saaa ee.2�^qta
efficient)than a non-white roof.During the hottest point in the day inside the building(5:00pm),a white roof
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is 8.49%cooler(more energy efficient)than a non-white roof.During the maximum internal temperature
increase hours of 7 00am-5:00pm,a white roof is 6.97%cooler(more energy efficient)than a non-white roof.
Figure 1.1-Average Rates of Change of Internal Stairwell(SW)Temperature
Based on this data,we would suspect that the August kilowatt consumption of the building with the PolyKool
The first thing that caught our attention was the significant reduction of thermal shock,which is a direct result roof should have reduced by approximately 700%or more from the previous year(when it had a ballasted
of the more consistent cool roof surface and internal building temperatures of the PolyKool roof
EPDM roof),assuming all other items remaining equal.
Thermal shock was minimized by slowing down the rate of temperature change(both up and down)on the
roof surface,which in turn nearly eliminated the rate of temperature change inside the building.The only other In August 2008,Nationwide`Scottsdale Insurance Company headquarters building in Scottsdale.Arizona
consumed 719,000 kilowatts of electricity.According to maintenance supervisor Chris Peterson,all other items
way to minimize thermal shock is to use materials with much greater strength,increased thermal conductivity remained virtually unchanged from 2008,and that the installation of the PolyKool roof system was the only
and reduced coefficient of thermal expansion-but that approach is more expensive and doesn't guarantee as
favorable of results. substantial difference in 2009.1n August 2009,the kilowatt consumption was 663,000-a 779%decrease(or
$5,450)in electricity required to cool the building(much more energy efficient).
The rate of change in temperature inside the EPDM building was expected-it heats up fast,and cools down
even faster.But even more surprising was just how regulated the temperature inside the PolyKool building is. Again,this is on a building with a concrete roof deck.Also note that the PolyKool cap sheet only has a solar
reflective index(SRI)value of 84.If the building had a plywood roof deck(which is much more typical in
The variation in temperature in the EPDM stairwell is 3.75 times that of the PolyKool stairwell.In fact,there is so
Arizona)and if the SRI value of the materials used were higher(100 is typical of most high-quality roof
little temperature variation in the PolyKool stairwell now that we are led to assume that internal thermal shock
coatings),the energy savings would be even greater.Starkweather Roofing has begun performing similar
may be eliminated completely,and that maintaining a constant internal temperature is much easier as well: analysis using buildings with plywood roof decks as well as higher SRI value roof coatings to compare the
Notice that between 10:00pm and 6:00am the buildings are very similar in temperature internally,but the results.
EPDM building is always hotter than the PolyKool building.At 8:00am the EPDM building begins to heat up Conclusion#3:White Roofs Reduce Roof Surface Temperatures
dramatically while the PolyKool building remains virtually unchanged.Later,between 5:00pm and 8:00pm,the
EPDM building cools down even faster than it heats up-and again the PolyKool building keeps a constant
internal temperature.
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Figure 2.1-Average Roof Surface vs.Average Outside Temperatures
Figure 1.2-Average Internal vs.Average Outside Temperatures
Figure 1.2 demonstrates how the internal temperatures change as a result of the temperature outside.Notice
how the PolyKool building stays virtually the same all day while the EPDM building fluctuates rapidly.There is
only an average range of 1.94 degrees in internal temperature from the hottest to the coolest part of the day
inside the PolyKool building.Conversely,the EPDM building typically has a 7.67 degree range of internal
W- An official website of the United States government Green roofs have been proven to help reduce heat islands<https://epa.gov/heatislands/learn-
}iere's how you know about-heat-islands>.This page provides a brief overview of the role of green roofs in
mitigating the heat island effect,including green roof types,other environmental and
AUnited States social benefits,and cost-benefit considerations.
EPAEnvironmental Protection MENU
Agency
A green roof,or rooftop garden,is a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop.Green roofs
Search EPA.gov provide shade,remove heat from the air,and reduce temperatures of the roof surface
and surrounding air.Using green roofs in cities or other built environments with limited
Heat Islands vegetation can moderate the heat island effect,particularly during the day.Green roof
temperatures can be 30-40°F lower than those of conventional roofs and can reduce
CONTACT US<https://epa.gov/heatislands/forms/contact-us-about•heat-islands> city-wide ambient temperatures by up to 5°F.1'2 In addition,green roofs can reduce
building energy use by 0.7%compared to conventional roofs,reducing peak electricity
Using Green Roofs to Reduce demand and leading to an annual savings of$0.23 per square foot of the roof's surface.
Heat Islands 1,3 These temperature reduction and energy efficiency benefits are a key contributor to
the growing popularity of green roofs in the United States.In 2016,the North American
green roof industry is estimated to have grown by more than 10%over 2015,continuing
industry's growth trend over the past decade.That year,a sample of industry
Green Roofs Resources stakeholders reported nearly 900 green roof projects totaling more than four million
square feet in 40 U.S.states and six Canadian provinces.4
• Heat Island Compendium<https://epa.gov/heatislands/heat-island-tompendium>
• Related Heat IslandWebcasts<https://epa.gov/heatislands/heat-island-webinars> Types of Green Roofs
• Related Links on Green Roofs<https://epa.gov/heatislands/heat-island-related-
linkskgreenroofs> Green roofs can be installed on a wide range of buildings,from industrial facilities to
private residences.There are two types of green roofs:extensive and intensive.
• Estimating the Environmental Effects of Green Roofs:A Case Study in Kansas
City,MO<https://epa.gov/heatislands/estimating-environmental-effects-green-roofs-case-study
Extensive Green Roofs Intensive Green Roofs
ka nsa s-city-missou ri>
• Soak up the Rain:Green Roofs<https://epa.gov/soakuptherain/soak-rain-green•roofs>
• Types of Green Roofs
• Green Roofs vs.Cool Roofs
• Co-Benefits of Green Roofs
• Costs of Installing and Maintaining Green Roofs
• More Information
• Tend to be more complex,such Common Green Roof Layers
as a fully accessible park
• Tend to be simpler,with hardy plants complete with trees
and a growing medium depth of two • Resemble conventional gardens
to four inches
or parks
• Require the least amount of added
• Require more structural support
structural support since they are
since they are heavier
lightweight41/ Vegetation
• Require a higher initial
• Need little maintenance once
investment Growing medium
established
• Require more intensive Filter membrane
maintenance
Drainage layer
Root barrier
Both types of green roofs consist of the same basic layering components with a number
of barriers to prevent water or root damage to the structure,a drainage layer to aid in Thermal insulation
water drainage,as well as a growing medium and vegetative layer.The Common Green Vapor barrier
Roof Layers figure(below)represents the most common design of a green roof, Structural support
although not all the layers shown are found on every green roof.
Green Roofs vs. Cool Roofs
Cool roofs<https://epa.gov/heatislands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands'present another option
to reduce the heat island effect.Cool roofs are made of highly reflective and emissive
materials that remain cooler than traditional materials during peak temperatures.While
green roofs often have initially higher costs than cool roofs,green roofs typically have a
longer expected life.s Both cool and green roofs provide benefits of lower surface and
air temperatures,and decreased energy demand.However,green roofs offer added
benefits such as reducing and filtering stormwater runoff;absorbing pollutants and
carbon dioxide;providing natural habitat;and in the case of intensive green roofs,
serving as recreational green space.Cool roofs are best suited for projects with limited
budgets and a primary focus on energy savings,while green roofs are preferred when
lifecycle costs,public benefits,and broader environmental impacts are of interest.Both Co-Benefits of Heat Island Mitigation Strategies
options are important strategies for mitigating heat island effects.
Green Roofs Photo Gallery Green Trees and Cool Cool
Roofs Vegetation Pavement Roofs
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EPA Region 8 Headquarters extensive green roof-Denver,Co Water quality
• Reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions:By lowering air-conditioning
Co-Benefits of Green Roofs demand,green roofs can decrease the associated air pollution and greenhouse gas
(GHG)emissions from conventional power sources.Vegetation can also remove
Green roofs and other heat island mitigation strategies offer a number of co-benefits pollutants and GHGs from the air through dry deposition and carbon sequestration
(see figure below).Benefits specific to green roofs include: and storage,respectively.
• Reduced energy use:Green roofs remove heat from the air through the process of
evapotranspiration,and also act as insulators for buildings,reducing the energy
needed to provide cooling and heating.
• Improved human health and comfort:Green roofs,by reducing heat transfer through
the building roof,can improve indoor comfort,and lower the incidence of heat
stress associated with heat waves.
• Improved quality of life:Green roofs provide aesthetic value and habitat for plant Typical maintenance includes fertilization,irrigation,weed control,and replanting
and animal species.They improve human interaction with nature by introducing when necessary.Intensive green roofs might require maintenance exceeding that
green space into the built environment.Such connections to nature have been required for extensive roofs to maintain their aesthetic and public access uses.
shown to benefit human physical and mental health and productivity,and reduce
blood pressure and hospital stays.6 Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducted a lifecycle cost
• Enhanced stormwater management and water quality:Green roofs can reduce and analysis of green roofs,cool roofs,and conventional roofs.8 They found that while
slow stormwater runoff in the urban environment,and also filter pollutants from green roofs are more expensive than cool or conventional roofs,they provide
rainfall.Green roofs can retain nearly all storm-related precipitation during the significantly higher relative benefits per square foot over a 50-year lifecycle(e.g.,energy
cost savings,avoided emissions,reduced stormwater fees).Compared to conventional
summer months,with lower retention during the winter months(<20%).The actual
roofs,the benefits of extensive green roofs are$14 more per square foot,while cool
stormwater management potential of green roofs is dependent on the season and
roofs provide benefits of$2 more per square foot relative to conventional roofs.
rainfall patterns.7
Estimating the Environmental Effects of Green Roofs More Information
The EPA-published case study,Estimating the Environmental Effects of Green Roofs More details on this topic are available in Chapter 3<https://epa.gov/heatislands/heat-island-
<https://epa.gov/heatislonds/estimating-environmental-effects-green-roots-case-study-kansas-city-missouri>, compendium>of EPA's Reducing Urban Heat Islands:Compendium of Strategies,which
demonstrates the environmental and health benefits of green roofs for Kansas City, covers the following topics:
Missouri.The case study lays out a replicable analytical framework using free
quantitative tools created by EPA and others that state and local decision-makers and • How green roofs help to reduce heat islands
practitioners can use to assess the multiple benefits of green roofs.The study found • Green roof types
that the over 700,000 ft2 total coverage of green roofs in Kansas City installed between • The benefits and costs of green roofs
1999-2020 would result in avoided emissions of 384 pounds of nitrogen oxide,734 • Other factors to consider in using green roofs
pounds of sulfur dioxide,and 269 tons of carbon dioxide in 2020.These emissions
• Green roof initiatives
reductions equate to monetized health benefits of$35,500-$80,500.
• Tools and resources to further explore this technology
Costs of Installing and Maintaining
Green Roofs 'General Services Administration.2011."The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on
Public and Commercial Buildings[,
The estimated costs of installing and maintaining a green roof vary by the type of green <https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/the_benefits_and_challenges_of_green_roofs_on_public_and_commercial_b
roof.For example,a simple extensive roof without public access could be as little as uildings.pdf>"
one-tenth to one-third of the cost to construct an intensive green roof intended for
2Santamouris,
access.8 While the initial costs of green roofs can be higher than those of M.2014."Cooling the cities-A review of reflective and green roof
mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban
conventional materials,building owners can help offset some of the differences in these
environments,"Solar Energy 103:682-703.
costs through reduced energy costs and stormwater management fees,and potentially
by the longer lifespan of green roofs compared with conventional roofing materials.
Save 20%on all subscriptions Snow Nov, That translates to an area nearly the size of Colorado,containing at least one house for every
hectare of land.By the end of this century,according to the new research,some
"megapolitan"regions of the U.S.could see local average temperatures rise by as much as 3
ENVIRONMENT degrees Celsius,in addition to whatever global warming may do.
Cool Roofs Might Be Enough to Save Cities from Climate For example,New York City has some 100 square kilometers of rooftop,most of it tar or
Overheating
other black roofing materials,absorbing heat and helping to make buildings—and the city as
New research suggests that planting gardens atop roofs or painting them white could offset both the local a whole—hotter in summer.Some city roofs have measured temperatures as high as 70
urban heat island effect and global warming,although one roof type does not cover all situations
degrees C,thanks to their being black,with concomitantly high cooling costs,not to mention
By David Biel°on February 14.2014 local temperatures raised by a degree or more Celsius.
As part of a project known as Cool Roofs,volunteers in New York City have been painting
black roofs white and have so far covered more than 500,000 square meters of roof,though
that's less than one percent of the possible area.The U.S.Department of Energy suggests
such reflective rooftops can keep a given roof 3o degrees C cooler than surrounding
traditional rooftops.Even better,according to new research from Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory,white roofs are the cheapest roofing option based on a study of 22
commercial roofing projects.The lab's research confirms the Arizona findings that white
Crickets chirp and bees buzz from sedum flower to flower atop the post office in midtown roofs reduce global warming,proving three times more effective at countering climate change
Manhattan during a visit to the 9th Avenue facility on a perfect New York City fall day.On a than even green roofs,thanks to all that reflected sunlight.
sprawling roof that covers most of a city block a kind of park has been laid,sucking up carbon
dioxide and other air pollution,filtering rainfall,making it less acidic. But the new research published in PNAS suggests that such white roofs would have different
impacts in different places.So,in New York City any energy savings on air-conditioning in
Such verdant roofs may form part of an effective strategy for both cooling buildings and the summer are counterbalanced by increased heating usage in winter(although this can be
helping combat climate change,according to new research published in Proceedings of the addressed with optimal roof design or roofs with adjustable reflectivity).And white roofs can
National Academy of Sciences(PNAS)on February rt Other solutions cited in the study reduce precipitation as well,by reducing the amount of warm,humid air rising and,thus,the
include white roofs that reflect more sunlight back to space or hybrid roofs that combine number of clouds and eventual rainfall."Adaptation to urban-induced climate change
aspects of white and green,or planted,roofs. depends on specific geographic factors,"Georgescu adds,noting that white,reflective cool
roofs work well in California,but could reduce rainfall from Florida up the U.S.east coast,for
A large enough number of such roofs could"completely offset warming due to urban example."What works over one geographical area may not be optimal for another,"he says.
expansion and even offset a percentage of future greenhouse warming over large regional
scales,"says sustainability scientist Matei Georgescu at Arizona State University,who lead Green roofs may be a better fit for New York City,for example,because they rovide better
the research.That conclusion contradicts previous findings by researchers from Stanford insulation during winter,along with cooling benefits in the summer.Water evaporation from
University,who found that reflective roofs actually might increase global,warming. the plants lowers overall temperatures—and releases more humidity into the air.And,they
offer ancillary benefits like green space for weary urban minds.
Roofs have quickly become a sticky subject,touted by some,such as former U.S.Secretari of
Energy Steven Chu,as one solution to global warming.That's because cities are hot places.As Here's how a reen roof works:a layer of felt retains water for hardy lants like sedum or
buildings replace forest or grasslands,the local temperature rises—the so-called urban heat certain grasses,covered by about an inch of"soil"—really a man-made substrate composed of
island effect.The amount of urban land in the U.S.is predicted to increase by as much as porous shales and clays.The key is to have a strong roof,strong enough to hold its weight in
261,000 square kilometers by 2100,a more than doubling from the current 250,000 square water.But although expensive,the$5-million planted roof offers benefits beyond combating
kilometers,according to models developed by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. climate change,compared with white roofs.In New York City the rain falls at a pH of around
4.2—very acidic—but after filtered through a green roof it is 6.2 or higher(the higher the pH,
on T
David David Biello is a contributing editor at
the less acidic).The evaporative cooling provided by the roof also reduces local temperatures Scientific American.Follow Biellow ter
T _..
by around 2 degrees C. Recent Articles by David Biello
China's Xi Outshines Trump as the World's Future Energy Leader
The AS findings do not jibe with some other research,however.In 2011 Stanford Cleaning the Air with Plastic[Excerpt]
University researchers found that white roofs would provide some local cooling but at the Fact or Fiction?.Premium Gasoline Delivers Premium Benefits to Your Car
expense of more global warming,largely because such cooling means less hot air rising and
therefore fewer clouds forming.That lack of clouds would cause more warming downwind.
The reflected sunlight also hits more of the soot and other pollutants commonly found in the
atmosphere above cities,which also increases warming,according to the computer model Scientific American is part of Springer Nature.which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific p,bi,cati'ns(many of them
simulation.The Stanford scientists suggested roofs covered in photovoltaic panels would do a can be found at wwwspnngernature.comNs).Scientific American maintains our a strict policy of editorial independence n repo'mg developments
in science to our readers.
better job,by producing electricity that then obviates the need for more fossil fuel—burning
power plants.
_ouA SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA,INC
Many scientists disagree with the Stanford analysis,including yet another team of Lawrence SI.l.Rwn rs RESERVED
Berkeley researchers who found that white roofs on every building globally could offset the
effect of some 44 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions,or more than a year's worth
of global climate changing pollution.And at least one Stanford climate modeler suggests that
local cooling has never been shown to create global warming."I do not deny that such a case
is possible,"climate modeler Ken Caldeira of Stanford wrote in 2011,when the original
research suggesting white roofs could worsen climate change was published."I am highly
skeptical that it would be a common occurrence,"added Caldeira,who had a white roof
installed over part of his own home for cooling purposes.
Regardless,the space for reflective or even green roofs is limited.Urban areas cover less than
1 percent of the globe(although that number is likely to increase in coming decades),and less
than half of that area is roof-or road-top,amenable to whitening.It also fails to capture the
con)plc yity of an urban environment,such as how replacing trees with buildings affects the
water table and wind speeds."Urbanization affects not just surface albedo,"says urban
environment researcher Karen Seto of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental
Studies,who was not involved in any of the research.The new PN-1S study"is an innovative
first step,but limited in terms of what impacts they're looking at,"she adds.
In the meantime,black roofs remain a human health risk.In the deadly Chicago heat wave of
1995 those living on the top floor of a building with a black roof were most likely to die,
according to subsequent analysis."Black roofs should be outlawed,"geochemist Wade
McGillis of the Lamont—Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University told me during
my visit to the post office green roof."If you're going to put up a roof,don't put up black."
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
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®University of Melbourne, Victoria,Australia(A Britannica Publishing Partner 0)
Article media libraries that feature this video:University of Melbourne,residential architecture,roof,solar radiation,green architecture,
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TRANSCRIPT
DAVID SCOTT:Buildings across Melbourne could be a lot cooler if only they painted their roofs white,according to new
University of Melbourne research.The collaborative project involving researchers from architecture,engineering,and
landed environment,has been looking at how paint materials and even plants can help cool a building from the top down,
reducing energy bills in the process.Dr.Dominique Hes,a senior lecturer in sustainable architecture,says that white
paint on the roof is a simple yet effective way to help keep occupants cool.
DOMINIQUE HES:It's got two effects.One is that it keeps the inside cooler,so you have to do less cooling,spend less
money on cooling your house or your building.The second is that because you're not holding that heat,you're not adding
to the urban heat island effect,where the city tends to be four to five degrees warmer than the country,and on a really hot
day,that makes a big difference.So you've got two benefits there.
SCOTT:The roof of the ArtPlay building here at Birrarung Marr was one of the first to be painted white,and as Dr.
Dominique Hes says,its occupants are already feeling the benefits.
HES:I talked to one of the teachers here at the ArtPlay,and she just said that the parents and the kids are so much
happier.They can run their programs much longer because they don't need to send kids home because it's too hot in the
building.So there's a real benefit there to the people in the building.
SCOTT:Cool roofs work by reflecting the sun's heat away from the building and back into the atmosphere.This can help
residential buildings be up to four degrees cooler in the summer and can save 3%on the energy bill in commercial
buildings.Dr.Nick Williams,a senior lecturer in urban horticulture,says cool roofs are vitally important as we battle the
effects of climate change.
NICHOLAS WILLIAMS:As we work to adapt our cities to climate change,one of the things we really need to do is look at
how we can have much cooler buildings.The sun radiates heat down on our cities,and that's absorbed by impervious dark
surfaces.And if we can work to make the city cooler,we'll have a lot of climate change adaptation benefits.
There's a number of different ways you can work at cooling the city using changes to our roofing patterns.And obviously,
cool roofs is one of them,where you reflect the solar radiation back into the atmosphere.We've also been working on
green roofs,where the solar radiation evaporates water from the plants and the substrates and cools the roofs that way.
And that can again,cool the building underneath and also the surrounding landscape.
SCOTT:Councilor Cathy Oke is the chair of the Future Melbourne Eco-City Committee,which oversaw the installation of
the white roof at ArtPlay.She says the decision to adopt white roofs was an easy one for the council.
CATHY OKE:The city is committed to sustainability,and we have a zero-emission goal.So through the strategies that
we've been looking at about how can we reach zero,we need to look at how we can reduce energy use in the city,and white
roofs is one concept that we've been looking at.It's a no-brainer.I mean,why do we have roofs painted black?I just don't
understand,and it seems obvious to have a reflective paint on a roof to reduce the energy.
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888-338-3037 Project,a white roof can reduce interior temperatures by 30 degrees or
more,making it much easier to keep temps in the safe zone.
2 Reduces energy costs-In warmer climates,a white roof can greatly
reduce the load on a commercial HVAC system,and therefore reduce
cooling costs.Studies comparing white and dark roofs have noted
close to a 20 percent reduction in energy spent cooling,as long as a
white roof is overhead.
3.Reduces emissions-Not only are energy costs reduced,but emissions
are as well.This includes a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions,so
installing a white roof is an easy way to go green.
4.Mitigates the effect of urban heat Islands-Urban heat islands(UHIs)
occur inside and around urban areas and are pockets of elevated
temperatures caused by human activity.UHIs are particularly
noticeable at night,where the difference between urban and nearby
ROOF CARE rural areas can be as high as 20 degrees or more.During the day,the
relative impact of UHIs are less,but even a small increase in
Means Roots Lan
temperatures can be enough to cause heat-related stresses and illness.
SinWhat Are White Roofs? tsroofstensi oemit more solar energy,they can reduce
theespread
readdand intensityof UHIs
These benefits are considerable,and even better,commercial building
owners can install a white roof without replacing their existing roof.
•
Search
Cool roofs contribute less heat,making - If a building owner wants a white roof,
buildings less expensive to cool,and help type heroes eeerth
reduce urban heat islands. does the existing roof need to be
categories replaced?
Roof replacement is expensive,disruptive and sends a lot of waste to the
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Selectlandfill.Fortunately,even when a roof is in obvious need of repair,it may
v10l Solo + `ash hr m„i still be a candidate for renovation instead of replacement.It's during
Refecronro dl-let+once ... Last Posts renovation,not just replacement,that building owners get the white roof
that they're looking for.
--._•11 Why Regular
mai
Maintenance IS Vital Some roofing experts utilize fluid-applied systems that provide a complete
seal against the elements.During renovation,a non-permeable membrane
What Are The Advantages Of White for New Mexico
is installed that provides protection against hurricane force winds,
Commercial Roofs? ROOfS monsoon rains and intense W radiation.This membrane can be easily
September7,2022 by PoorCARE replaced every 15 to 25 years and is an extremely effective way to prolong
White roofs are cool,as in they stay cool and help promote cooler building Read more— the life of your building's roof.The fluid coating is white in color and several
interiors-This is due to their enhanced solar reflectance and thermal layers are applied to ensure maximum protection and solar reflectance.It
emittance,so they are less affected by the presence of sunlight.With less Safety on the Roof can also be applied to a variety of roof systems,including BUR,metal,
energy conducted into and around the building,it's easier to maintain August R 2022 by RoofCARE
foam,single-ply and modified designs.
comfortable temperatures inside,but that's only the start.Here are some Read more—
other reasons why commercial building owners are rapidly opting for Renovation,if possible,is usually preferred over roof replacement for a few
white roofs: X1 The Importance of reasons,including:
1.Promotes heat safety in hotter climates-On a bright summer day,the Updating Skylights • Much lass expansive-In most cases,renovating a roof costs 50 percent
difference in temperature between a white roof and a dark roof can be Auws 8,2022 by RrorcARE less(or more)than replacing it.
as much as 80 degrees Fahrenheit.Much of that extra thermal energy Read more— • Much kiss disruptMs-Replacing a roof is hard work and requires a lot
is conducted into the building,making conditions uncomfortable, of manpower and machinery to pull off.That means constant foot and
especially for people sensitive to the heat.According to The White Roof vehicle traffic around the building,and all the noise that comes with it.
Roof replacement also requires a lot of odor-producing materials, ,�
which can be difficult for people inside the building to deal with. inspection,renovation is the recommendation,then consider what a white
Renovating a roof,by contrast.can be done with far less noise and roof can do to keep temperatures,and your energy costs down.
odor.
• Wended warranty options-If you're working with a reputable roofing
On June 23,2021 / Commercial / Leave a comment
company,they will provide a warranty for any renovation work.The
fluid-applied systems used during renovation are extremely reliable.
which is why some companies offer up to a 25-year warranty for their oPEVIpl'5 Post NE,POST•
work. How To Be Proactive With Why you Should Have an
• Reduces landfill waste-Premature replacement produces tons of Roof Maintenance On Call Job Order
unnecessary waste each year,but a renovation reduces this waste. Contract
How do I know if it's time to renovate a
commercial roof?
Prior to renovation,it's important that the building's roof be inspected by a Leave a Reply
professional,as not all roofs can be renovated.Every roof Is also different in You must be logged in to post a comment.
terms of condition,and additional work may be required before renovation
can begin.A roof renovation expert should be able to provide the
following:
• A comprehensive inspection of the roof's condition,using several
technologies to note where potential roof defects and water intrusion ,.���.:��....:r. '? .c. Santa Fe NM Office
may exist.Roofing teams have several tools in this regard,including 505-246-6960 505-246-6960
core samples,commercial moisture meters and infrared 141310 Central Ave SE Alr•uguergue NM ^9,snre Ct 1'•.0' &an."q NM
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thermography.One or more of these tools may be used to determine 97123 87508
where the existing roof will require repair before renovation can begin. • Commercial Poor:1344 Pepar VIEW ON MAP VIEW ON MAP
• Pressure washing and debris removal.Cleaning the roof is essential to . Pont Maintenance
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• Removal of old repairs and materials.It's likely that outdated repairs • Poor Inspections 406 Roundtree PI STE 300.las Cruces. ''02 N Main St. ,. bad..A 89220
and worn materials will be present on any roof requiring renovation.A • Pool Replacement NM oeccs VIEW ON MAP
professional roofing team should be able to identify these and remove VIEW ON MOP
them prior to renovation. • Other Repair and Renovation
• Insulation replacement.Once water penetrates the building,it will Services
quickly saturate insulation and reduce its effectiveness.In fact,during
infrared thermography,it is this saturated insulation that usually shows
upon thermal imaging,due to its inability to provide a heat barrier. Pooling in Good Company"'
Before renovating,a reputable expert will pull this insulation out and BlueTb road Sn races c euddeng me n.a mar LI-1,adtrg•03, ,['
replace it with new material. e.letio•services grotto by can renvs re'on-tier-o Pan e
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• Drain,flashing,scupper,joint,duct,seam,lap,penetration,and corner
repair.These are responsible for keeping water out of the gaps r 2022 PoolCare
between roof components like HVAC systems,skylights,vents and the
like.If they aren't in good condition,they will still allow water to intrude,
even after renovation.For this reason,a professional roofer should be
ready to handle anything that is damaged or incompatible with
renovation.
While it is recommended that commercial building owners have their
roofs inspected at least twice a year,make sure you choose a reputable
roofing company that focuses on renovation over replacement.If during