RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN 12/88
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SAND PINE
SCRUB PRESERVE 11 AND 12, QUANTUM PARK,
BOYNTON BEACH, FLORIDA.
13 December 1988
by
Donald Richardson, Ph.D.
Ecological Consultants
7301 Summerbridge Drive
Tampa, Florida 33614
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As per the Development Order proposed by the Treasure Coast
Regional Planning Council and the City of Boynton Beach,
approximately 40 acres of sand pine scrub vegetation was set
aside as a nature preserve within the Quantum Park (ORI) project.
Since most of the scrub within the above referenced project had
.;:
been severely disturbed by sporadic understory clearing and
livestock grazing, the said 40 acres was divided into two
disjunct sand pine preserves (Figure 1).
Preserve 11 is located
north of N.W. 22nd Avenue and contains about 25.7 acres of sand
pine scrub and abandoned dry prairie/pine flat~oods habitats
(Figure 2). Approximately 14 acres of this site is dominated by
sand pine scrub vevegation.
Preserve 12 is located west of High
Ridge Road and south of N.W. 22nd Avenue and includes a mixture
of 13.0 acres of sand pine scrub and 1.3 acres of disturbed
grassland (Figure 3).
The remaining 12 acres of sand pine scrub needed to meet the
40 acre requirement will be selected from extant scrub areas and
recreated or reclaimed scrub landscapes (Amendment ;3)
The purpose of this report is to define the proposed
"
management philosophy and methodology for longterm preservation
of these two preserve sites.
BASIC MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
The objective of the resource management plan is to
preserve, through management, a representative sample of an
original Florida ecosystem, thereby maintaining the natural
3
diversity of both plants and animals.
RESOURCE DESCRIPTION
PRESERVE 11
Disturbances to plant communities have long been viewed as
an outside threat to the normal functioning of the community. In
the sand pine scrub community, the resilency of most of the
Indicator species has been attributed to recovery via sprouting
from preexisting root stocks, as very few species in the scrub
recover via seed (i.e., Ceratiola ericoides and Pinus clausa).
The vegetation of the preserve area is cha~actcrized as
young or early successional sand pine scrub with pcattered areas
of dry prairie/pine flatwoods. A total of 119 plant species (41%
are ob 1 i ga te to sand pi ne scrub) have been observed wi thi n the
preserve (Table 1).
Although clearing of the understory and
thinning of the sand pine occurred prior to 1983, community
recovery is rapidly occurring.
The ove~story trees are dominated by widely spaced sand pine
(pinus clausal (138 trees per acre) of at least two different age
classes (10-20 years and 20-35 years)
Tree core data from
est a b 1 ish ed pe rma n en t plot sin die ate s t hat the a v era 9 e age 0 f
..
sand pine is 18.34 years old, with the oldest trees (19-36 years)
in the northeastern corner of the preserve. There were no trees
greater than 38 years, however, hundreds of young sapling are
scattered throughout the preserve.
Trees vary in size from 2.7-
36.7 em dbh, reaching heights of 37-46 feet.
The shrub layer is dominated by widely spaced scrub oaks
4
(Quercus myrtifo1ia, Quercus geminata), palafoxia feayi,
jointweed (Po1ygonella polygama) and scrub mInt (Conradina
grandiflora). Average stem densities were highest for rnirtle oak
(93.8 stems per 5 x 5 m quadrat) and sand live oak (79 8 stems
per 5 x 5 m quadrat), while average height was 21.3 - 68.5 em.
One year f%om the initial sampling effo%t, stem densities
-.:
slightly decreased fo% both species of oaks, but showed some
increase for jointweed (polygonella polygama) and Palafoxia feayi
In the permanent sampling plots.
Changes in shrub stem densities over time for the Quantum
Park scrub communities is consistent with other scrubs in south
Florida.
Recent data collected from 10 year field plots at
Jonathan Dickinson State Park indicate that scrub species
composition remains fairly constant in mature scrub, however,
.stem densities in oaks shows a 2-1 fold increase.
Changes in
shrub densities within the preserve may not change much over the
next few years since most of the understory was reduced to the
ground surface in 1983.
Seed inputs from existing oaks will
requlre longer intervals before new seedlings can be detected.
The overall diversity is much higher than compared with
"
other mature scrubs or other areas within Quantum Park
(Richardson et al. 1986).
Except for the oaks, other
characteristic shrubs have begun to germinate in the open areas
of the preserve.
These shrubs include rosemary (Ceratiola
ericoides), rusty lyonia (Lyonia ferruginea), scrub mint
(Conradina grandiflora), tallowwood (Ximenia americana), and
5
jointweed (polygonel1a ciliata and ~ gracilis).
probably the most dramatic change in the shrub i3jer has
been the establishment of Ceratiola.
Rosemary often does not
germinate until 2-5 years postfire, and its seedlings do not
reach reproductive maturity for 10 to 15 years.
To dd te, more
than 25 2 year old shrubs have been observed throughout the
preserve area.
Johnson (1986) has shown that stand biomass
increases slowly from 2 to 4 years, rapidly from 4 to 10 years
and less rapidly between 10 and 35 years.
The herbaceous component of the preserve area is re~resented
by 92 species, including a large proportion (35%) of weed species
,
that have colonized disturbed areas (Le., brush piles, trails
and even gopher tortoise mounds)
The most common helus include
broomsedge grass (Andropogon virginicus), Cyperus. retrorsus,
D ichanthel ium sabulorum, innonence (Euphorbia E2lyphylla), and
hairsedge (Bulbostylis ciliatifolia).
Average percent cuver for
the 8 permanent 1 x 1 m2 plots was 34% in 1987 and 30~ In 1988,
showing a slight decrease which was largely attributed tu a loss
of broomsedge grass from the plots.
Even though the percent
cover decreased from 1987 to 1988, the number of speClt=S within
the 4 sampl ing plots increased from 15 to 19.
"
Thi s change was
due to an increase in the number of scrub endemics that have
germinated throughout the preserve.
Some of the more notable
species include Bulbostylis, Lechea, Euphorbia, Dichanthelium,
Aristida, Croton, and Liatris.
Ruderal components have invaded the margins of the preserve
6
due to past disturbance from livestock. Several horses and goats
fr.om the adjacent property have periodically entered the
preserve.
This has resulted in some areas being completely
denuded from horses rolling in the sand for insect protection.
Also the adjacent properties have been disturbed for such a long
time that the ruderal components are well established and
potential seed banks are high.
SCRUB FINGERS OF PRESERVE #1
Approximately 4 acres of sand pine scrub was created in an
effort to increase the total number of acres within the sand pine
preserve.
A soil mulching technique utilized b?{ the phosphate
industry was used to recover 4 acres from former sand pine scrub
slated for development on the project.
To date, the
establishement of scrub vegetation on these newly created ridges
has been slow because of invasion by local pasture grasses and
weeds, drought, and localized disturbance from livestock
Wi th
time, these. areas within the preserve will eventually become
recognizable scrub in the early stages of development 3nd may be
used to eliminate an equivalent amount of scrub from other
commercial lots within the project.
However, since scrub
"
reclamation is in its infancy, this process may take many years
before these areas are acceptable to all parties involved.
PRESERVE 12
Historically, this tract of scrub vegetation shares a
similar background wit'h the preserve north of N.W. 22nd Ave. in
that the understory was cleared in the early 1980's.
What's
7
interesting about this 14 acres is that regeneration of sand pine
has been prolific.
This indicates that the type of mechanical
disturbance used to clear the understory vegetation in this
portion of the scrub caused less disturbance of soil profiles
when contrasted with the area to the north or conditions were
more favorable for seed dispersal and/or germination.
Most of the area north of N.W. 22nd Ave. was cleared with a
root rake which caused severe mechanical disruption and
alteration of soil profiles.
This type of clearing tends to
remove a vast amount of underground roots and corms which would
normally germinate with time. It appears that th~ 14 acres south
of the N W
22nd AVe. was mowed, raked, or bulldozed in a
slightly different fashion since many more endemic species and
sand pine have germinated over the past 5-6 years.
The site is dominated by sand pine (Pinus clallsd) which
range in size from 15-41 cm dbh reaching heights of 16-17 meters.
Most of the trees lean to the west because of offshore sea
breezes.
Tree core data indicates that most of the Idrger sand
pine range in age from 21-45 years (Table 2). Existing sand pine
densities within the preserve average about 45 trees per acre.
"
Sand pine recruitment from ex isting seed bank r~serves and
periodic release by mature trees has been prolific for this
scrub. Seedling densities range from 280 to 340 trees per acre.
The shrub layer is dominated by scattered sand live oak
(Quercus geminata), rosemary (Ceratiola ericoidesl, Palafoxia
feayi, jointweed (Polygonella polygama), saw palmetto (Serenoa
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repens), and scrub mint (Conradina grandiflora) (Table 3). A
large portion of the tract is covered with a dense mat of love
v i n e ( Cas s y t h a f i 1 i for m is) w hi c h has kill ed man y s c rub m in t s .
Most of the young rosemary appear to be about )-5 years old based
on nodal counts.
The herbaceous layer is composed of wiregrass (Aristida
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gyrans), silkgrass (Pityopsis graminifolia), scrub sedge
(Rhynchospora megalocarpa), hairsedge (Bulbostylis ciliatifolia),
sand spike moss (Selaginella arenicola), Dichanthelium sdbulorum,
prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa), Qatal grass
(Rhynchelytrum repens), broomsedge grass (Andropogon virginicus),
and sawbriar (Smilax auriculata) (Table)).
Within the sand pine scrub preserve, approximately 1.3 acres
along the western edge of the site (Figure 2B) is best classified
as ruderal vegetation.
It appears that these areas were once
utilized as dump sites for building and residential debris.
These areas support a thick grass layer composed of several weedy
or exotic species.
The dominant species include bahia grass
(Paspalum notatum), broomsedge grass (Andropogon virginicus),
natal grass (Rhynchelytrum repens), wild grape (Vitis
...
munsoniana), and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana).
associates include dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium), Caesar
Other
weed (Urena lobata), begger-ticks (Bidens alba), dwarf horseweed
( Con y z a can a den s is), Sid a cor d i f 0 1 i a, pe r i win k 1 e ( Cat h a ran t h us
r 0 s e us) and Bra z i 1 i a n pe p pe r ( S chi nus t ere bin t h i f 0 1 ius) ( Tab 1 e
3) .
9
Within the disturbed vegetation, open sandy areas are
dominated by a mixture of sand pine scrub species, most notably,
sand live oak, jointweed, pawpaw (Asimina reticulat3J, fetter
bush, prickly pear cactus, Palafoxia feayi, and tr~C:ld softly
(Cnidoscolus stimulosus) (Table 3).
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
In the stated objectives for the management of the property,
there are major responsibilities for the longterm preservation of
the vegetation, wildlife, and soils, plus the area's natural
resources
In this role, the following comments are reasonable
judgements as to the management "state of the art", so that the
preserves will be sufficiently protected for the future and not
just short-term realities.
Assessment of impact and management
recommendations are based on field observations, comparison of
past records, and a review of pertinent literature.
Fire Management
Fire has a necessary historical role in the perpetuation of
sand pine scrub and maintaining its diversity of vegetation
Man's efforts to suppress fires and the development of firebreaks
provided by human activity (i.e , roadways) have created the need
"
for investigating prescribed burning programs to maintain sand
pine scrub.
Maintenance of sand pine forests fit a general
classification scheme where high intensity crown fires occur only
once in the lifetime of sand pine or about every 30-60 years
(Harper 1915, 1927; Webber 1935; Laess1e 1958, 1967; Christensen
10
1981) and have virtually defied manls control efforts (Johansen
and Coo pe r 1965; H 0 ugh 197 3) .
Plow-lines are ineffective and
actions of people, equipment and tools on the ground are usually
futile.
Due to the potential devastation of these types of
wildfires, attempts at fire suppression have been the? norm in
Florida for more than 30 years.
The unpredictable nature of
the s e fir e s, the i r i n fIe que n t 0 cc u r r e n c e , and the lac k 0 f
information on conditions favorable for planned ign~tion in scrub
habitats, have not allowed for the application of prescription
burning.
Except whe re sites were totally mechanicall y prepared and
treated as slash burns as in the Ocala National Forest, to date,
there are only a few examples of prescribed management fires that
imitate a control crown fire in sand pine scrub communities
(Cooper 1972) (which are found in central and southern Florida
dominated by Pinus clausa var. clausa). Winter prescribed fires
have been used extensively with much success in the
Choctawhatchee sand pine communities (which are found in northern
Florida dominated by Pinus clausa var. immuginata), as the
understory fuels associated with this community are light and
"
produce low intensity fires at this time of the year (Cooper
1972). However, wildfires continue to be the rule and literature
on prescribed burning in sand pine scrub is limited.
Recently, Doren et. ale (1987) successfully burned two
separate sand pine scrub preserves in Boca Raton using a modified
fuel model to develop an effective prescription for burning sand
11
pine scrub under controlled conditions.
The results of these
controlled burns suggest that an effective, safe means exists to
burn sand pine scrubs in a developed landscape, provIding this
option is available without smoke management probl~ms and if
weather conditions dictate prescription burning of the Quantum
Park scrubs is possible.
Management options for these two preserves range from a
de cis ion 1) to don 0 t h i n g and 1 e t n at u r eta k e its co u r' s e ; 2) to
manage for the maintenance of a viable scrub ecosystem, which
implies the natural biota, or 3) to focus management on the needs
of one or more species.
The decision to emphasize ~cosystem or
c
species management depends on the entity re'sponsitJle for
management, type of preserve, management objectives, area of the
preserve and the nature of the surrounding lands.
Within the sand pine scrub preserves of Quantum Pdrk, the
managemen t object i ves s hou Id focus on 1) ma i nten a nce u f norma 1
ecosystem processes which include the perpetuation of endemic
scrub plants and animals, 2) the conservation of local soil
characteristics which support the vegetation; 3) maIntenance or
restoration of normal hydrologic conditions; and 4) the
"
prevention of establishment of exotic species.
Prior to the formulation of a step-by-step approdch for the
maintenance of these two preserves, it has been decided that each
preserve will be divided into several smaller components in order
to provide mixed stands of different ages.
Based on the life
history characteristics of the sand pine (Pinus clausal and
..
12
rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides), a 38-S8 year burn cycle has been
adopted for this study. This was based on the specific mortality
traits of sand pine (senescence at 58-68 yeat:s) and rosemary
(senescence at 28-38 years).
To further age each preserve, tree
core data was gathered from randomly selected sand pines
scattered throughout each preserve (Table 4).
Us i n9 th i s da ta,
--.:
the scrub community of each preserve was divided into definable
tracts that will be used to maintain the ecological diversity of
the scrub (Figures 4A and 4B) .
FUEL MODEL
The chaparral/high pocosin/mature shrub model, (NFFL Model 4)
( And e r son 1 9 82), was con sid e r ed sui tab lea s a bas e for d f: vel 0 pin g
a fuel model for the sand pine scrub community in central and
south Flor ida (Table 4).
NFFL Model 4 presupposes a brush/shrub
fuel understory six or more feet high, flammable foliage, a
nearly continuous secondary overstory, with heavy loading of live
and dead fine woody materials.
Except for the more scattered
understory, this is very similar to the sand pine scrub of the
Quantum Scrub and seemed likely to be accurate in predictions of
fire behavior in these fuels.
Unlike some of the western brush
"
types, which can usually be burned quite successfully under less
than extreme conditions (wright and Bailey 1982), sand pine has
been virtually impossible to prescribe burn, and rarely burns
except under the most extreme conditions (Cooper 1972).
Prescription parameter development for a sand pine scrub
burn in southeastern Florida was based on a number of restrictive
13
conditions relating to each scrub site: both preserves are
surrounded by local or large scale development, preserve 11 is
adjacent to a proposed city park, and preserve '2 will be
surrounded by industrial or commercial lots and possibly a hotel
to the north. For permitting purposes, the stagnation index was
required to be below 7 (Florida Department of Agriculture 1976).
Environmental parameters used to establish fire behavior
predictions needed to provide for a reasonably inte~se fire in
order to ensure that the sand pine scrub fuels would burn, yet be
of moderate enough nature to be relatively cerrain of having
acceptable fire behavior and smoke conditions. . The following
ranges of prescription parameters will be used in the scrub
model midflame windspeed of 3-7 mph; wind direction easterly-
southeasterly; relative humidity 45%-60%; 1 hour dead fuel
moisture < 11%; live woody fuel. moisture 25%-75%; dry bulb
temperature 75-85 of; and cloud cover < 10%.
Values outside of
the indicated ranges were also tested in the model but found to
be unacceptable (Doren et. ale 1987).
Fuels like the chaparral, which contain highly volatile
compounds (we considered sand pine scrub such a fuel), require
"
more preparation for prescribed burning than other fuel types
(Wright and Bailey 1982).
Because of the maximum spotting
distance of 0.4 miles (0.64 km) and a Probability of Ignition of
70, some site preparation will be considered necessary in order
to ensure a successful burn and protect the values at risk.
SITE PREPARATION
14
Three to four weeks prior to eacb burn, 10-20 m wide strips
around each proposed burn site will be crushed using a small
empty,
1
roller drum-chopper
(Model SL-7, Marden Manufacturing).
One pass over the vegetation, with drums set parallel to each
other, will be sufficient to produce a light slash, without
-appreciable soil disturbance or fuel compaction. A narrow (2-4 m
wide) fire lane will be established around each preserve prior to
each burn in order to prevent the possibility of a fire escaping
into adjacent development lots. All of the sand pines within the
chopped area will be dropped into tbe site to pre-vent spotting
and to crea te hot- spots to hel p prepare a seeq bed and open
areas. Approximately 10-15 days will be required without rain in
order to dry out the crushed fuels sufficiently and reduce fuel
moisture to prescribed levels.
Within Preserve II, the dry prairie/pine flatwoods areas
will be burned separately from the canopied areas of scrub. Due
to the nature of the dry prairie, it may be necessary to
herbicide some of the grass pre-burn in order to stimulate the
seeding of scrub species from the existing adjacent ridge.
The sand pine fingers will not be regularly burned for at
"
least 20 years except in areas now dominated by bahia grass. The
most southern finger has been invaded from t he west by ba h ia
grass, nut sedge, and Ceasar's weed.
These three species
indicate that soil conditions may not be suitable for longterm
scrub survival since bahia grass will most likely out-compete
early scrub colonizers.
In an effort to eradicate these
15
troublesome species, areas of bahia grass will be herbicided and
then mulched with ha y or other sui table mater ial sin order to
increase fuel loads.
The area will then be burned and a thin
layer of scrub top soil will be broadcast over the burned areas
This should help the establishment of scrub species.
Since these spec ies are scattered over other areas wi thi n
the scrub fingers, herbicide without mulching will be used on a
local scale. The entire area will be seeded with sand pine which
can be purchased through the Division of Forestry.
Small scrub
oaks and other nursery grown stock will be planted to form small
island. within ..ch of the finger..
Since the oldest trees occur in the northeastern corner of
the sand pine scrub of Tract '1, the interior core of the oldest
trees will be left standing for the burn.
The sand pine around
the fringes will be dropped in place after the area is roller
chopped (Figure SA).
The remaining areas will also be chopped,
however, no sand pine will be felled. This will allow seed input
from the trees left standing as a result of seed release
following the fire.
Tract 2 will be roller chopped in a similar fashion to that
...
of Tract 1. Two small islands of vegetation will remain standing
with no mechanical alteration.
The other areas will be roller
chopped and the sand pines dropped in place (Figure SA). In
order increase diversity and to prevent the unaltered areas from
ignition during the burn, these areas will be watered by a
temporary sprinkler system at least one day pre-burn. This will
16
increase the water content of the vegetation and make it
difficult to ignite.
Burning will occur between the months of
December and February, following a wet month
If drought
conditions prevail prior to the scheduled burn and the drought
index is high, it should be postponed until conditions favor a
controllable fire.
The exact firing pattern of the burn will be
decided by the burning agency (i.e., Division of Forestry,
private firms, or local government) on the day of tqe burn. Head
fires will be used were applicable to simulate the fire behavior
(and effects) of naturally occurring fires, and to ensure as
complete a burn of the vegetation as possible.
All existing structures (i.e., boardwalks, fence posts, etc)
that may have been constructed within the preserve at the time of
the burn should be protected by herbiciding in advance of the
burn and then raking down to mineral soil to remove debris from
around the structures.
This would reduce the fIne fuels
necessary to carry a ground fire.
Since the site is currently being utilized as a relocation
site for gopher tortoise and Florida mice, all burrows should be
flagged prior to roller chopping.
If the preserve is fenced at
"
the time of the burn, access should be made to the closest point
of entry by removing a section of fence to reduce damage to the
remaining unburned areas and reduce soil disturbance.
This can
be coordinated with the on-site property association and the City
of Boynton Beach.
Preserve 12 was also divided into 2 separate burn areas
17
(Figure 5B) based on the natural contours and the existing
disturbed areas within the preserve.
Each burn site will be
roller chopped in a similar fashion a~ Preserve .1 so that small
islands of standing vegetation remain (Figure 5B). All sand pine
on the margins of each tract will be dropped in place to prevent
spotting in nearby vegetated areas.
The fuel model and
prescription used on Preserve 11 will also be utilized for these
burns.
A temporary watering system will also be. utilized for
those areas that will not be burned.
BURN SCHEDULE
The following burn schedule will be utilized for the sand
pine preserves at Quantum Park:
Year
Preserve 11
Tract I
123
Preserve 12
Tract .
1 2
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
2013
2018
2023
2028
2033
2038
2043
2048
2053
2058
2063
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
"
x
x
x
The burn schedule wa5 design to fit the existing age distribution
within each sand pine parcel. The sand pines within Tract 11 of
preserve .1 average about 30-35 years of age. Since this is the
oldest portion of the scrub on this ridge, burning will occur in
18
20 years when the trees begin to reach senescence.
Some of the
older trees will be left to reach old age without the effect of
burning.
Seeding into the burned areas will occur from the
existing margins of the scrub.
Tract .2 will be burned in
approximately 30 years when the trees reach maturity.
The dry
prairie/pine f1atwoods community will be burned every 5 years in
order to stimulate new growth of herbs and grasses for local
gopher tortoise populations.
Areas within the prairie that are
invaded by scrub species will be excluded in the following burn
year.
This will promote the development of scrub islands within
the dry prairie system.
The exact areas to be e~cluded in each
subsequent burn will be decided by the City Forester or a private
consultant prior to the prescribed burn.
Sand pine within Preserve 12 range in age from 11-37 years
with an average age of 19 5 years.
Since no age specific
distribution exists within this preserve area, the site was
randomly divided to be burned on a 30 and 50 year rotation,
beginning with tract 11 of preserve 12.
Tract 12 will be burned
in the opposite rotation sequence (50 and 30 years) to allow for
ecological diversity for local wildlife and plants.
~
AGENCIES AND MATERIALS FOR BURNING
Prior to each burn, a permit for burning will be obtained
from the city forester. The burning will be coordinated with the
city fire department who may be able to assist with fire
protection equipment at the time of the burn. The State Division
of Forestry will be contacted to disk existing fire lanes or to
19
create new lanes depending on the conditions of the surrounding
fuels and vegetation.
If used, all fire plowing will be kept to
a minimum depth (3 to 6 inches). The burn will be conducted by a
pr i vate agency such as Forest Resources Management, 1528 Hendry
Street, Fort Myers, Fl. 33gel.
Depending on the weather
cond it ions on the day of the burn, the Flor ida Highway Patrol
will be notified about possible smoke problems on 1-95.
Crew size and equipment will be determined by the agency
conducting the burn. The estimated cost, based on 1988 figures,
for the above work will be about $8,eee.ee for burning le acre
blocks.
The cost for burning less acreage may be slightly less,
,
however, mobilization costs will be very similar. The above cost
estimate includes any changes necessary to the burn plan,
chopping the site, coordination with local and state agencies,
man-power to conduct the burn, and permit acquisition from city
and state agencies. The cost, based on 1988 figures, for burning
the dry prairie will be about $1,588 to $2,888 for coordination,
permits, and on-site burning.
If burning turns out to be an unacceptable means for
maintaining the existing scrub, due to smoke management or
"
excessive explosive fuels, then mechanical means such as roller
chopping will be utilized. This alternative method will require
an empty roller chopper that will bend and break the vegetation
near ground level, causing minimal soil disturbance. The use of
a water filled chopper would cause severe soil disturbance which
could iffect the longterm survival of these scrubs.
The chopped
29
vegetation would then be removed from the site to allow scrub
regeneration.
Since most of the seed trees would be removed,
these areas could then be seeded with sand pine by using the
methodology utilized in the Ocala National Forest.
Mechanically
seeding some areas and not other would provide scrubs of various
age classes, a benefit for longterm survival of many of the scrub
animals.
Implementation of the above management plan will require the
financial commitment from the local property association and the
commitment by the City of Boynton Beach.
In contrast to the above scrub mana~ement plan,
approximately 1.3 acres of ruderal vegetation wit:hin preserve .2
should be immediately altered to allow the establishment of scrub
vegetation. These previously disturbed areas along the west edge
of the site should be herbicided, mulched as described above and
burned
A thin layer of scrub soil could then be scattered over
the burn areas and then the area seeded with sand pine.
Prescribed burning would require the formation of a sandy
fire break between the existing scrub and the ruderal vegetation.
Burning should occur when the winds are out of the east to
..
prevent smoke management problems on the interstate highway.
This would force the flame front to the west, away from the sand
pine scrub vegetation.
Once the disturbed areas have been burned, sand pine seeds
should be broadcast and slightly trenched into the sand about 2
inches. Other trees such as sand live oak could also be planted
"
21
in these disturbed areas to simulate oak thickets which could be
utilized by scrub jays as suitable nesting sites. Observations
from other scrubs indicate that oak thickets wi th as few as 5
trees have been utilized as nesting sites by scrub j.ays. Two
small oak thickets will be planted within the disturbed areas.
Each thicket will be planted with 5 field grown sand live oaks
which range in height from 5-7 feet. The trees will be placed In
a pattern to produce a dense canopy required for nesting.
The burning of the ruderal vegetation within Preserve 12
would require a permit from the City Forester ana coordination
with th. City of Boynton s..ch fir. departm.nt.
EXOTIC PLANT REMOVAL
One of the most serious threats to any native plant
community in south Florida is the invasion of exotic vegetation.
Exotics can modify normal ecological processes or relationships,
including predator-prey and herbivore-plant relationships,
nutrient and energy cycles, and soil-building and erosion
processes.
It has also been shown that the general stability of
Florida's natural communities is also reduced.
Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and punk tree
..
(Melaleuca quinquenervia) do occur within the preserve areas. An
on-going treatment program was initiated on the 20 May 1987 by
treating the base of each shrub or tree with herbicide (Garlon
4). The eradication process will be extended to all non-scrub
species throughout the preserve areas in order to reduce unwanted
seed banks which may affect the long-term survival of the scrub
22
community.
The above management plan provides a step-by-step program to
fulfill the requirements of the Development order and the
Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council. Modifications to the
above plan may be in order as new information becomes available
concerning the fire ecology of the sand pine scrub community.
~
23
Figure 1.
Location of Preserve .1 and Preserve '2
within the Quantum Park project, Boynton
Beach, Florida
.
.i fl le'lI <J
Ii ~g"rrtti~~
:.
',,~. i"~1
r <
I
Preserve ~.il
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iii
"
24
Figure 2.
Aerial
scrub,
within
photograph showing areas
dry prairie, and the dry
Preserve tl.
of sand pine
retention pond
~-r
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25
Figure 3. Aerial photOgtaph showing areas of sand pine
sctub and tuderal vegetation within preserve 12.
I
'L ,
.
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24
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26
'Figu-ce 41\-
BU~n t~actS fO~ p~ese~ve Ii.
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27
Figure 4B.
Burn tracts for Preserve 12.
~'
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28
Figure SA.
Areas within preserve 11 that must be roller chopped
(dia9onal lines) prior to the prescribed burn.
-- _.-:-~ r
~ .,
-. "..
.~ .... 'A:"
'~~. ,.-
,
I-
..
., =
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r
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naltered
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.
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Unaltered Scrub
29
Figure SB.
Areas within preserve 12 that must be roller chopped
(diagonal lines) prior to the prescribed burn.
c.~~ "..... .~~
l"~l!~ 1\' m
'1;",~S ! ',I I'" .;:' 0;. ~~. .-'
',,' ~>~rK~' ~,,,,;,,:\e ,,"
t. ,",:, .;.... '...~. ~
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o...: j' ;:i ...; ....':'.:.... . 'A ~
00 }.... ~ .. ,,~rJ,...~..;..~.~,../c.~..~
t.....~.... ,-;.:,.{"'i)":i,.;.u' ~!~.
__ -:, t- f: ,. I"!. i, H \ ""...'
<II .. ......,... " \ . '='
[ '.' , ~~. f ',."',,' ,
r,J" 6~~' .....' ,..1;':,-
" RW ,'" "":.. i~~.'
, ,....) .... .
.. .. :c: '",;;', ~; ,
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chopped
Trees up
Una 1 teret
.
.~: scrub
~ .~'
~ct
l>-: f
Roller
Chopped
Trees up n
naltered
scrub
Roller
~ chopped
Trees dow
.\
~
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.) f,
)'"t',
11$ ", :
Una Hen
scrub
naltered Scrub
~. -::.
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.:'~ ,..
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. ;;, :~,Jf · ~~~
paller chopped
Trees down
r ~ ., ~ J ...
---.-------------
30
Table 1. Checklist of the vascular flora for the Sand Pine
Preserve .1 at Quantum Park, Boynton Beach.
Scientific Name
COlpmon Name
.:J/wJ ~ ~
~..~ (J.I1.UA .
~~~~
~~XJ- ~ Ai5
Trees
Acacia auriculaeformis
Ficus aurea
Ilex cassine
Melaleuca quinquenervia
Pinus clausa
Pinus elliottii
Sabal palmetto
Earleaf Acacia
Strangler fig
Oahoon holly
Punk tree
Sand pine
Slash pine
Cabbage palm
Shrubs
f Asimina obovata
Asimina reticulata
Befaria racemosa
Ceratiola ericoides
Conradina grandiflora
Gelsemium sempervirens
Ilex glabra
Licania michauxii
Lyonia ferruginea
Lyonia lucida
Palafoxia feayi
Quercus chapmanii
Quercus geminata
Quercus myrtifolia
Rubus trivialis
Sabal etonia
Schinus terebinthifolius
Serenoa repens
Vaccinium myrsinites
Ximenia americana
PawPaw
PawPaw
Tarflower
Rosemary
Scrub mint
Yellow jassamine
Gallberry
Gopher plum
Rusty lyonia
Staggerbush
Palafoxia
Chapman's oak
Sand live oak
Myrtle oak
Blackberry
Scrub palm
Brazilian pepper
Saw palmetto
Huckleberry
Tallowwood
Herbs
"
Abrus precatorius
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Andropogon virginicus
Aristida gyrans
Aristida spiciformis
Aristida stricta
Asclepias curtissii
Aster tortifolius
Balduina angustifolia
Bulbostylis ciliatifolia
Cassia chamaecrista
Roasary pea
Ragweed
Broomsedge grass
Wiregrass
Bottlebrush threeawn
Wiregrass
Curtiss milkweed
White-topped aster
Yellow buttons
Hair sedge
Partridge-pea
31
Cassia nictitans
Cassia occidentalis
Cassytha filiformis
Catharanthus roseus
Cenchrus incertus
Centrosema virginianum
Chrysopsis scabrella
Commelina erecta
Conyza canadensis
Crotalaria rotundifolia
Croton glandulosus
Crotonopsis linearis
Cuthbertia ornata
Cynodon dactyl on
Cyperus haspan
Cyperus planifolius
Cyperus retrorsus
Dalea feayi
Dichanthelium dichotomum
Dichanthelium sabulorum
Digitaria serotina
Diodia teres
Eclipta alba
Emilia fosbergii
Eupatorium capillifolium
Euphorbia milii
Euphorbia polyphylla
Euthamia minor
Froelichia floridana
Galactia regularis
Gelsemium sempervirens
Gnaphalium pensylvanicum
Hedyotis procumbens
Helianthemum nashii
Heliotropium polyphyllum
Heterotheca subaxillaris
Indigofera hirsuta
Lechea cernua
Lechea deckertii
Liatris chapmanii
Linaria canadensis
Mollugo verticillata
Momordica charantia
Opuntia humifusa
Paspalum notatum
Paspalum setaceum
Phytolacca americana
Pityopsis graminifolia
Polanisia tenuifolia
Po1ygala incarnata
polygonella ciliata
Polygonella fimbriata
Wild sensitive plant
Coffee senna
Love vine
periwinkle
Sand spur
Butterfly-pea
Goldenaster
Dayflower
Dwarf horseweed
Rabbit-bells
Croton
Rushfoil
Roseling
Bermudagrass
Nutsedge
Blanket crabgr~ss
Poor Joe
Cupid's shavingbrush
Dogfennel
Crown-of-thorns
Spurge
Cottonweed
Yellow jassamine
Cudweed
Innocence
Heliotrope
Camphorweed
Hairy indigo
"
Blue toadflax
Indian chickweed
Wild balsam apple
Prickly-pear cactus
Bahia grass
Thin paspalum
Pokeweed
S il kgrass
Procession flower
Wireweed
Sandhill wireweed
32
polygonella gracilis
polygonella polygama
polypremum procumbens
Portulaca pilosa
pterocaulon virgatum
Rhynchelytrum repens
Rhynchospora megalocarpa
Richardia brasiliensis
Schrankia uncinata
Scoparia dulcis
Selaginella arinicola
Setaria geniculata
Seymeria pectinata
Sida cordifolia
Sisyrinchium solstitiale
Smilax auriculata
Solanum americanum
Solidago chapmanii
Solidago stricta
Spartina bakeri
Spermacoce assurgens
Spermacoce verticillata
Stipulicida setacea
Tillandsia recurvata
Tillandsia usneoides
Tillandsia utriculata
Trichostema dichotomum
Urena lobata
Vitis munsoniana
Wireweed
Jointweed
Rustweed
Pink purslane
Rabbit tobacco
Natal grass
Scrub sedge
Sensitive briar
Sweetbroom
Sand spike moss
Foxtail grass
Blue-eyed grass
Sawbriar
Common nightshade
Goldenrod
Goldenrod
Sand cordgrass
Ball moss
Spanish moss
Wild pine
Forked blue-curls
Caesar weed
Wild grape
..
33
Table 2. Tree core data for Preserve .1 and '2. <Sampling
within Preserve .1 was based on four 28 x 28 m
quadrats. Sampling within Preserve .2 was based
on a random walk in an east-west direction along
animal survey lines).
Preserve . Quadrat . Density Avg. Avg.
dbh age
1 1 6 18.7 18.6
1 2 18 14.5 1,7.8
1 3 13 15.7 16.3
1 4 9 25.6 21.8
1 Total avg. 46 18.6 18.3
2 Total avg. 19 24.1 19.5
...
34
Table 3. Checklist of the proposed 14 acre sand pine preserve.
Scientific Name
Common Name
Trees
Acacia auriculaeformis
Brassaia actinophylla
Pinus clausa
Pinus elliottii
Earleaf acacia
Schefflera
Sand pine
Slash pine
Shrubs
Asimina reticulata
Ceratiola ericoides
Conradina grandiflora
Ilex glabra
Licania michauxii
Lyonia ferruginea
Lyonia lucida
Palafoxia feayi
polygonella polygama
Quercus chapmanii
Quercus geminata
Quercus myrtifolia
Sabal etonia
Schinus terebinthifolius
Serenoa repens
Vaccinium myrsinites
Ximenia americana
PawPaw
Rosemary
Scrub mint
Gallberry
Gopher plum
Fetterbush
Staggerbush
Palafoxia
Jointweed
Chapman's oak
Sand live oak
Myrtle oak
Scrub palmetto
Brazilian pepper.
Saw palmetto
Huckleberry
Tallowwood
Herbs
Andropogon virginicus
Aristida gyrans
Asclepias curtissii
Bulbostylis ciliatifolia
Cassytha filiformis
Chamaecrista fasciculata
Cnidoscolus stimulosus
Croton glandulosus
Cyperus retrorsus
Dalea feayi
Dichanthelium sabulorum
Eupatorium capillifolium
Euthamia minor
Euphorbia polyphylla
Galactia regular!s
Hedoyotis procumbens
Helianthemum nashii
Heterotheca subaxillaris
Broomsedge grass
Wiregrass
Curt i s mil kweed
Hairsedge
Love vine
Partridge"pea
Tread softly
Croton
Nut sedge
Dogfennel
Spurge
Milkpea
Innocence
Camphorweed
35
Lechea cernua
Lechea deckertii
Lupinus diffusus
Opuntia humifusa
Paspalum notatum
Paspalum setaceum
Phytolacca americana
Pityopsis graminifolia
Polygonella ciliata
Polygonella gracilis
Polypremum procumbens
Rhynchelytrum repens
Rhynchospora megalocarpa
Selaginella arenicola
Setaria geniculata
Seymeria pectinata
Sida cordifolia
Sisyrinchium solstitiale
Smilax auriculata
Solidago stricta
Stipulicida setacea
Tillandsia recurvata
Vitis munsoniana
Nodding pinweed
Blue lupine
Prickly pear cactus
Bahia grass
Thin paspalum
Pokeweed
Silkgrass
Wireweed
Wireweed
Rustweed
Natal grass
Scrub sedge
Sand spike moss
Foxtail grass
Blue-eyed grass
Sawbriar
Goldenrod
Ball moss
Wild grape
...
..
36
Table 4. Compar ison of fuel model par.ameters for Sand Pine Scrub
and NFFL Hodel 4.
Parametersa
Sand Pine Fuel Hodela NFFL8
1 Hour (dead) fuel load (tons/acre)
18 hour (dead) fuel load (tons/acre)
108 hour (dead) fuel load (Tons/acre)
Live herbaceous load (tons/acre)
Live woody load (tons/acre)
1 hour fuel
(Surface area to volume ratio, ft2/ft3)
Live woody surface area to volume ratio
(ft2/ft3)
Depth of fuel bed (feet)
Heat (BTU/ft2)
Moisture of Extinction (%)
Wind adjustment factor
5.01
4.01
2.00
0."0
5.01
5.01
4.81
2 .08
0.88
5.01
20"8
28"0
8
8000
20
0.50
2808
2000
6
8000
20
".60
aAll measurements are given in standard units in the science of
fire behavior. Conversion to metric would not be ,appropriate for
the purposes of this paper.
"