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VEGETATIVE ANALYSIS AND GOPHER TORTOISE MONITORING Date ~ To ProJect: Forwarded: Remarks: By. Copy. J DEUTSCII IRELAND PI~OPEH.TIES AePLYTOFORT~OfflCE 1. >> r ~ Transmittal \ AUGUST 28. 1989 MR CARMEN ANNUNZIATO. CITY PLANNER CITY OF BOYNTON BEACH QUANTUM CORPORATE PARK (1) VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND GOPHER TORTOISE MONITORING OF THE SAND PINE PRESERVE - FINAL REPORT MICHAEL J TOLL Development Manager RECEIVED AUG 31 1989 PLANNING DEPT. .. THE 110 TOWER, 21 ST FLOOR, 110 SOUTHEAST SIXTH STREET FORT LAUDERDALE. FLOR1QA. 33301-3415 BROWARD (305) 763-8888 . FAX (305) 763-8996 . PALM BEACH (407) 734-3555 . QA.DE (305) 945-8110 THE BUILDING, 1125 NORTHEAST 125 STREET: NORTH MIAMI, FLORIQA. 33161 (305) 891-6806. FAX (305) 895-8241 \. ....- . ~ - .. . ....-~ ......A. -." VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND GOPHER TORTOISE MONITORING OF THE SAND PINE PRESERVE AT QUANTUM PARK, BOYNTON BEACH. FINAL REPORT 04 August 1989 by Ecological Consultants 7301 Summerbridge Drive Tampa, Florida 33614 .....,. .... .J , :t-... 2 .. ..- VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND MONITORING OF THE QUANTUM PARK SAND PINE PRESERVE FINAL REPORT INTRODUCTION P r i 0 r t 0 any d eve lop men t 0 f the Qua n t u m Par k pro pe r tie s (DR!), approximately 40 acres of sand pine scrub habitat was set aside as a nature preserve The intent was to preserve through management, a portion of the scrub ecosystem, both plant and an imal species. At the request of the Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council, one large contiguous parcel was established as a preserve for animal relocation north of N.W 22nd Avenue (F igure 1) Since the preserve contained less than 40 acres of scrub, an additional 14 acres of scrub south of N W 22 nd Ave. were preserved, In add ition to creating 4-7 acres of scrub using a topsoil overburden mulching technique used by the phosphate industry, ln order to meet the acreage as required by the Development Order The entire parcel was fenced off from outside encroachment and extant populations of gopher tortoise, Florida mice and Florida scrub lizards were relocated from other scrub areas into the preserve for future management Methods A checklist of the vascular flora of the preserve was prepared by sampling permanent quadrats, line transects, and g ro und tr ut h i ng the site on two wee kin terv al s between December 1985 and April 1989 3 Special attention was given to the occurrence of obligate scrub species which may be an indication of past disturbance and/or recovery potential Two permanent survey lines (designated east and west for location purposes) were established in a north-south direction within the preserve Reference points were established every 100 feet along each of the survey lines These points would be important for the location of gopher tortoise burrows within the preserve and permanant location of selected vegetation quadrats Four (4) nested quadrats were randomly located throughout the preserve within the canopied areas (Figure 2) The size of the quadrats varied with the strata of the forest to be sampled Trees were measured using a 20 x 20 m quadrat; shrubs using a 5 x 5 m quadrat, and herbaceous species using a 1 x 1 m quadrat The 5 x 5 m shrub quadrat was nested in the northeast corner of each tree quadrat Two 1 x 1 m quadrats were nested within the shrub quadrat in the northeast and southeast corners The number of sterns or individuals were determined for each measured species. Average height was indicated for shrubs and % cover was determined for herbs For all trees within the 20 x 20 m quadrat, dbh and basal area were measured A permanent l00-meter line transect along the west survey li:1e was established In each area, the vegetation was sampled using the line-intercept method, recording the length of the transect line intercepted by each plant shoot encountered 4 Results VEGETATION Disturbances to plant communities have long been viewed as an outside threat to the normal functioning of the community In the sand pine scrub community, the resilency of most of the indicator species has been attributed to recovery via sprouting from preexisting root stocks, as very few species in the scrub recover via seed (Ceratiola ericoides, pinus clausal In contrast to other mature sand pine scrubs in the area, the preserve has a total of 123 species of which 40% are obligate to sand pine scrub (Table 1) The vegetation of the preserve area is characterized as young or early successional sand pine scrub with scattered areas of dry prairie Although clearing of the u n d e r s tor y and t h inn i n g 0 f the san d pin e 0 c cur r ed p r i 0 r to 1983, community recovery is rapidly occurring The overstory trees are dominated by widely spaced sand pine (Pinus clausal (138 trees per acre) of at least two different age classes (10-20 years and 20-30 years) Tree core data from established permanent plots indicates that the average age of sand pine is 18 34 years old, with the oldest trees (19-26 yearsl in the northeastern corner of the preserve (Table 2) There were no trees greater than 31 years, however, hundreds of young saplings are scattered throughout the preserve Trees vary in s i z e fro m 2 7 - 3 6 7 cm db h , rea chi n g he i g h t s 0 f 37 - 4 6 fee t There has been considerable speculation regarding what seems to be the formation of even-aged stands of sand pine in central 5 and south Florida due to the presence of serotinous cones on the Ocala variety of sand pine (Pinus clausa var clausa) In northern Florida, Choctawhatchee sand pine (pinus clausa var immuginata) exits In stands of several age classes because most of the cones open on the trees throughout the year and seed release occurs annually In contrast, the Ocala sand pine have serotinous cones which only open following severe fires, resulting in what appears to be even-aged stands However, a closer look at south Florida scrubs indicates that many of the o c a 1 a san d pin e h a v e 0 pe n con e s 0 r in fa c t , so In e s u g g est t hat some of the sand pines in south Florida may be the Choctawhatchee variety Therefore, 150 randomly located sand pines were sampled during the first quarter to determine the relative percentage of open vs closed cones The data for the first quarter indicates that 46% of the cone bearing trees have open cones, whereas this figure was slightly greater (48%) 2 years later The data also shows that most of the trees with open cones are greater than 20 years of age. The fact that the older sand pines have open cones may be attributed to age of the cones and the effect of summer temperatures on cone opening or that a low i~tensity ground fire swept through the site several years ago with sufficient heat to open the cones This may also explain some of the regeneration observed within the preserve. Sand pine mortality over a 2 year period was limited to the disturbed edges of the preserve Only 4 mature sand pines have 6 died within the preserve and more than 36 have died in the disturbed areas south of the fence It appears that drought conditions and prior root disturbance had weakened many pines which have fallen prey to beetles. This situation occurs naturally in most east coast populations of sand pine, however, if more trees begin to die, the site may have to be sprayed for the beetle pests. Species composition of the greater than 0 25 m layer was generally similar across the four plots at the initial sampling, except in plot #1 which had a high density of oak stems The dominant species include scrub oaks (Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus geminata), Palafoxia feayi, jointweed (Polygonella polygama) and scrub mint (Conradina grandiflora) During the initial sampling, average stem densities were highest for myrtle oak (93 8 stems per 5 x 5 m quadrat) and sand live oak (798 sterns per 5 x 5 m quadrat), while average height was 21 3 - 68 5 ern (Table 3) After the first year, stem densities slightly decreased for both species of oaks, but showed some increase for jointweed (Polygonella polygama) and Palafoxia feayi Average height also showed an increase of 13% and 17% for plots 1 and 2, respectively, but decreased slightly for Plot #4 (2%) Plot #3 increased 1n stern densities by 114% over last years sampling These figures changed slightly by the end of the study with myrtle oak densities at 95 5 sterns per 5 x 5 m quadrat and sand live oak at 90 sterns per 5 x 5 m quadrat Other more prominent changes occurred in the Palafoxia feayi and polygonella polygama populations within increased for all s pe c i e s was m i nor the plots (Table 3) Average the plots, however, the change when compared for all the plots 7 height also in height per It appears that the open areas have been colonized from last years seed crop, however, most of these seedlings did not survive the extended spring drought Species richness of the shrub layer varied slightly between plots and changed little from the initial and final sampling events. Changes in shrub stem densities over time for the Quantum Park scrub communities is consistent with other scrubs In south Florida. Recent data collected from 10 year field plots at Jonathan Dickinson State Park indicate that scrub species composition remains fairly constant in mature scrub, however, stem densities In oaks showed a 2-3 fold increase Expected changes in shrub densities within the preserve may not change much over the next few years since most of the understory was mechanically mulched to the ground surface in 1983 Seed inputs from existing oaks contribute very few new seedlings to the preserve as most of the new shoots occur by vegetative means The overall species diversity is much higher than compared with other mature scrubs or othey areas within Quantum Park (Richardson et al 1986) Except for the oaks, other characteristic shrubs have begun to germinate in the open areas of the preserve These shrubs include rosemary {Ceratiola ericoides}, rusty lyonia (Lyonia ferruginea), scrub mint {Conradina canescens}, tallowwood (Ximenia americana), and 8 jointweed (Polygonella ciliata and ~ gracilis) Probably the most significant observation concerns the establishment of Ceratiola in naturally open, sandy areas or past disturbance sites Rosemary often does not germinate until 2-5 years postfire, and its seedlings do not reach reproductive maturity for 10 to 15 years To date, more than 51 rosemary (3-8 year old) shrubs have been observed throughout the preserve area Some of these shrubs have reached 2-3 feet in height and appear to be well established Johnson (1986) has shown that stand biomass increases slowly from 2 to 4 years, rapidly from 4 to 10 years and less rapidly between 10 and 35 years Love vine (Cassytha filiformis) is best described as a nuisance species throughout the entire preserve and forms a dominant cover over most of the shrubs and herbs The parasitic nature of this species has eliminated several hundred Conradina and Polygonella shrubs During the maintenence phase of this project, love vine was removed from several scrub mints and other species The results indicate that once the vine is removed, new growth begins to appear rapidly on the infested plant These o b s e r vat ion sin d i cat e the need for a Ion g t e r m m a i n ten a n c e and monitoring program to assess the rate at which Conradina and other shrubs become parasitized by love vine The herbaceous component of the preserve area is represented by 95 species, including a large proportion (33%) of weed species that have colonized disturbed areas (i e , brush piles, trails and even gopher tortoise mounds) The most common herbs include 9 broomsedge grass (Andropogon virginicus), Cyperus retrorsus, Dichanthelium sabulorum, silkgrass (Pityopsis graminifolia), innonence (Euphorbia polyphylla), and hairsedge (Bulbostylis ciliatifolia) Average percent cover for the 8 permanent 1 x 1 m2 plots was 34% in 1987,31% in 1988, and 34% in 1989 (Figures 4a and 4b) This data is very consistent with other scrubs which show virtually no change in densities or species richness over short time periods Even though the percent cover decreased from 1987 to 1988, the number of species within the 4 sampling plots increased slightly from 15 to 19 During the last two quarters, the total number of species increased by only one This change was due to an increase in the number of scrub endemics that have germinated throughout the preserve. Some of the more notable species include Bulbostylis, Lechea, Euphorbia, Dichanthelium, Aristida, Croton, and Liatris Ruderal components have invaded the margins of the preserve due to past disturbance from livestock Several horses and goats from the adjacent property have periodically entered the preserve This has resulted in some areas being completely denuded from horses rolling in the sand for insect protection Also the adjacent properties have been disturbed for such a long time that the ruderal components are well established and potential seed banks are high Nut sedge (Cyperus retrorsus) and caesars weed (Urena lobata) seem to be the most evasive of the preserve weeds Nut sed g e s e em s to d om i n ate sma 11 area s 0 f localized disturbance excavations etc and (i e, gopher tortoise trails, tends to engulf an area in a 10 armadillo few weeks Caesar's weed on the other hand tends to be restricted to past disturbed areas with a continual rain of new seeds into the soil Herbicide treatment has eliminated some patches but soil borne seeds supply new recruits to the preserve on a monthly basis SCRUB FINGERS Sand pine scrub reclamation in Florida IS currently in its infancy There is little information or current research on the site-specific, edaphic, biological and meteorological circumstances that may ultimately determine the types of xer ic ecosystems (sand pine scrub, sandhill, pine flatwoods) that can evolve on disturbed lands (i e pastures, mined lands, mechanically altered sites). Studies have been conducted to determine the structure and composition of the major components of scrub pinelands (Austin 1976, Kurz 1942, Laessle 1958 and others) The vegetative component is easily assessed, easily quantified and, therefore, relatively well-documented The hydrological component (rainfall and ground water levels) also is assessable, but requIres long- term monitoring efforts to document adequately The edaphic component likewise is measurable, but the interaction of these three components In the text of restoration is not well known. The purpose of this preliminary report IS to evaluate the recolonization success of the newly created scrub fingers Three separate scrub areas were created on the northern 11 boundary of the existing sand pine scrub within the preserve at Quantum Park. An area of approximately 4-7 acres (16,000-18,000 cub icy a r d s ) was c rea t ed to be com e a n ex ten s ion 0 f the a 1 rea d y existing sand pine scrub ridge The reclaimed scrub was created not to exceed the natural elevations found within the existing sand pine scrub. Approximately 24 inches of St Lucie fine sand was used as base material for the harvested topsoil, rich in seed material, root sprouts and local mycorrhizal populations. To further enhance the recruitment of scrub species, clumps of scrub vegetation were removed from the harvest sites and placed on all mitigated scrub areas A watering truck was provided for the first week to stimulate root sprouting of scrub oaks and local seed banks. Monitoring of specIes establishment within the mitigated scrub areas will be accomplished by creating at least 16 permanent 1 x 1 meter plots along an established north-south transect Species richness, and % cover will be monitored quarterly, if necessary As of 15 June 1989, a combined total of 83 species have been observed on the three scrub fingers This represents an increase of only three species over a 12 month perIod Ruderal specIes, such as, Cyperus retrorsus, Urena lobata, Scopar ia dulcis, Phytolacca americana, and Catharanthus roseus are still prevalent on the scrub fingers Some areas along the western and northern borders of scrub fingers 1 and 2 have been severely invaded with bahia grass and other forbs This may pose a longtern problem 12 for native establishment of scrub seeds within the relocated top soil. Observations from mined sites in central Florida using this mulching technique showed similar results but at somewhat decreased densities The results after 3 years of monitoring the growth and establishment of scrub on reclaimed phosphate lands indicate that seedling establishment has occurred for several oak and pine species and that the weed flora is still abundant The results from Quantum Park suggest that 40% of the total number of species present were indicator or early successional scrub species (Table 5) The most notable scrub species included Froelichia floridana, Bulbostylis ciliatifolia, Lechea cernua, Palafoxia feayi, Euphorbia polyphylla, Quercus geminata, and Quercus chapmanii. The occurrence of these scrub species were the result of root sprouts associated with live harvested plant materials A few species, such as Lechea cernua, Liatris chapmanii and Commelina erecta, have corne up In open areas from seed that was released last year or from local seed banks Average percent cover for herbs withi'1 the western 8 m2 plots was 51% at the end of the 3rd quarter, bLt had increased to 96% by the end of the 8th quarter The eastern plots were sl ightly higher (59%) at the end of the 3rd quarter, but were similar (96%) to the western plots by the end of the 8th quarter (Table 6) The substantial increase in percent cover was largely attributed to Dichanthelium sabulorum, PasDalum notatum, and Cyperus retrorsus 13 During the winter months of the first year, several thousand young pine seedlings had been observed throughout the scrub preserve in areas that have been enhanced by topsoil from the donor sites However, most of these seedlings had disappeared by late winter/early spring due to low soil moisture conditions To date, several small sand pine seedlings appear to have reached the minimum critical height for survival and should respond favorably over the next few years During March and April 1988, hundreds of Lechea cernua seedlings germinated in the open areas of the fingers It is interesting to find this species in such large numbers since many scrubs are lacking Many of the March seedlings have grown to several inches and many have flowered and set seed Most of the open areas of finger #2 are covered with hundreds of mature Lechea plants It seems that the 1988 plants have set abundant seed and new recruits are prevalent this year Most of the young oak seedlings or resprouts associated with the fingers have died due to the lack of soil moisture Of the woody species, Palafoxia feayi and polygonella polygama seem to be the most drought resistant and abundant on the fingers It seems that many of the woody species reach about 12-20 inches in height and then begin to show signs of wilt, which may be a longterm problem without temporary irrIgation Although the overall species establishment of indicator scrub species has increased steadily, several pest species have caused some problems within the newly created sand fingers 14 Caesar-weed (Urena lobata) and sida cordifolia have become a threat, forming large stands several feet in diameter Most of the caesar weed has been herbicided, however, new plants are continually emerging Probably the most troublesome species has bee nth e i n vas ion 0 f b a h i a g r ass fro m the sur r 0 un din g pa S t u r e This species tends to dominate disturbed soils and will probably out-compete the scrub plants without a maintenance program During the 7th quarter, the entire prairie area including the scrub fingers were burned to remove establishment of bahia grass The fire moved well and consumed most of the litter throughout the prairie but was much more patchy on the created fingers Some of the bahia grass and Caesar weed was killed by the fire, however, several large areas still remain About 2 weeks after the burn, approximately 4,000 bare root sand pine seedlings (12-24 inches tall) and 2,000 bare root scrub oaks (8-10 inches tall) were planted throughout the prairie and scrub fingers A shallow well was dug in order to supply a water source for better survival Because of the extended drought conditions at the time of planting, less than 1% of the pine survived and 1-2% of the oaks, even though about 40% of the installed plants were periodically watered A replanting with tubling pines will occur in early fall following the rainy season or in late summer if sufficient pines are available Animal species have also been observed on the scrub fingers Three gopher tortoise have taken up residency within the scrub fingers One tortoise has occupied a burrow along the eastern 15 edge of scrub finger #3 for about 15 months During the 6th quarter, two burrows appeared In scrub finger #1 and both are still occupied Bi-weekly observations of the scrub fingers has yielded as many as 72 scrub lizards per visit durIng the summer months and about 10-15 individuals in the winter months However, the presence of bahia grass has reduced the summer counts to less than 30 on any given day in the areas now occupied by the grass The open nature of the fingers in the first 16 months was prime habitat for ground foraging by scrub lizards, however, open forage areas have been severely reduced The results, to date, indicate that recovery of the sand pine scrub fingers is a slow process that will probably require some installat ion of nursery grown stock, such as sand pines, sand live oaks, scrub mint, rosemary and others Many clumps of scrub vegetation that were removed from former scrub sites and later added by a front-end loader durIng the construction phase of the project have died due to root damage to the plants and lack of water A few sand pine have survived within the clumps and it appears that these trees may serve as a possible seed source upon maturation Past research efforts indicate that most scrub species germinate in the winter when soil temperatures are reduced and moisture levels marginal It appears that species such as sand pine remain dormant until soil moisture levels approach 1-2% before germinating Delayed germination guarantees that some of the emerging seedlings will sur v i v e i n tot h e s u mm e r m 0 nth s w hen so i 1 tern per a t u res rea c h 16 l400F. Other endemic scrub species such as Ceratiola ericoides and Lechea cernua have also germinated from seed sources within the soil Germination of these early successional species indicates that soil conditions are favorable for scrub recovery In summary, the overall recovery of the sand pine scrub fingers is far better than we expected for only 2 years after construction Recruitment of scrub endemics has occurred over most of the newly created areas Several species such as palafoxia and Liatris have produced seed during the 1987-88 season and new seedlings have appeared in the bare areas As indicated above, pest and pasture species prove to be the biggest concern to date The establishment of bahia grass on finger #1 has occurred much more rapidly than expected and will require some type of short and long-term maintenance above the normal burning program. FLOWERING AND FRUITING To further evaluate the overall success of the preserve area, a bi-weekly monitoring program was established to document the seasonal response of flowering and fruiting of the vascular flora (Table 7) Data was collected in December 1986 and terminated 21 months later in August 1988 This data prov ides some imformation about when to harvest native seed for replanting selected areas within the preserve or to determine what proportion of the recruitment within the preserve is from seed germination vs root sprouts 17 EXOTIC SPECIES REMOVAL The invasion of exotic specIes into the preserve could have very serious effects on the native vegetation if not controlled and monitored on a regular basis Several exotic plant species have been observed within the preserve Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifoliusl, punk tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia), and earleaf acacia (Acacia auriculaeformis) Efforts for their eradication were initiated on the 20 May 1987 by treating the base of each shrub or tree with herbicide (Garlon 4) within 10 days following appl ication of the herbicide, symptoms of chlorosis, leaf loss, and wilting were evident on most treated individuals In some cases, a second application was needed to produce the des ired ef f ects Approx ima tel y 389 tr ees 0 r shrubs have been treated with the herbicide within the preserve To date, about 81% of the treated exotics have been killed by the treatments Most of the remaining untreated Brazilian pepper and spoil was removed from the western edge of the prairie during the 7th quarter Heavy equipment was utilized to remove debris and large pepper trees which produce large quantities of seed for new exotic establishment via the local bird fauna Figure 1 18 Location of the Sand pine Scrub Preserves at Quantum Park, Boynton Beach Figure 2 Location of the permanent vegetation quadrats within the Sand Pine Preserve at Quantum Park, Boynton Beach 19 20 Table 1 Checklist of the vascular flora for the Sand pine Preserve at Quantum Park, Boynton Beach Scientific Name Common Name Trees Acacia auriculaeformis Ficus aurea Ilex cassine Melaleuca quinquenervia pinus clausa pinus elliottii Sabal palmetto Earleaf Acacia Strangler fig Dahoon holly Punk tree Sand pine Slash pine Cabbage palm Shrubs Asimina obovata Asimina reticulata Befaria racemosa Ceratiola ericoides Conradina grandiflora Gelsemium sempervirens Ilex glabra Lantana camara Licania michauxii Lyonia ferruginea Lyonia lucida Palafoxia feayi Quercus chapmanii Quercus geminata Quercus myrtifolia Rubus trivialis Sabal etonia Schinus terebinthifolius Serenoa repens Vaccinium myrsinites Ximenia americana PawPaw PawPaw Tarflower Rosemary Scrub mint Yellow jassamine Gallberry Lantana Gopher plum Rusty lyonia Stagger bush Palafoxia Chapman's oak Sand live oak Myrtle oak Blackberry Scrub palm Brazilian pepper Saw palmetto Huckleberry Tallowwood Herbs Abrus precatorius Ambrosia artemisiifolia AJdropogon virginlcus Aristida gyrans Aristida spiciformis Aristida stricta Asclepias curtissii Aster tortifolius Balduina angustlfolia Bulbostylis ciliatifolia Roasary pea Ragweed Broomsedge grass Wiregrass Bottlebrush threeawn Wiregrass Curtiss milkweed White-topped aster Yellow buttons Hair sedge 21 Cassia chamaecrista Cassia nictitans Cassia occidenta1is Cassytha filiformis Catharanthus roseus Cenchrus incertus Centrosema virginianum Chrysopsis scabre11a Comrne1ina erecta Conyza canadensis Crota1aria rotundifolia Croton glandulosus Crotonopsis linearis Cuthbertia ornata Cynodon dactyl on Cyperus haspan Cyperus p1anifolius Cyperus retrorsus Dalea feayi Dichanthelium dichotomum Dichanthelium sabulorum Digitaria serotina Diodia teres Eclipta alba Em il i a f 0 s b erg i i Eragrostis atrovirens Eragrostis scaligera Eupatorium capillifolium Euphorbia milii Euphorbia polyphylla Euthamia minor Froelichia floridana Ga1actia regularis Gelsemiurn sernpervirens Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Hedyotis procumbens Helianthernum nashii Heliotropium polyphyllurn Heterotheca subaxillaris Indigofera hirsuta Lechea cernua Lechea deckertii Liatris chapmanii Linaria canadensis Mollugo verticil lata Mornordica charantla Opuntia humifusa Paspalurn notaturn Paspalum setaceum Paspalurn urvillei Phytolacca americana Pityopsis graminifolia Partridge-pea wild sensitive plant Coffee senna Love vine periwinkle Sand spur Butterfly-pea Goldenaster Dayflower Dwarf horseweed Rabbit-bells Croton Rushfoil Roseling Bermudagrass Nutsedge Blanket crabgrass Poor Joe Cupid's shavingbrush Dogfennel Crown-of-thorns Spurge Cottonweed Yellow jassamine Cudweed Innocence Heliotrope Camphorweed Hairy indigo Blue toad flax Indian chickweed Wild balsam apple Prickly-pear cactus Bahia grass Thin paspalurn Vaseygrass Pokeweed silkgrass 22 polanisia tenuifolia Polygala incarnata Polygonella ciliata polygonella fimbriata Polygonella gracilis Polygonella polygama Polypremum procumbens Portulaca pilosa pterocaulon virgatum Rhynchelytrum repens Rhynchospora megalocarpa Richardia brasiliensis Schrankia uncinata Scoparia dulcis Selaginella arinicola Setaria geniculata Seymeria pectinata Sida cordifolia Sisyrinchium solstitiale Smilax auriculata Solanum americanum Solidago chapmanii Solidago stricta Spartina bakeri Spermacoce assurgens Spermacoce verticillata Stipulicida setacea Tillandsia recurvata Tillandsia usneoides Tillandsia utriculata Trichostema dichotomum Urena lobata Vitis munsoniana Procession flower Wireweed Sandhill wireweed Wireweed Jointweed Rustweed Pink purslane Rabbit tobacco Natal grass Scrub sedge Sensitive briar Sweetbroom Sand spike moss Foxtail grass Blue-eyed grass Sawbriar Cornmon nightshade Goldenrod Goldenrod Sand cordgrass Ball moss Spanish moss wild pine Forked blue-curls Caesar weed Wild grape 23 Table 2 The number of sand pine and average age per 20 x 20 meter tree quadrat for the sand pine scrub preserve at Quantum Park, Boynton Beach Quadrat # Density Rei Dom Rei Avg Avg # Den Basal Dom dbh Age 1 6 13 13 21354 15 8 18 7 18 6 2 18 39 1 3322 25 6 14 5 17 8 3 13 28 2 27133 20 7 15 7 16 3 4 9 19 5 4947 37 9 25 6 21 8 Total 46 100 0 131326 1130.0 18 6 18 3 24 Number of shrub stems per each 5 x 5 m2 quadrat sampled In 1987, 1988, and 1989 within the Sand PIne Preserve at Quantum Park Table 3 Species (Year) Quercus myrtifolia Quercus geminata Palafoxia feayi Polygonella polygama Opuntia humifusa Smilax auriculata Quercus chapmanii Vitis munsoniana pinus clausa Solidago stricta Conradina grandiflora Serenoa repens Commelina diffusa Total # Species Average Height (cm) Species (Year) Quercus myrtifolia Quercus geminata Palafoxia feayi Polygonella polygama Opuntia humifusa Smilax auriculata Quercus chapmanii Vitis munsoniana Pinus clausa Solidago stricta Conradina granoiflora Serenoa repens Commelina diffusa Total # Species Average Height (cm) 87 298 195 14 288 216 14 3 36 87 26 2 14 6 4 8 113 17 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 8 9 21 45 1 88 plot Number 89 3132 221 24 1 1 3 2 2 4 2 3 41 9 44 87 1 84 1 12 7 2 8 59 3 88 89 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C\l E OJ ::J c........ .lJ Q)..... ~ 0 Q) E-< U) .::::U)O UWCOo..U)o..U)::: OOo..U)U)~.:r:o..~ 27 Table 5 Plant Species colonizing the Sand pine Scrub Fingers 1986 1987 Scientific Name D J F M A M Trees pinus clausa + + + + + + Pinus elliottii + Schinus terebinthi foli us + + Shrubs Befaria racemosa Ceratio1a ericoides + + + + + + Ilex cassine + + + + + + Ilex glabra + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + + + + Lyonia lucida + + + + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + + + Polygonella polygama + + + Quercus chapmanii + + + + + Quercus geminata + + + + + + Quercus myrtifolia + + + + + Rubus trivialis + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + Herbs Asclepias curtisii Ambrosia artemisiifolia + + + Andropogon virginicus + + + + + + Aristida gyrans Aristida spiciformis Aristida stricta + + + + + + Balduina angustifolia + + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia + + + + + Cassytha filiformis Catharanthus roseus + + + + Cenchrus incertus + + + + + Chrysopsis scabrella + Commelina erecta + + + + + + Conyza canadensis Crotolaria rotundifolia + + + Croton g1andulosus + + + Crotonopsis linearis + Cuthbertia ornata + + + Cynodon dactyl on Cyperus haspan + + + + + Cyperus retrorsus + + + + + + Oalea feayi + + + + Oichanthelium sabulorum + + + + + Oigitaria serotina + + + + Eclipta alba + + + 28 Table 5 cont Emilia fosbergii + + + + Eragrostis atrovirens Eupatorium capillifollum + + + Euphorbia polyphylla + + + + + Froelichia floridana + + + + + Galactia regularis + + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + + + Helianthemum nashii + Heterotheca subaxillaris + + + Lechea cernua + + + + Lechea deckertii Liatris chapmanii + + + Linaria canadensis + + + + Mollugo verticillata + + + + Momordica charantia + + Opuntia humifusa + + + + + + Paronychia americana Paspalum notatum + + + + + + Paspalumurvillei Phytolacca americana + + + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + polanisia tenuifolia + + + Polygonella gracilis Polypreaum procumbens + + + + + Portulaca pilosa + + pterocaulon virgatum + + + Rhynchleytrum repens + + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + + + + Richardia brasiliensis + Scoparia dulcis + + + + + + Serenoa r e pe n 5 + + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + + + + Sida cordifolia + + + + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale Smilax auriculata + + + + + Solidago stricta + + + + + + Spermacoce assurgens + + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + Trichostema dichotomum Urena lobata + + + + + + Vitis mun son i ana + + + + + + 29 Table 5 cont 1987 Scientific Name J J A S 0 N D Trees pinus clausa + + + + + + + pinus elliottii + + + + + + + Schinus terebinthifolius + + + + + + + Shrubs Befaria racemosa + + + + Ceratiola ericoides + + + + + + + Ilex cassine + + + + + + + Ilex glabra + + + + + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + + + + + Lyonia lucida + + + + + + + palafoxia feayi + + + + + + + Polygonella polygama + + + + + + + Quercus chapmanii + + + + + + + Quercus geminata + + + + + + + Quercus myrtifolia + + + + + + + Rubus trivialis + + + + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + + + + + Herbs Asclepias curtisii + Ambrosia artemisiifolia + + + + + + + Andropogon virgInicus + + + + + + + Aristida gyrans + + + + Aristida spiciformis + + + + + + Aristida stricta + + + + + + + Balduina angustifolia + + + + + + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia + + + ... + + + Cassytha filiformis Catha ran thus roseus + + + + + + + Cenchrus incertus + + + + + + Chrysopsia scabrella + + + + + + + Commelina erecta + + + + + + + Conyza canadensis + + + Crotolaria rotundifolia + + + + + + + Croton glandulosus + + + + + + + Crotonopsis linearis + + + + + + Cuthbertia ornata + + + + + + + Cynodon dactylon Cyperus haspan + + + + + + + Cyperus retrorsus + + + + + + + Dalea f ea y i + + + + + + + Oichanthelium sabulorum + + + + + + + 313 Table 5 cont oigitaria serotina + + + + + + + Eclipta alba + + + + + + + Em i 1 i a fosbergli + + + + + + + Eragrostis atrovirens + Eragrostis scaligera Eupatorium capillifolium + + + + + + + Euphorbia polyphylla + + + + + + + Froelichia floridana + + + + + + + Galactia regularis + + + + + + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + + + + + Helianthemum nashii + + + + + + + Heterotheca subaxillaris + + + + + + + Lechea cernua + + + + + + + Lechea deckertii + + + + Liatris chapmanii + + + + + + + Linaria canadensis + + + + + + + Mollugo verticillata + + + + + + + Momordica charantia + + + + + + + Opuntia humifusa + + + + + + + Paronychia americana + + + + + + + Paspalum notatum + + + + + + + Paspalum urvillei Phytolacca americana + + + + + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + + + + polanisia tenuifolia + + + + + + + Polygonella gracilis + + + + + Polypremum procumbens + + + + + + + Portulaca pilosa + + + + + + + pterocaulon virgatum + + + + + + Rhynchleytrum repens + + + + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + + + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + + + + Scoparia dulcis + + + + + + + Serenoa repens + + + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + + + + + Sida cordifolia ... + + + + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale + + + + Sm i 1 a x auriculata + + + + + + + SolIdago stricta + + + + + + + Spermacoce assurgens + + + + + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + + + + + Trichostema dIchotomum + + + + Urena lobata + + + + + + + vitis munsoniana + + + + + + + 1 Table 5 cont 19 88 ScientifIc Name J F M A M J J Trees Pinus clausa + + + + + + + pinus elliottii + + + + + + + Schinus terebinthifolius + + + + + + + Shrubs Befaria racemosa + + + + + + + Ceratiola ericoides + + + + + + + Ilex caSSIne + + + + + + + Ilex glabra + + + + + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + + + + + Lyonia lucida + + + + + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + + + + Polygonella polygama + + + + + + + Quercus chapmanii + + + + + + Quercus geminata + + + + + + + Quercus myrtifolia + + + + + + + Rubus trivialis + + + + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + + + + + Herbs Asclepias curtisii Ambrosia artemisiifolia + + + + + + + Andropogon virginicus + + + + + + + Aristida gyrans + + + + + + + Aristida spiciformis + + + + + + + Aristida stricta + + + + + + + Balduina angustifolia + + + + + + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia + + + + + + + Cassytha fillformis + + + + Catha ran thus roseus + + + + + + + Cenchrus incertus + + + + + + + Chrysopsis scabrella + + + + + + + Commelina erecta + + + ... + + + Conyza canadensis + + + + + + + Crotolaria rotundifolia + + + + Croton glandulosus + + + + + + Crotonopsis linearis + + + + + Cutbbertia ornata + + + + + + Cynodon dactylon .... + + + Cyperus haspan + + + ... + + + Cyperus retrorsus + + + + + + + Dalea feayi + + + + + + + Oichanthelium sabulorum + + + + + + + Digitaria serotina + + + + + + + Eclipta alba + + + + + + + Em il i a fosbergii + + + + + + 32 Table 5 cont 1988 SCIentific Name J F M A M J J Eragrostis atrovirens + + + + + + + Eragrostis scaligera + + + + + Eupatorium capllllfolium + + + + + + + Euphorbia polyphylla + + + + + + + Froelichia floridana + + + + + + + Galactia sp + + + + + + + Gelsemium sempervIrens + + + + + + + Helianthemum nashii + + + + + + + Heterotheca subaxillaris + + + + + + + Lechea cernua + + + + + + + Lechea deckertii + + + + + + + Liatris chapmanii + + + + + + + Linaria canadensis + + + + + + + Mollugo verticillata + + + + + + + Momordica charantia + + + + + + + Opuntia humifusa + + + + + + + Paronychia americana + + + + + + + Paspalum notatum + + + + + + + Paspalum urvillei + + + + + Phytolacca americana + + + + + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + + + + polanisia tenuifolia + + + + + + + Polygonella gracilis + + + + + + + Polypremum procumbens + + + + + + + Portulaca pilosa + + + + + + + pterocaulon virgatum + + + + + + + Rhynchleytrum repens + + + + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + + + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + + + + Scopar ia dulcis + + + + + + + Serenoa repens + + + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + + + + + Sida cordifolia + + + + + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale + + + + + + + Smilax auriculata + + + + + + + Solidago stricta + + + + + + + Spermacoce assurgens + + + + + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + + + + + Trichostema dichotomum + + + + + + + Urena lobata + + + + + + + Vitis munsoniana + + + + + + + 33 Table 5 cont 1988 Scientific Name A S 0 N 0 J F Trees pinus clausa + + + + + + + Pinus elliottii + + + + + + + Schinus terebinthifolius + + + + + + + Shrubs Befaria racemosa + + + + + + + Ceratiola ericoides + + + + + + + Ilex cassine + + + + + + + Ilex glabra + + + + + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + + + + + Lyonia lucida + + + + + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + + + + Polygonella polygama + + + + + + + Quercus chapmanii + + + + + + Quercus geminata + + + + + + + Quercus myrtifolia + + + + + + + Rubus trivialis + + + + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + + + + + Herbs Asclepias curtisii Ambrosia artemisiifolia + + + + + + + Andropogon virginicus + + + + + + + Aristida gyrans + + + + + + + Aristida spiciformis + + + + + + + Aristida stricta + + + + + + + Balduina angustifolia + + + + + + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia + + + + + + + Cassytha filiformis + + + + Catharanthus roseus + + + + + + + Cenchrus incertus + + + + + + + Chrysopsis scabrella + + + + + + + Commelina erecta + + + + + + + Conyza canadensis + + + + + + + Crotolaria rotundifolia + + Croton glandulosus + + + + + + + Crotonopsis linearis + + + + + + + Cuthbertia ornata + + + + + + + Cynodon dactylon + + + + Cyperus haspan + + + + + + + Cyperus retrorsus + + + + + + + oalea feayi + + + + + + + Dichanthelium sabulorum + + + + + + + Digitaria serotina + + + + + + + Eclipta alba + + + + + + + Emilia fosbergii + + + + + + 4 Table 5 cont 1989 Scientific Name A S 0 N D J F Eragrostis atrovirens + + + + + + + Eragrostis scaligera + + + + + Eupatorium capillifollum + + + + + + + Euphorbia polyphylla + + + + + + + Froelichia floridana + + + + + + + Galactia sp + + + + + + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + + + + + Helianthemum nashii + + + + + + + Heterotheca subaxillaris + + + + + + + Lechea cernua + + + + + + + Lechea deckertii + + + + + + + Liatris chapmanii + + + + + + + Linaria canadensis + + + + + + + Mol1ugo verticil lata + + + + + + + Momordica charantia + + + + + + + Opuntia humifusa + + + + + + + Paronychia americana + + + + + + + Paspalum notatum + + + + + + + Paspalum urvillei + + + + + Phytolacca americana + + + + + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + + + + polanisia tenuifolia + + + + + + + Polygonella gracilis + + + + + + + Polypremum procumbens + + + + + + + Portulaca pilosa + + + + + + + pterocaulon virgatum + + + + + + + Rhynchleytrum repens + + + + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + + + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + + + + Scoparia dulcis + + + + + + + Serenoa r e pe n s - + + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + + + + + Sida cordifolia + + + + + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale + + + + + + + Smilax auriculata + + + + + + + Solidago stricta + + + + + + + Spermacoce assurgens + + + + + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + + + + + Trichostema dichotomum + + + + + + + Urena lobata + + + + + + + Vitis munsoniana + + + + + + + If'l M ..0 ::J I-l ~ o (J 4-l Ul ~ Q) Q) C > ..... o c.. (J '0 .lJ c: c: CO Q) Ul (J ~ Q) Q)..c c...;J '0 c: c: 0 1'0 Ul Q) Q) (J ..... c: (J Q) Q) I-l 0.. I-l Ul =' (J.;J (J c: o 1'0 ~ 4-lc.. o 01 >.c: (J.... c: N Ul Q) ..... ~ ::J c: Q) 0"001 Q) ..-I c: ~ 0..... ~(J4-l 1,0 CJ .....; .0 1'0 E-< ~~ CSl CSl If'lc.J ~ c.J~ CSl CSl If'lW ~ ~~ CSl CSl '<1'W ..-I W~ CSl CSl '<1'c.J ~ ~~ CSl CSl NW ~ W~ CSl CSl NW ~ W~ CSl CSl ~C.J ~ ~~ CSl CSl ~W ..-I U) c.J ....... U W 0.. U) r-- .-l N N \Dlf'lM..-I CON..-Ilf'l If'lMM ..-I ..-I ..-I 0'\ 1,0 r--..-IN\D CSl ..-110'\ 0'\ If'l If'l........-I..-IM..-I..-IN N ...... 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E C 0 ..... .... 0 Ul UJ 0" ill C ~ .lJ ~ Cil Cil.... ~ >. ~.::cU)Uo:::o..UO>::lU N CSl M Ifl M ~ 35 If'l 0'\ CSl CSl ..-I ..-I 0'\ r-- CO r-- 0'\ M 0'\ r-- 0'\ CSl CSl ..-I M 0'\ '<1' 0'\ 0'\ 0'\ r-- 0'\ CSl CSl ..-I CSl CSl ..-I CSl 0'\ N 0'\ ~ Q) > o U cJP ..-I CO .lJ o E-< 36 Table 7 FlowerIng and fruiting response of the vascular flora within the sand pine scrub preserve at Quantum Park, Boynton Beach Species Dec 86 Jan 87 Feb 87 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Asclepias curtissii Abrus precatorius Andropogon virginicus + + + Aristida gyrans + + + Asimina reticulata + Befaria racemosa + + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia Cassia nictitans Cassia chamaecrista Cassia occidentalis Cassytha filiformis + + + + + Catharanthus roseus + + + Cenchrus incertus + + Centrosema virginianum Chenopodium ambrosioides Comrnelina diffusa + + Conradina grandiflora + + + Crotalaria rotundifolia Croton glandulosus Crotonopsis linearis Cuthbertis ornata Cyperus retrorsus + + Cynodon dactylon Oalea feayi + + + + Oichanthelium sabulorum + + + Emilia fosbergii Euphorbia polyphylla + + + Froelichia floridana + + + + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + Helianthemum corymbosum Helianthemum nashii Heliotropium polyphyllum Heterotheca subaxillaris + + Ilex glabra Indigofera hirsuta + + Lechea deckertii + + + Liatris chapmanii + Licania michauxii Linaria floridana Lyonia lucida + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + Mollugoa verticillata + + + 37 Species Dec 87 Jan 87 Feb 87 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Momordlca charantia Opuntia humIfusa + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + + paronychia americana Phytolacca americana pinus clausa + + + + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + Poinsettia cyathophora polanisia tenuifolia + + + polygonella ciliata + + + Polygonella gracilis Polygonella polygama + + + Polypremun procumbens + + Portulaca pilosa pterocaulon virgatum + + Quercus chapmanii Quercus geminata + Quercus myrtifolia Rhynchelytrum repens + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + Ricinus communis + Schinus terebinthifolius + + Scoparia dulcis + + + Setaria geniculata + + + + Sida cordifolia Sisyrinchium solstitiale + + + + Sm i 1 a x auriculata + + + Solanum americanum + + + + + + Solidago stricta + Spermococe assurgens Spermococe verticillata Stipulicida setacea + Trichostema dichotomum + Urena lobata + + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + + Vitis munsoniana Ximenia americana Table 7 continued for March, April, and May, 1987 Species Asclepias curtissii Abrus precatorius Andropogon virginicus Aristida gyrans Asimina reticulata Befaria racemosa Bulbostylis ciliatifolia Cassia nictitans Cassia chamaecrista Cassia occidentalis Cassytha filiformis Catharanthus roseus Cenchrus incertus Centrosema virginianum Chenopodium ambrosioides Comrnelina diffusa Conradina grandiflora Crotalaria rotundifolia Croton glandulosus Crotonopsis linearis Cuthbertis ornata Cyperus retrorsus Cynodon dactylon Oalea feayi Oichanthelium sabulorum Emil ia fosberg i i Euphorbia polyphylla Froelichia floridana Gelsemium sempervirens Helianthemum corymbosum Helianthemum nashii Heliotropium polyphyllum Heterotheca subaxillaris Ilex glabra Indigofera hirsuta Lechea deckertii Liatris chapmanii Licania michauxii Linaria florioana Lyonia lucida Lyonia ferruginea Mollugoa verticil lata Momordica charantia Opuntia humifusa palafoxia feayi Mar Flw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 87 Frt + + + + + + + + + + Apr 87 Flw Frt + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + May 87 Flw Frt 38 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 39 Species Mar 87 Apr 87 May.87 Flw Frt Flw Frt. Flw Frt Paronychia amerIcana Phytolacca amerIcana + T + + Pinus clausa + + + Pityopsis graminIfolia + + poinsettia cyathophora + + + polanisia tenuifolia + + + + + + Polygonella ciliata + + + Polygonella gracilis + Polygonella polygama Polypremun procumbens + Portulaca pilosa + + + + pterocaulon virgatum + + + Quercus chapmanii + Quercus geminata + + Quercus myrtifolia + Rhynchelytrum repens + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + + Ricinus communis + + + + Schinus terebinthifolius + + Scoparia dulcis + + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + Sida cordifolia + + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale Smilax auriculata + + Solanum americanum + + + + + + Solidago stricta + + Spermococe assurgens + + + + Spermococe verticillata + + + Stipuliclda setacea + + + Trichostema dichotomum Urena lobata + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + Vitis munsoniana + + + + Ximenia americana + + 413 Table 7 contInued for June, July, and August 1987 Species Jun 87 Jul 87 Aug 87 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Asclepias curtissll + + Abrus precatorius + + + Andropogon virginicus + + + + Aristida gyrans + + + Asimina reticulata Befaria racemosa + + + + + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia + + + Cassia nictitans + + + + + Cassia chamaecrista + + + Cassia occidentalis + + + + Cassytha filiformis + + + + Catharanthus roseus + + + Cenchrus incertus + + + + Centrosema virginianum + + Chenopodium ambrosioides + + + + Commelina diffusa + + + Conradina grandiflora + + + + Crotalaria rotundifolia + + Croton glandulosus + + + + Crotonopsis linearis + + + + Cuthbertia ornata + + Cyperus retrorsus + + + + Cynodon dactylon + + + Oalea feayi + + + Dichanthelium sabulorum + + + Emilia fosbergii + + + + Euphorbia polyphylla + + + + + + Froelichia floridana + + + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + Helianthemum corymbosum + + + Helianthemum nashii + + + Heliotropium polyphyllum Hetherotheca subaxillaris + + + + + + Ilex glabra + + + + Indigofera hirsuta + + + + + Lechea cernua + + + Lechea deckertii + + + Liatris chapmanii + + + + + Licania michauxii + + + Linaria floridana + + Lyonia lucida + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + + Mollugoa verticillata + + Momordica charantia + + + + Opuntia humifusa + + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + + 41 Species Jun 87 Jul 87 Aug 87 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Paronychia americana + + + + Phytolacca americana + + + + Pinus clausa + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + Poinsettia cyathophora + + + + + + Polanisia tenuifolia + + + + + + Polygonella ciliata + + + + Polygonella gracilis + + + + Polygonella polygama + + + + + + Polypremun procumbens + + + + Portulaca pilosa + + + pterocaulon virgatum + Quercus chapmanii + + + Quercus geminata + + + Quercus myrtifolia + + + Rhynchelytrum repens + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + Ricinus communis + + Saba 1 etonia + + + Schinus terebinthifolius + + + + Scoparia dulcis + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + + Sida cordifolia + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale + + Smilax auriculata + + + Solanum americanum + + + Solidago stricta + + + + + Spermococe assurgens + + + + Spermococe verticillata + + + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + Trichostema dichotomum + + Urena lobata + + + + + Vaccinium In)rsinites + + + vitis munsoniana + + + Ximenia americana + + + Table 7 continued for September, October, and November, 1987 Species Sep 87 F1w Frt Oct 87 Flw Frt Asclepias curtissii Abrus precatorius Andropogon virginicus Aristida gyrans Asimina reticulata Befaria racemosa Bulbostylis ciliatifolia Cassia nictitans Cassia chamaecrista + Cassia occidentalis Cassytha filiformis Catharanthus roseus + Cenchrus incertus Centrosema virginianum Chenopodium ambrosioides Commelina diffusa Conradina grandiflora + Crotalaria rotundifolia Croton glandulosus + Crotonopsis linearis + Cuthbertis ornata Cyperus retrorsus Cynodon dactylon + Oalea feayi + Oichanthelium sabulorum Emilia fosbergii + Euphorbia polyphylla Froelichia floridana Gelsemium sempervirens + Helianthemum corymbosum Helianthemum nashii Heliotropium polyphyllum Hetherotheca subaxillarls + Ilex glabra rndigofera hirsuta + Lechea cernua + Lechea deckertii Liatris chapmanii + Licania michauxii Linaria floridana Lyonia lucida Lyonia ferruginea Mollugoa verticillata Momordica charantia Opuntia humifusa Palafoxia feayi + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 42 Nov 87 Flw Frt + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 43 Species Sep 87 Oct 87 Nov 87 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw. Frt ParonychIa americana + Phytolacca americana + + + pinus clausa Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + + Poinsettia cyathophora + + + + Polanisia tenuifolia + + + + Polygonella ciliata + + + + + Polygonella gracilis + + + + polygonella polygama + Polypremun procumbens + Portulaca pilosa + + + pterocaulon virgatum Quercus chapmanii Quercus geminata Quercus myrtifolia Rhynchelytrum repens + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + Ricinus cornmun i s Schinus terebinthifolius + + + Scoparia dulcis + + + Setaria geniculata + + + Sida cordifolia + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale + + + + + Sm i 1 a x auriculata + + + Solanum americanum + Solidago stricta + + + + + Spermococe assurgens + + + Spermococe verticillata + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + + Trichostema dichotomum + + 1- + + Urena lobata + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + Vitis munsoniana + + Ximenia amerIcana 44 Table 7 continued for December, 1987 and J an uary and February, 1988 SpecIes Dec 87 Jan 88 Feb 88 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt AsclepIas curtIssii Abrus precatorius + + Andropogon virginicus + + + Aristida gyrans + + + Aristida speciformis + + + Asimina reticulata Befaria racemosa + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia Cassia nictitans Cassia chamaecrista + + Cassia occidentalis Cassytha filiformis + + + + + Catharanthus roseus + + + Cenchrus incertus + Centrosema virginianum Chenopodium ambrosioides Cornmelina diffusa + Conradina grandiflora + + + Crotalaria rotundifolia Croton glandulosus + + Crotonopsis linearis Cuthbertis ornata Cyperus retrorsus + + + Cynodon dactylon Oalea f ea y i + + + Oichanthelium sabulorum + + Emilia fosbergii Eragrostis atrovirens + + Eupatorium capillifolium + Euphorbia polyphylla + + Froelichia floridana + + + + Galactia regularis + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + Helianthemum corymbosum Helianthemum nashii + + + Heliotropium polyphyllum Hetherotheca subaxillaris + + + + + Ilex glabra Indigofera hirsuta + + Lechea cern ua + + + Lechea deckertii + + + Liatris chapmanii + Licania michauxii Linaria floridana Lyonia lucida + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + + Mollugoa verticillata + + 45 Species Dec 87 Jan 88 Feb 88 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Momordica charantia + Opuntia humifusa + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + Paronychia americana Paspalum notatum Phytolacca americana + Pinus clausa + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + + Poinsettia cyathophora Polanisia tenuifolia + + Polygonella ciliata + + + Polygonella gracilis + + Polygonella polygama + Polypremun procumbens + + + + Portulaca pilosa pterocaulon virgatum + Quercus chapmanii Quercus geminata Quercus myrtifolia Rhynchelytrum repens + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + Richardia brasiliensis + Ricinus communis + Schinus terebinthifolius Scoparia dulcis + + Setaria geniculata + + + Sida cordifolia Sisyrinchium solstitiale + + + + + Smilax auriculata + + Solanum americanum + + Solidago stricta + + + Spermococe assurgens + + + + Spermococe verticillata Stipulicida setacea + + Trichostema dichotomum + Urena lobata + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + Vitis munsoniana Ximenia americana 46 Table 7 continued for March, April, and May, 1988 Species Mar 88 Apr 88 May.88 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Asclepias curtissii Abrus precatorius + + + + Andropogon virginicus Aristida gyrans Asimina reticulata + Befaria racemosa + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia + + + Cassia nictitans + Cassia chamaecrista + + + + Cassia occidentalis + + + + Cassytha filiformis + + + + + Catharanthus roseus + + + Cenchrus incertus + + + + + Centrosema virginianum + + + Chenopodium ambrosioides + Commelina diffusa + + + Conradina grandiflora + + + + Crotalaria rotundifolia + + + Croton glandulosus + + + Crotonopsis linearis + + + + Cuthbertis ornata + + Cyperus retrorsus + + + + Cynodon dactylon + + Oalea feayi + + + + Oichanthelium sabulorurn + + + Em il i a fosbergii + + + Euphorbia polyphylla + + Froelichia floridana + + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + Helianthemum corymbosum + + Helianthemum nashii + + + Heliotropium polyphyl1um + + Heterotheca subaxillaris + + + + Ilex glabra + + + + + Indigofera hirsuta + + + Lechea deckertii Liatris chapmanii + + + Licania michauxii + + Linaria floridana + + Lyonia lucida + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + Mollugoa verticil lata + + + Momordica charantia + + + + + Opuntia humifusa + + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + 47 Table 7 continued for March, April and May, 1988 Species Mar 88 Apr 88 May 88 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Paronychia americana Phytolacca americana + + + + pinus clausa + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + poinsettia cyathophora + + + polanisia tenuifolia + + + + + + Polygonella ciliata + + + Polygonella gracilis + Polygonella polygama Polypremun procumbens + Portulaca pilosa + + + + pterocaulon virgatum + + + Quercus chapmanii + Quercus geminata + + Quercus myrtifolia + Rhynchelytrum repens + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + + Ricinus communis + + + + Schinus terebinthifolius + + Scoparia dulcis + + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + Sida cordifolia + + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale Smilax auriculata + + Solanum americanum + + + + + + Solidago stricta + + Spermococe assurgens + + + + Spermococe verticillata + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + + Trichostema dichotomum Urena lobata + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + Vitis munsoniana + + + + Ximenia americana + + 48 Table 7 co n tin u ed for June, July, and August, 1988 Species Jun 88 Jul 88 Aug 88 Flw Frt Flw Frt Flw Frt Asclepias curtissii + + Abr us precatorius + + + Andropogon virginicus + + + + Aristida gyrans + + + Asimina reticulata Befaria racemosa + + + + + + Bulbostylis ciliatifolia + + + Cassia nictitans + + + + + Cassia chamaecrista + + + Cassia occidentalis + + + + Cassytha filiformis + + + + Catharanthus roseus + + + Cenchrus incertus + + + + Centrosema virginianum + + Chenopodium ambrosioides + + + + Cornmelina diffusa + + + Conradina grandiflora + + + + Crotalaria rotundifolia + + Croton glandulosus + + + + Crotonopsis linearis + + + + Cuthbertis ornata + + Cyperus retrorsus + + + + Cynodon dactylon + + + Oalea feayi + + + Oichanthelium sabulorum + + + + Emilia fosbergii + + + Euphorbia polyphylla + + + + + + Froelichia floridana + + + + Gelsemium sempervirens + + + Helianthemum corymbosum + + + Helianthemum nashii + + + Heliotropium polyphyllum Heterotheca subaxillaris + + + + + + Ilex glabra + + + + Indigofera hirsuta + + + + + Lechea cernua + + + Lechea deckertii + + + Liatris chapmanii + + + + + + Licania michauxii + + + Linaria floridana + + Lyonia lucida + + + Lyonia ferruginea + + + + Mollugo verticillata + + Momordica charantia + + + + Opuntia humifusa + + + + Palafoxia feayi + + + + + 49 Table 7 continued for June, July and August, 1988 Species Jun 88 Jul 88 Aug 88 Flw Frt Flw Frt F1w Frt. Paronychia americana + + + + Phytolacca americana + + + + pinus clausa + + + Pityopsis graminifolia + + + + Poinsettia cyathophora + + + + + + polanisia tenuifolia + + + + + + Polygonella ciliata + + + + Polygonella gracilis + + + + Polygonella polygama + + + + + + Polypremun procumbens + + + + Portulaca pilosa + + + pterocaulon vir gat urn + Quercus chapmanii + + + Quercus geminata + + + Quercus myrtifolia + + + Rhynchelytrum repens + + + + Rhynchospora megalocarpa + + + Richardia brasiliensis + + + + Ricinus communis + + + Sabal etonia + + + Schinus terebinthifolius + + + + Scoparia dulcis + + + + + Setaria geniculata + + + + Sida cordifolia + + + Sisyrinchium solstitiale + Smilax auriculata + + + Solanum americanum + + + Solidago stricta + + + + + Spermococe assurgens + + + + Spermococe verticillata + + + + + Stipulicida setacea + + + Trichostema dichotomum + + Urena labata + + + + + Vaccinium myrsinites + + + Vitis munsoniana + + Ximenia americana + + + + 50 GOPHER TORTOISE MONITORING OF THE QUANTUM PARK SANO PINE PRESERVE INTRODUCTION Because of the general loss of habitat due to urban growth and predation of thIS species by humans, the numbers of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) has declined in south Florida As part of the development plan for Quantum Park, an improved habitat (Preserve II) was established and a concerted effort was made to maintain a viable population on-site The entire 5613 acres of the project was first surveyed for location of active and inactive burrows, then each animal was relocated to a holding pen, and later released into the fenced preserve area Almost half of the tortoises (25) were fitted with telemetry and followed on a weekly basis for the first four months, and then twice a month for a year and monthly thereafter, to evaluate the relocation project for a total of two years and four months Methods With regard to the initial survey for gopher tortoise, line transects were visually established every 10 meters for a systematic search, with the objective of locating all burrows on the 5613 acres of the Quantum site Each burrow encountered along or near the transect line was flagged for field identification and located on an aer ial map Every burrow was also classified as either active, inactive, or abandoned (Auffenberg and Franz, 1982 ) 51 A total of 119 burrows were located of which 66 were classified as active, 12 as inactive, and 37 as abandoned Four of the burrows located in the northeast corner of the project had been previously poached by humans Within this total, there were approximately 43 burrows within the preserve (31 active, 1 inactive and 11 abandoned) Since gopher tortoise utilize multiple burrows, an estimate of the population could be made using a multiplier of 13 6 x active and inactive burrows (Auffenberg and Franz, 1975) This represented a theoretical pop u 1 a t ion 0 f 4 6 8 0 r 4 7 go ph e r tor to is e 0 r 1 1 7 tor t 0 i s e pe r acre of preserve When the actual capture and removal of the tortoises was in it i a t ed, a tot a 1 0 f 42 tor to is e (1 "5 per a c reo f pre 5 e r v e ) were found Most of these animals were hand captured using a professional "puller" with others being bucket trapped using pitfall traps placed in the mouth of the burrow Each captured tortoise was permanently marked by drilling small (2-3 mm diameter) holes in the marginal scutes according to an established numbering system Thus, each animal was individually marked for later identification In addition, each tortoise was also measured and weighed following the procedure as outlined in McRae et al (1981) When it could be determined clearly, the approximate age was recorded using the annuli of the abdominal scutes For many of the large animals, the annuli had been worn smooth and age estimates could not be accurately determined In order to reduce their homing instincts, the tortoises 52 were kept in capivity for approximately six weeks This was accomplished on-site using a specially designed pen constructed by the developer The pen had a concrete floor with several inches of sand over it, and a shallow depression in one corner to hold water The complex was enclosed with a chain linked fence and three sides, as well as the top, were covered with shade cloth to provide security and shelter from direct sunlight Supplemental food (e 9 , lettuce, apples, bananas, etc was provided every three days by the local catering company Large clumps of wiregrass were also planted in the sand as an additional source of food. For added security, the pen was locked and built within an enclosed maintenance facility As directed by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Cornmission, radio transmitters were to be used to track 25 of the tortoise in order to monitor their survival and movement for a 2 year period The transmitters were mounted on the marginal scutes of the carapace just behind the head on both males and females They were attached to the tortoise by a wire loop on each side of the transmitter which was inserted from the underside of the carapace in holes predrilled through the marginal scutes After the wire was firmly secured through the base plate of the transmitter, both the wire and the edges of the plate were covered and smoothed over with florist's clay The area was then covered with a clear Orthodontic resin (L o. Caulk - Dentsply, Milford, Oelaware) This protected the tortoise from abrasions on the underside of the carapace and reduced catching on obstructions 53 the probability of the transmitter The antenna of each transmitter extended posteriorly around the left side of the carapace and was attached with the resin All telemetry equipment was obtained from Wildlife Materials, Inc , Carbondale, Illinois The receiver was a Model TRX-113130S and was used with a folding Yagi antenna Of the original 42 tortoise, 25 were radio-tagged and released, mainly at the south end of released after being measured, 6 were capture without being measured because the pre s e r v e, 9 we r e rei ea sed shortly after they appeared to be In poor condition and 2 died in captivity All the tortoise equipped with transmitters were followed on a weekly basis for 4 months commencing November 15, 1986 At the end of that time period, they were then followed bi-monthly for one year and thereafter once a month On each data collecting day in the field, the exact location was determined for each tortoise using the two permanent survey lines that had been previously established within the preserve (previously described in the vegetation report) A compass reading and a measured straight line distance was taken with a 165 foot tape from the nearest reference point that was established every 1013 feet along the survey line This data was then plotted directly onto an individual aerial photograph for each tortoise RESULTS Because of the general decline of gopher tortoise in south 54 Florida, there is widespread interest In preserving established sites, as well as creating new, favorable environments for these animals The relocation of gopher tortoise from land that IS currently being developed has created a serious problem for the state regulatory agencies Preliminary data suggest that relocation of gopher tortoise to off-site preserves may work for one site but not for another Several studies are currently under way to determine the parameters which may affect long term survival of gopher tortoise and other animals in an urbanized setting of fragmented preserves Currently, Quantum Park is unique as a research site for relocated tortoise in that all animals are enclosed in a fenced preserve In other research dealing with gopher tortoise relocation, the measure of a successful project is the number of tortoise who established residency on the site as many often move to other locations which may be off-site This is usually the case in marginal or poor habitat. Because of the fence, the success of the Quantum Park project will have to be measured differently, but like other sites, it will ultimately be determined if their movement and range are not atypical, if burrow usage by different individuals is normal, and most importantly, are the tortoise gaining weight and reproducing During the first three months after release of the tortoise, some of the data that was gathered on the individuals, while they were in captivity was analyzed and the first field reports were systematically collected The data was first complied as to 55 carapace length (Table 1) to determine if there were any juvenile tortoises based on a size of under 150 rnm (McRae et al 1981) All 25 tortoise were found to be adults Initial body weight was also collected for each tortoise as a baseline to determine gain or loss at future captures in the field (Table 2) plus body size relationship was studied in order to assist in determining sex (Table 3) Because of the need to measure reproductive success of the relocated tortoises and to predict home ranges of certain individuals based on sex, an effort was made to determine the sexuality of each tortoise using the discriminant function (McRae et al 1981) and plastral concavity size (Table 4). Of the 25 individuals, only 14 correlated positive in both categories as either male or female This lack of confirmation will make it more difficult to determine the sexual maturity of individuals In general, males having carapaces over 2413 mrn and females having ones over 250 rom were considered mature (Landers et al 1981) For the first 4 months after release, the tortoise were tracked on a weekly basis However, no attempt was made to consider their wanderings as their home range until the second mo nth 0 f d a t a colI e c tin g The n for the n ex t t h r e e mo nth s, the total linear distances traveled (Appendix 1) and home ranges (Appendix 2) were recorded weekly, and thereafter, on a bimonthly basis for the first year and thereafter monthly. The ranges of the tortoise were computed using a planix Digital Planimeter that measured minimum polygon or triangle traveled (Table 5), plus 56 adding to the polygon a distance of 313 meters (98', 51/4") from the burrow being used for the feeding radius (McRae et. al 1981) (Table 6) Also the linear distance for each tortoise was measured (Table 6) Lastly, shared ranges of individual gopher tortoises were computed using each of the separate range maps (Table 7) and co- occupancy of burrows as noted in the field was tabulated (Table 8) The latter situation is not common under natural field conditions, and it may prove to be one of the more interesting aspects of this relocation study In any relocation effort, success is often based on the reproductive success and the overall health of the relocated species. One parameter that is important in evaluating the suitability of a species to its new environment is net weight loss or gain over a long time period. Sixteen telemetry gopher tortoise from the preserve were captured and weighed from July 1987 to present (Table 9) The data indicate that all sixteen showed substantial increases in body weight These preliminary findings indicate that the habitat within the preserve is suitable to support the relocated gopher tortoise, especially on a short term basis During the study project, 9 transmitter failures have occurred within the gopher tortoise population at Quantum Park (Table 10). The Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission suggested that replacement was not necessary at this point in the monitoring program since other projects were not being required 57 to replace failures The agency did indicate that if a large number of transmitters failed over a short time interval, that it will be necessary to terminate data collection on the population or replace some of the transmitters DISCUSSION The twenty-five transmitter mounted gopher tortoises ex h i bit ed a wid era n 9 e 0 fin d i v i d u a 1 va ria t ion sin bot h 1 i n ear distance moved and home range size The minimum distance measured was only 98 feet (299m), whereas the largest noted was 8,8313 feet (2,691 4 m). Minimum home ranges of greater than 1 hectare were noted in six of the tortoises Three (3) males had home ranges greater than 1 hectare, whereas only one female exceeded this size (Table 11) The mean home range for males (13 87 hectares) was much higher than that of females (13 37 hectares), however, no statistical analysis was performed on this small sample size As noted by other researchers, most of the expected male movement can be attributed to the effort of mate selection. In a review of other movement data, it appears that these 25 radio tracked gopher tortoises were not that atypical of other efforts, although most of this information was derived from other relocation studies (Diemer, 1987). There was very little evidence that the fence surrounding the preserve was a limiting factor in the movement of these animals. There were seldom any tracks parallel to the fence line during the course of this study, expect in areas where the 58 burrow was next to the fence Other maIn east-west routes within the preserve (i e , old abandoned sandy roads) were not utilized by gophers to expand their ranges Gopher trails within the preserve were observed from areas of grass and forbs to open sand Perhaps the most noteworthy information from this two year study was a high percentage of co-occupancy of a single burrow by more than one individual It was observed that out of the more than 513 visits to follow the transmitter-tagged tortoises, there were 27 times when co-occupancy was observed (Table 8) In all, there were 56 burrows where two or more animals were encountered, but that number might have been higher if many transmitters (9) had not failed It is also interesting to note that there were two occasions (1/31/87 and 3/19/87) when three radio transmitted animals were found in one burrow, and there was definitely evidence of long periods of time of cohabitation (Table 8) Other field studies indicate that co-occupancy under natural conditions is rare and has only been documented in a few cases It must be concluded that the high frequency or co-occupany within this relocated population is not atypical, but probably a factor of the relocation effort coupled with the fencing of the preserve As more of these small fragments of the natural environment are turned into fenced preserves or islands, factors such as co-occupancy, reproductive success, localized movements etc will need further study to determine the longterm survival of this species in south Florida 59 In summary, the vegetation of the preserve has increased In the n u m b e r 0 f 0 pe n san den d em i c sIt was not e d t hat the t I me frame from site clearing of the understory to germination appears to be 3-4 years, as evidenced by Ceratiola, Lechea, and other endemic scrub specIes Love VIne appears to pose a slight problem as more and more Conradlna and Polygonella shrubs have been killed Longterm maintenance suggests that love vine should be periodically removed from the site or burned off in a cool ground fire Sand pine seedl ings have become establ ished in disturbed areas and the oaks have increased in above ground biomass Establishment of scrub species within the created sand pine fingers has been slow Species richness has almost doubled over the past two years as well as the number of scrub endemics The invasion of bahia grass poses a serious threat to these newly created areas In an effort to control the spread of bahia grass on the scrub fingers, the entire prairie including the scrub fingers were burned The burning did reduce some large patches of bahia grass but a more exhaustive eradication program should be implemented It appears that supplemental planting of nursery stock may be necessary to establishment areas cf dense cover and seed so urces The gopher tortoise population has responded favorably to the preserve area Most of the tortoise seem to occupy the edges or gaps within the sand pine canopy This appears to be co r rela t ed wit h abundance of wi r egra s sand 0 ther fo rbs We ight 60 gain and courtship displays were observed, however, no juveniles have been found during the study period Initial mark and recapture data suggest that the relocation success of the Florida mouse may be poor from site to site. One follow-up trapping census was conducted one year after release and only a few mice were recaptured No evidence of mice (i e, burrows, tracks) have been observed SInce the initial trapping event Scr ub 1 i za rd 5 are f r equen t ly observed in the open a reas of the preserve, however, no census data using mark and recapture was utilized for this species Observations for scrub lizards may be the result of animals already present in the area prior to the original relocation effort Population numbers are definitely cyclic between the summer months when numbers are high and the winter months when temperature is limiting for foraging An additional 14 acre preserve was established south of N.W 22nd Ave in order to establish the required 413 acres of sand pine scrub vegetation This preserve IS not being utilized for animal relocation at this time It IS possible that animals from other nearby scrubs could be relocated to this preserve in the future as relocation sites in Boynton Beach and south Florida become a premium 61 Table 1 Drilled number, carapace length, and body weight of 25 gopher tortoises radio-tagged at Quantum Park, Palm Beach County, October-November 1986 Tortoise No Carapace Length (mm) Weight (gm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 229 9 289 13 235 13 315 13 261 13 228 13 302 13 298.13 258 13 258 0 2713 0 285 13 3131 13 262 5 265 5 266 13 226 13 237 13 244 13 246 13 252 5 251 0 236 13 242 13 229 13 2,3013 3,4513 2,13513 4,9013 3,91313 2,100 4,5013+ 4,450 3,91313 2,750 2,800 3,100 4,4513 2,71313 3,6513 3,000 2,13513 2,4513 2,4130 2,600 3,3130 2,6013 2,51313 2,4513 2,1513 Note Due to apparent poor physical health, No 11 was released after measurements were recorded without waiting for the installation of a transmitter (Carapace length-188 mrn and weight- 1,1513 gm) 62 Table 2 Drilled number and body weight in decreasing order of 25 gopher tortoises radio-tagged at Quantum Park, Palm Beach County, October-November 1986 Tortoise No Weight (gm) 4 7 8 14 5 9 16 2 22 13 17 Ie 15 21 23 24 19 25 213 1 26 6 3 18 12 4,9013 4,5e13 4,4513 4,450 3,9013 3,gee 3,6513 3,4513 3,3013 3,100 3,131313 2,7513 2,71313 2,6e13 2,6130 2,5013 2,4513 2,45e 2,4013 2,31313 2,1513 2,1013 2,1350 2,1350 2,13013 Table 4 64 Determination of sex of 25 gopher tortoise radio- tagged at Q~antum Park Tortoise No Discriminant Function Plastral Concavity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 213 21 22 23 24 25 26 M (D = + 13517984) M (D = + 64613587) M (D = +1 52461319) M (D - - 37519) M (D = + 4739639) M (D = - 13745691) M (D = -.6258847) M (D = +1 13607511) M (D = +1 5920093) M (D = +.2211698) M (0 = +1.2826248) M (D = -.1038598) M (0 = -.68l4224) M (D = + 8926564) M (0 = -.3l35151) M (D = - 7414258) M (D = + 6746097) M (D = + 33136382) M (D = +.559293) M (D = +1 1356) M (D = +.14697) M (D = + 5591513) t-1 (D = +.2844289) M (D = + 32583139) M (D = +.6725629) F (PC = 2) M ( PC = 113) M (PC = 7) F ( PC = 4) M (PC = 113) F (PC = 2) M (PC = 8) M (PC = 19) M (PC = 12) F (PC = 6) M (PC = 9) F (PC = 5) F (PC = 6 5) M (PC = 9 5) F (PC = 5) F (PC = 2) F (PC = 3 5) F (PC = 3) F (PC = 4) M (PC = 9) F (PC = 5 5) F (PC = 6) F (PC = 4) F (PC = 4) F (PC = 4) Sex ? M M F M F ? M M ? M F F M F F ? ? ? M ? ? ? ? ? Note Discriminant functio~ IS based on the ratios of plastral concavity/body volume, anal width/anal notch, and anal thickness/body volume to determine sex of IndIvidual tortoises (D = 3 44963 + " 88423 (PC/V) -to 13 96566 (AW/AN) + 13 62822 (AT/V) A positive value usually denotes a male and a negative value a female P1astral concavity is a factor in determining the sex In tortoises with a measurement greater than 6 8 rom usually a male and less usually a female 65 Table 5 Carapace lengths and mInImum convex polygon home ranges for each of the 25 gopher tortoises radio- tagged at Quantum Park from December 19, 1986 to April 15, 1989 Tortoise No Carapace Length (mm) Home Range Size (Ac) (ha) 1 229 9 0 013 a 13 013 2 289 13 3 66 1 48 3 235 13 13 38 13 15 4 315 13 0 53 13 21 5 261 13 0 83 13 34 6 228 0 0 00a 0 130 7 302 0 2 73 1 Ie 8 298 13 4 92 1 99 9 258 0 2 99 1 21 10 258 0 13 36 0 15 12 270 0 13 136 0 02 13 285 0 13 e13a 0 130 14 301 0 4 52 1 83 IS 262 5 13 68 0 28 16 265 5 0 13 0 05 17 266 0 13 37 0 15 18 226 0 '" 013a 0 00 19 237 0 13 13l3a 13.130 213 244 13 13 130a 13 00 21 246 13 5 413 2 19 22 252 5 1 72 13 70 23 251 13 13 33 13 13 24 236 13 13.613 13 24 25 242 13 13 75 13 30 26 229 13 0 17 '" 07 a - Home range only In a roughly 1 . fashion ...lnear 66 Table 6 Total linear distances and range size for each of the 25 gopher tortoises radio-tagged at Quantum Park from December 19, 1986 to AprIl 15, 1989 Tortoise No LInear Distance (Ft ) Range SIze (Acre) 1 130 {3 87 2 6655 7 90 3 22413 2 59 4 1100 2 82 Radio dead 5 3330 5 31 6 850 2 31 Radio dead 7 2700 5 35 Radio dead 8 7300 Ie 13 9 8830 7 82 10 2200 1 75 12 9413 1 62 Radio dead 13 480 2 137 Radio dead 14 2030 7 28 Radio dead 15 14413 3 15 16 370 1 69 17 21713 3 55 18 98 {3 81 Radio dead 19 1120 2 99 20 475 2 63 Radio dead 21 2320 8.50 22 3270 6 50 23 1535 2 95 Radio dead 24 15913 4 46 25 2865 5 138 26 15213 2 54 Table 7 67 Shared ranges of 25 gopher tortoises radio-tagged at Quantum Park as recorded from December 19, 1986 to Aprll 15, 1989 Tortoise No Shared Range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ie 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2,5,10,12,17,21,22 1,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,17,213,21,22,23,24,25,26 6,7,8,9,14,19,21,23,24 1,2,5,8,10,12,13,14 ,22,24 1,2,4,7,8,9,113,12,14,16,17,213,21,22,23,24,25,26 3,8,14,15,19,21,23,24,25 2,3,5,8,9,13,14,16,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 2,3,4,5,6,7,9,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 25,26 2,3,4,5,7,8,13,14,16,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 1,2,5,12,17,21,22,25 1,2,5,113,17,213,21,22,25 2,4,7,8,9,14,22,23,24,25 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,13,15,18,19,213,21,22,23,24,25,26 6,8,14,19 5,7,9,17,213,22,25,26 1,2,5,7,8,9,10,12,16,20,21,22,24,25,26 8,14,25 3,6,7,8,9,14,15,21,24,25,26 2,5,7,8,9,12,14,16,17,22,23,24,25,26 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,113,12,14,16,17,19,213,21,22,23,24, 25,26 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,113,12,13,14,16,17,213,21,23,24,25, 26 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,13,14,213,21,22,24,25,26 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,13,14,16,17,19,20,21,22,23,25,26 2,3,5,b,7,8,9,113,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,213,21,22,23, 24,26 2,5,7,8,9,14,16,17 , 19,213,21,22,23,24,25 68 Table 8 Co-occupancy of burrows of 25 gopher tortoises radio-tagged at Quantum Park, plam Beach County, from December 19, 1986 to April 15, 1989 Date Checked Burrow Number Co-Occupancy Tortoises 12/19/86 5 8 & 14 12/19/86 44 12 & 21 12/27/86 12 113 & 17 12/27/86 21 3 & 19 12/27/86 44 12 & 21 12/27/86 45 8 & 25 131/133/87 2 Ie & 17 131/133/87 21 3 & 19 131 /IB /87 44 12 & 21 131/133/87 45 9 & 25 131/138/87 2 Ie & 17 131/138/87 42 9 & 22 131/17/87 6 7 & 24 131/17/87 6 25 & 26 131/17/87 11 9 & 16 131/22/87 213 25 & 26 131/22/87 51 9 & Unmarked 131/31/87 43 2,4 & 8 132/24/87 6 2 & 24 133/19/87 43 4,14 & 22 133/19/87 44 Ie & 12 133/19/87 52 15 & Unmarked 134/15/87 45 7 & 9 134/29/87 36 Ie & 17 134/29/87 43 4 & 22 13 4/29/87 56 8 & 14 135/139/87 Ie 7 & 8 135/313/87 43 8 & 22 137/11/87 62 9 & 26 137/23/87 8 5 & 9 137/23/87 513 15 & 19 69 Table 8 Cont Date Checked Burrow Number Co-Occupancy Tortoises 138/139/87 67 5 & 16 138/29/87 613 2 & 22 139/26/87 20 9 & 23 113/17/87 213 23 & 25 113/17/87 30 1 & Unmarked 11/14/87 8 5 & 26 11/14/87 16 3 & 23 11/14/87 44 10 & 12 11/14/87 48 15 & 19 1/23/88 48 15 & 19 1/23/88 59 17 & 22 1/23/88 713 23 & 25 2/13/88 70 23 & 25 3/12/88 64 8 & 14 3/12/88 513 15 & 19 3/26/88 55 2 & 4 3/26/88 64 8 & 14 4/16/88 60 2 & 4 4/16/88 64 8 & 14 4/16/88 41 9 & 13 4/16/88 50 15 & 19 5/11/88 53 2 & 25 5/11/88 64 8 & 14 5/11/88 48 15 & 19 6/25/88 78 8 & 14 70 Table 9 Body weight of radio-tagged gopher tortoises when first measured (October-November 1987) compared to weight measured at last capture Tortoise No Weight ( gm) when Date last Weight ( gm) at Radio-tagged Weighed last capture 2 34513 133/132/1989 51130 4 49130 133/02/1989 611313 7 * 133/12/1988 6250 9 3900 134/15/1989 413513 10 2750 11/14/1987 3600 12 2800 136/25/1988 37513 13 3100 04/135/1989 421313 15 2700 12/213/1988 38013 16 3650 03/02/1989 451313 19 2450 134/16/1988 31013 213 24013 139/24/1988 31513** 21 26013 133/132/1989 3600 22 3300 134/135/1989 511313 23 26130 136/25/1988 33130 24 2500 133/02/1989 46130 25 2450 03/132/1989 451313 * Gopher tortoise too heavy for scale ** Gopher tortoise reweighed without his lost radio 71 Table 10 List of individual tortoise and date of transmitter failure Tortoise Number Date of Failure 4 05/11/1988 6 131/23/1988 7 01/23/1988 12 09/26/1987 13 137/313/1988 14 11/14/1987 18 01/23/1988 213 135/11/1988 23 07/30/1988 24 07/30/1988 Note Because of transmitter failure and animals that could not be pulled or bucket-trapped, at the end of the study nine (9) gopher tortoises still had transmitters attached (3,5,6,14, 17, 18, 19, 23, and 26 Table 11 72 Comparison of 6 male and 6 female gopher tortoises as to linear distance and minimum home range size Sex & Number Minimum Range Size (ha) Linear Distance (it) Males 2 3 5 8 9 12 Females 4 6 13 14 16 17 6655 2240 3330 731313 8830 940 1 48 o 15 13 . 34 1 99 1 21 13 02 1100 850 480 2030 370 2170 13.21 o 1313 13 013 1 83 o 135 o 15 Appendix 1 Linear Distances Traveled by Gopher Tortoise plus Minimum Polygon Home Range 73 f-~ Gopher Tortoise #1 1(, I ~ '/'0 II / 1-'J.. 7 /15/ 17/~/J-5 B 1,0 Ig ''- j.1 /3 Gopher Tortoise #2 ; 3/~/IO / ,.; Gopher Tortoise #3 " Gopher Tortoise #4 3 1-/Jf Gopher Tortoise U6 i ~ G, Gopher Tortoise #7 :3 I').. I~I rq k - - - I 1<6 ~/r3 '-/g Gopher Tortoise U8 Gopher Tortoise HIO 4- ?-~ I/-:!, Gopher Tortoise #13 ~ 5 I- 3 Gopher Tortoise #14 ").. 3 Cf I /101/1-11 ~ at/~/BllI/ '3 5/7 CJ Gopher Tortoise #15 ,.", \~: Gopher Tortoise #16 \1a .tt.....c.c, Gopbe~ 1o~tO~se 111 --- ----- /-~_._~_._---------------- . I Gopher Tortoise #18 /' /1/'1 ~/,/g 2 Gopher Tortoise #19 ~---- - 4 I Gopher Tortoise #20 ~ ~ 8 , 7 3 Gopher Tortoise #21 J-f. ,0 Gopher Tortoise #22 1/3/r' Ifl' 7 Gopher Tortoise #23 :> tt/(. 1.. ~/1 I Gopqer Tortoise #24 ')... 13/IS Gopher Tortoise #25 '3 1j~/&'/<6 '- Gopher Tortoise #26 74 APPENDIX 2 Horne ranges for marked tortoises "1 Tortoise Tr I '}..o 11..~ TortOl.se ~2 --- .---- ----------------------- i I . I~ Tortoise #3 ~-------------.-------- Tortoise #4 Tortoise #-S -------------- Tortoise #6 Tortoise #7 -0 Tor""- . ....Olse #8 ,; 'b 'l .f~(.(.. 1JqJ~/11 ,,,/I?; Tortoise ;10 ./ ----- --------------- --- -r. ( fence Tortoise #12 Tortoise #13 ------- ------- \ \~- Tortoise #14 Tortoise #15 Tortoise #16 Tortoise #17 -.----.------ Tortoise #18 <:. 31 Tortoise #19 Tortoise #20 ----- -- ~C?..,c.e. Tortoise #2.;.. ------------------------- Tortoise #22 Tortoise #23 Tortoise #24 Tortoise #25 -~---- ~---------~~----------------- . Tortoise #26