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O95-06
ORDINANCE NO. O95-~.~ AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF BOYNTON BEACH, FLORIDA, AMENDING ARTICLE !1. FIRE CODES, SECTION 9- 15. PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE LIFE SAFETY CODE, N.F.P.A. 101, 1994 EDITION IN ITS ENTIRETY; PROVIDING FOR CONFLICTS, SEVERABILITY, CODIFICATION AND AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, the Fire Department is'currently enforcing the National Fire Codes, 1984 Edition and are in the process of reviewing all of the National Fire Codes. for updates; and WHEREAS, upon recommendation of staff, it is the desire of the City Commission of the City of Boynton Beach to amend Article II, Section 9-15, to provide for the adoption of the Life Safety Code, N.F.P.A. 101, 1994 Edition, in its entirety. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF BOYNTON BEACH, FLORIDA, THAT: Section 1. That Article II. Fire Codes, Section 9-15. National codes adopted is hereby amended by adding the words and figures in underlined type and by deleting the words and figures in struck-through type, as follows: Sec. 9-15. National codes adopted. There is hereby adopted by the city for the purpose of prescribing regulations governing conditions hazardous to life and property from fire or explosion, the National Fire Codes, 1984 Edition, recommended by the National Fire Protection Association, including all revisions thereof made from time to time, save and except such portions as are hereinafter deleted, modified or amended, of which code not less than three (3) copies have been and are now filed in the office of the clerk of the city, also adopting the Life Safety Code. N.F.P.A. 101. 1994 Edition. in its entirety, which code is on file in the office of the clerk of the City. and the same is hereby adopted and incorporated as fully as if set out at length herein, and the provisions thereof shall be controlling within the limits of the city. Section 2. hereby repealed. All ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are Section 3. Should any section or provision of this ordinance or any portion thereof be declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such decision shall not affect the remainder of this ordinance. passage. Authority is hereby given to codify this Ordinance. This ordinance shall become effective immediately upon FIRST READING this /,¢ day of April, 1995. SECOND READING AND FINAL PASSAGE this ~ day of/~?, 1995. - ' Mayor Vice Mayor (,JM~r Pro~er~ ..~,¢7~. ommission~r- , ATTEST: City'Clerk c:Fire. 4/13/95 101-1 Copyright © 1994 NFPA. All Rights Reserved NFPA 101® Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures 1994 Edition This 1994 edition of the Life Safety Code® was adopted by the National Fire Protection Association on November 17, 1993, at its 1993 Fall Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona. It was issued by the Standards Council on January 14, 1994, with an effective date of February 11, 1994. This 1994 edition supersedes the 1991 Code and all other previous editions. All significant changes and new requirements have been identified by a vertical line in the margin. This 1994 edition has been approved by the American National Standards Institute. Notice Following issuance of this 1994 edition of NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, by the NFPA Standards Council, certain appeals were filed with the NFPA Board of Directors. The appeals request the following: 1. That Table 10-7.1.6.1 be revised to require day-care centers located on the level of exit discharge to be sprinklered if of Type III(200) or Type V(000) construction with cli- ents 6 years of age or younger. 2. That 16-3.5.3, which requires new hotels and dormitories to be sprinklered using listed quick response or listed residential sprinklers throughout guest rooms and guest room suites, be deleted. 3. That Exception No. 1 to 22-2.3.5.1, which exempts sprinklers from small board and care homes serving eight or fewer residents with a rating of prompt evacuation capabil- ity, be restricted to conversions or deleted. NFPA will announce the disposition of the appeals when they have been determined. Anyone wishing to receive the dispositions of the appeals should notify in writing the Secretary, Standards Council, NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101. 101-2 LIFE SAFETY CODE Committees on Safety to Life Tecl~nical Correlating Committee on Safety to Life (AAC) J. Kenneth Richardson, Chair Nat'l Research Council of Canada R0n Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'I Fire Protection Assn. William E. Barnard, Prince George's Cnty, MD, Fire Dept., Int'l Assn. of Fire Chiefs Donald G. Bathurst, U.S. General Services Administration John F. Behrens, Huntington Beach. CA. Council of American Bldg. Officials John L. Bryan, University of Maryland Lee J. Dosedlo. Un6erwriters Laboratories Inc. Gene Endthoff, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Andrew J. Fowell, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab Thomas W. Jaeger, Gage-Babcock & Assoc., Inc., Ameri- can Health Care Assn. Kirby W. Perry, Kirby W. Perry Architects & Assoc., Inc., American Inst. of Architects Lawrence G. Perry, Bldg. Owners & Managers Assn. Int'l James R. Quiter, Roll Jensen & Assoc., Inc. Waiter Smittle, WV State Fire Marshal. Fire Marshals Assn. of North America Gregory W. Thomas, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Tile Alliance of American Insurers Robert H. Woodcock, Aetna Life & Casualty, American Insurance Servicds Group, Inc. Alternates Alastair J. M. Alkman, Nat'l Research Council of Canada (Alt. to J. K. Richardson) Frederick C, Bradley, Gage-Babcock & Assoc., Inc., American Health Care Assn. (Alt. to T. W. Jaeger) Richard W. Bukowski, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab (Alt. to A.J. Fowell) J. Thomas Carter, Chloride Systems, Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. (Alt. to NEMA Rep.) James C. Dinegar, Bldg. Owners & Managem Assn. Int'l (Alt. to L. G. Perry) Glenn A. Erickson, Hastings, MN, Council of American Bldg. Officials (Alt. to J. F. Behrens) Russell P. Fleming, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to G. Endthoff) Leon Przybyla, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (Alt. to L. J. Dosedlo) Michael D. Tomy, Heery Int'l, Inc., American Inst. of Architects (Alt. to K .W. Perry) Nonvoting Wayne G. (Chip) Carson, Nonvoting Chair HEA, Carson Assoc., Inc. John Gus Degenkolb, Nonvoting Chair TEN, Carson City, NV Philip C. Favro, Nonvoting Chair BCF, Favro- McLaughlin & Assoc. William Hiotaky, Nonvoting Chair MER, The Taubman Co. Richard A. Hudnut, Nonvoting Chair DET, Builders Hardware Mfrs. Assn. Charles H. ~ Nonvoting Chair AXE, Phoenix Fire Dept. William E. Koffei, Nonvoting Chair MEA, Koffel Assoc., Inc. Gerald E. Lingenfelter, Nonvoting Chair FUR, American Insurance Services Group, Inc. Jonas L. Morehart, Nonvoting Chair FIR, Nat'l Institutes of Health Harold E. Nelson, Nonvoting Chair ALS, Hughes Assoc., Inc. Richard R. Osman, Nonvoting Chair BSF, Schirmer Engr Corp. Thomas V. Rodante, Nonvoting Chair IND, Caltex Ser- vices Corp. John A. Sharry, Nonvoting Chair RES, Lawrence Liver- more Nat'l Laboratory John M. Watts, Nonvoting Chair FUN, Fire Safety Inst. Ron Cot6, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences and for the 'nonemergency and emergency movement of people. The Committee has jurisdiction over NFPA 101. Life Safety Code: NFPA IOI®M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety; and NFPA 102. Standard for Assembly Seating, Tents. and Membrane Structures. 1994 EDITION COMMITTEE PERSONNEL 101-3 Technical Committee on Assembly and Educational Occupancies (AXE) Charles H. Kime, Chair Phoenix Fire Dept., Fire Marshals Assn. of North America Ron Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn. Weston E. Bacon, Marvin Park & Assoc., Inc., Nat'l Assn. of Exposition Managers Scott R. Bartlett, Simplex Time Recorder Co.. Nat'l Elec- trical Mfrs. Assn. Arval (Billy) Bridges, LA State Fire Marshals Office William Conner; Jerit-Boys, Inc.; American Society of Theater Consultants Catherine L. Conway, Des Plaines, IL, Fire Dept. Randall W. A. Davidso~ U.S. Inst. for Theatre Technology Robert W. Davis, Ervin & Davis, Architects John Gus Degenkolb, Carson City, NV, Alliance of Motion Picture & Television Producers Bhola Dhume, City of New Orleans, Southern Bldg. Code Congress Iht'l, Inc. Gene Endthoff, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Robert D. Fiedler, Lincoln, NE, Bureau of Fire Prevention William E. Fitch, Omega Point Laboratories Alfred J.' Hogan, Reedy Creek Improvement District, Walt Disney World John K. Landry, USF&G Insurance Co., American Insur- ance Services Group, Inc. Richard F. Lattey, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. The Alliance of American Insurers Robert J. Little, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Suzanne A. Marshall, FL Dept. of Education Robert D. MeAninch, University of Kentucky, Preston- burg Community College Gregory R. Miller, Code Consultants, Inc., Nat'l Assn. of Theatre Owners John Morris, Walnut Creek, CA, NFPA Technical Com- mittee on Cultural Resources Jake Pauls, Bldg. Use and Safety Inst. (BUSI) James R. Quiter, Rolf Jensen & Assoc.. Inc. Philip R. Sherman, Sherman, Inc. John K. Smith, Georgia World Congress Center, Int'l Assn. of Auditorium Managers David L. Sutter, Hussey Seating Co., Nat'l School Supply & Equipment Assn. Henry Teague, Rosser Fabrap Int'l Alternates Robert D. Barnes, Robert D. Barnes, PE, NFPA Techni- cal Committee on Cultural Resources (Alt. to J. Morris) David Degenkolb, Degenkolb Engineering, Alliance of Motion Picture & Television Producers (Alt. to J. G. Degenkolb) Victor L. Dubrowski, Code Consultants, [nc.. Nat'l Assn. of Theatre Owners (Alt. to G. R. Miller) James D. Lake, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to G. Endthoff) Frank Poe, City of Dallas Convention Services., Int'l Assn. of Auditorium Managers (Alt. to J. K. Smith) Leslie Strnll, Rolf Jensen & Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to J. R. Quiter) Harold E "Chip" Ulich, Phoenix. AZ, Herberger Theater Center, U.S. Inst. for Theatre Technology (Alt. to R. W. A. Davidson) Daniel R. Victor, Interkal, Inc., Nat'l School Supply & Equipment Assn. (Alt. to D. L. Sutter) Nonvoting Ron Cot6~ NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shali have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and on the non-emergency and emergency movement of people, in assembly and educational occupancies. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapters 8 through 11, Sections 31-2 and 31-3. and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101, Life Safe~y Code. 1994 EDITION 101-4 LIFE SAFETY CODE Technical Committee on Board and Care Facilities (BCF) Philip C. Favro, Chair Favro-McLaughlin & Assoc. Walter P. Sterling, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn. Greg Austin, Gentex Corp., Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. James R. Bell, Marriott Corp., American Hotel & Motel Assn. L. Darl Cross, WV State Fire Marshals Office, Fire Mar- shals Assn. of North America Mary Ellen Early, FL Assn. of Homes for the Aging, American Assn. of Homes for the Aging Stephen E. Embry, Brown, Todd & Heyburn Russell P. Fleming, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Thomas W. Gardner, Gage-Babcock & Assoc., American Health Care Assn. Norman E. GrOner, Santa Cruz, CA James M. Howe, Schirmer Engineering Corp. Philip IL Jose, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs Frank L. Keisler, USF&G Insurance Co., American Insurance Services Group, Inc. James K. Lathrop, Koffel Assoc., Inc. Bernard M. Levin, Roclceille, MD Robert C, Murray, Mission Road Developmental Center. Nat'l:Assn. of Private Residential Resources Paul E. Patty, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Peter Sajevic, Assm of Residential Res~ources in MN Gerald L. Schappe, TX Dept. of Mental Health & Mental Retardation George J. Tsigounis, U.S. Health Care'Financing Administration Alternates Kerry M. Bell, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (A~t.. to P. E. Patty) ' David M. Birk,, Koffe~ Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to J K Lathropi Harry L. Bradley, MD State Fire Marshals Office Fire Marshals Assn. of North America (Alt. to L. D. Cross) Gene Endthoff, Nat'l. Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to R. P. Fleming) Joni Fritz, Nat'l Assm of Private Residential Resources (Alt. to R. C. Murray) Harold Inc. (Alt. Daniel (Alt. to James F, Time Recorder Co., Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. (Att. to G. Austin) Mayer D. Zimmerman, U.S. Health Care Financing Administration (Att. to G.J, Tsigounis) Nonvoting Walter P. Sterling, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances producing similar consequences, and on the emergency movement of peo- ple, in residential board and care facilities. The Co~nmittee has jurisdiction over Chapters 22 and 23, Section 31-7. and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 10l. Life Safety Code. Technical Committee on Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment (BSF) Richard R. Osman, Chair Schirmer Engr Corp. Harry L. Bradley, MD State Fire Marshals Office, Fire Marshals Assn. of North America Pat D. Brock, Oklahoma State University Eugene N. Cellentani, Thorn EMI Autocall Division, Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. Edward A. Donoghue, Edward A. Donoghue Assoc., Inc., Nat'I Elevator Industry, Inc. Joseph M. Jardin, New York City Fire Dept., NFPA Fire Service Section Rolf H. Jensen, Rolf Jensen & Assoc., Inc. David P. Klein, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs Richard L Klinker, Klinker & Assoc., Inc. James D. Lake, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Roger L. McDaniel, Florida Dept. of Corrections Joseph A. Niecoll, Rochester, NY, Fire Dept. Martin H. Reiss, Cerberus Technologies, Inc.. Automatic Fire Alarm Assn., Inc. John T. Wandell, Town of Palm' Beach, FL, Fire/Rescue 1994 EDITION COMMITI'EE PERSONNEL 101-5 Alternates Greg Gottlieb, Hauppauge, NY, Fire District. NFPA Fire Service Section (Alt. to J. M. Jardin) Kenneth E. Isman, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to J. D. Lake) Ronald Kirby, Simplex Time Recorder Co., Nat'l Electri- cal Mfrs. Assn. (Alt. to E. N. Cellantani) L.L. (Larry) Neibauer, Automatic Fire Alarm Assn., Inc. (Alt. to M. H. Reiss) David J. Vandeyar, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to K. Isman) Nonvoting Walter P. Sterling, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences and on the emergency movement of people. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapter 7. Sections 31-1.3.6, 31-1.3.9, and 31-1.3.10, and associated por- tions of Appendix A of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. Technical Committee on Detention and Correctional Occupancies (DET) Richard A. Hudnut, Chair Builders Hardware Mfrs. Assn. Ron Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn; Michael DiMascio, Solutions Engr Inc. Edward Larry Earles, U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons Randy Gaw, Correctional Service of Canada Larry Harrison, IL State Fire Marshals Office James D. Lake, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Alfred J. Longhitano, Gage-Babcock & Assoc., Inc. Roger L. McDaniel, FL Dept. of Corrections Robert McNeely, Honeywell, Inc., Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. E. Eugene Miller, Washington, DC A, N. Moser, Nat'l Sheriffs' Assn. Robert R. Perry, Robert Perry Assoc., Inc., Door & Hard- ware Inst. Hardy Rauch, American Correctional Assn. Kenneth J. Schwartz, Roll Jensen & Assoc.. Inc. Wayne S. Smith, State of TX, Fire Marshals Assn. of North America Sharon M. Stone, Koffel Assoc., Inc. David J. Vandeyar, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Alternates Vincent T. Fitzpatrick, Rolf Jensen & Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to K. J. Schwartz) A. Larry Iseminger, MD State Fire Marshals Office, Fire Marshals Assn. of North America (Alt. to W. S. Smith) Kenneth E. Isman, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to J. D. Lake) Thomas W. laeger, G_age-Babcock & Assoc.. [nc. (Alt. to A. J. Longhitano) William E. Koffel, Koffel Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to S. Stone) Joseph G. Lesniak, Door & Hardware Inst. (Alt. to R. R. Perry) Winn F. Peeples, FL Dept. of Corrections (Alt. to R. L. McDaniel) Steven E. Rawson, Simplex Time Recorder Co.. Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. (Alt. to R. McNeely) Nonvoting Ron Cot~, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and on the emergency move- ment of people, in detention and correctional occupancies. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapters 14 and 15. Section 31-5. and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. 1994 EDITION 101-6 LIFE SAFETY CODE Technical Committee on Fire Protection Features (FIR) Jonas L, Morehart, Chair Nat'l Institutes of Health Carl F. Baldassarra, Schirmer Engr Corp. John F. Bender. MD State Fire Marshals Office, Fire Marshals Assn. of North America Robert M. Berhinig, Underwri~'ers Laboratories Inc. Peter H. Billing, American Forest and Paper Assn. Byron L. BHese, Professional Loss C6ntr~l, Inc. Edward K. Budnick, Hughes Assoc., Inc. Raman B. Chauhan, Nat'I Research Council of Canada Thomas G. Daly, Hilton Hotels Corp., NFPA Lodging Indust .fy Section Robert E. Davis~ Air Movement and Control Assn. John Gus Degenkolb, Alliance of Motion Picture & Tele- visi6n ProduCers Brian L. Eklow, Home Insurance Co. Gene Endthoff, Nat'l. Fire Sprinkler Assn. Ralph Gerdes, Indianapolis IN Kenneth E. Bland, American Forest and Paper Assn. (Alt. to P. H. Billing) Delbert F. Boring, American Iron & Steel Inst. (Alt. to D. M. McGee) David Degenkolb, Degenkolb Engineering, Alliance of Motion Picture & Television Producers (Alt. to J. G. Degenkolb) Mark Kluver, Portland Cement Assn. (Alt. to J. J. Messersmith) Gregory Haley, Cigna Loss Control Septices, American InsuranCe Services Group, Inc. Dale D. Hasty, Cerberus Pyrotronics. Fire Suppression Systems Assn. Craig H. Kampmier, Kent Cnty Memorial Hospital Donald L. King, Steelcraft.Mfg. Co., Steel Door Inst. Marshall A. Klein, Marshall A. Klein & Assoc., Inc. Richard F2 Lattey, Liberty Mutual Insurance Group, The Alliance of American Insurers John W. McCormick~ Roll Jensen & Assoc., Inc. Walt McDermott, CA State Fire Marshal Daniel M. McGee, American Iron & Steel Inst. JOseph J. Messersmith, Portland Cement Assn. Kathy A. Notarianni, NISTfBIdg. and Fire Research Lab Sharon M. Stone, Koffel Assoc.. Inc. Kenneth Wood, IL State Fire Marshals Office Alternates William E. Koffel, Koffel Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to S. M. Stone) James D. Lake, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to T. G. Endthoff) Jeffrey A. Maddox, Roll Jensen & Assoc., Inc. {Alt. to J. W. McCormick) William D. Walton, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab (Alt. to IC A. Notarianni) Nonvoting L. Charles Smeby, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences and on the emergency movement of people. The Committee has jurisdiction over Sections 6-1 through 6-4, 31-1.1.2, 31-1.6, 31-1.7, and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101, Life Safe~y Code. Technical Committee on Fundamentals (FUN) John M. Watts, Chair Fire Safety Inst. Ran Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn. James R. Beyreis, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Walter Smittle, WV State Fire Marshal, Fire Marshals Wayne G. (Chip) Carson, Carson Assoc., Inc. Assn. of North America Thomas V. Rodante, Caltex Services Corp., American Petroleum Inst. Nonvoting Ron Cot6, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall [~ave prima~ responsibility for documents on the basic objectives, requirements, and definitions for protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences and on the nonemergency and emergency movement of people. The Committee has jurisdiction for Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 32; Sections 31-1.3, 31-1.5, and 31-1.8; and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101. Life Safety Code. 1994 EDITION COMMITTEE PERSONNEL 101-7 Technical Committee on-Furnishings and Contents (FUR) Gerald E. Lingenfelter, Chair American Insurance Services Group, Inc. Ron Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn. Alastair J. M. Aikman, Nat'l Research Council of Canada Donald W. Belles, Donald W. Belies & Assoc., Inc. John A. Blair, The DuPont Co. Richard W. Bukowski, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab Eugene A. Cable. U:S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs Frederic B. Clarke, Benjamin/Clarke Assoc., Inc. Paul Dillon, Southern College of Technology, Sleep Prod- ucts Safety Council Douglas S. Erickson, American Hospital Assn. William E. Fitch, Omega Point Laboratories Marcelo M. Hirschler, Safety Engr Laboratories James B. Radcliff, Reedy Creek Improvement District, Walt Disney World Herman Stone, General Foam, Division of PMC, Inc. T. Hugh Talley, Hugh Talley Co., American Furniture Mfrs. Assn. James J. Urban, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. K. M. Villa, American Textile Mfrs. Inst. Alternates Vytenis Babrauskas, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab (Att. to R. W. Bukowski) C. Donald Fustich, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs (Alt. to E. A. Cable) Alfred J. Hogan, Reedy Creek Improvement District, Walt Disney World (Alt. to J. B. Radcliff) Nonvoting Ron Cot6, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on limiting the impact of fur- nishings and building contents effect on protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of pro- ducing similar consequences and on the emergency movement of people. The Committee has jurisdiction over Sections 6-5 and 31-1.4 and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. Technical Committee on Health Care Occupancies (HEA) Wayne G. (Chip) Carson, Chair Carson Assoc., Inc. Ron Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn. Arthur Bergantz, Code Consultants, Inc. William N. Brooks, Brinjac, Kambic & Assoc. Kenneth Bush, MD State Fire Marshals Office. Fire Mar- shals Assn. of North America Michael Crowley, Rolf Jensen & Assoc., Inc. Scot Deal; NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab Kenneth S. Faulstich, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs Thomas W. Jaeger, Gage-Babcock & Assoc., Inc., Ameri- can Health Care Assn. Ode Richard Keil; Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Frank L. Keisler, USF&G Insurance. American Insur- ance Services Group. Inc. William E. Koffel, Koffel Assoc.. Inc., Amei'ican Hospital Assn. Ronald K. Mengel, System Sensor, Division Pittway Corp., Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. Daniel J. O'Connor, Schirmer Engr Corp. Kirby W. Perry, Kirby W. PetE/Architects & Assoc., Inc., American Inst. of Architects Thomas M. Peters, PA Dept. of Health, Assn. of Health Facility Licensing & Certification David M. Sine, David M. Sine & Assoc.. Nat'l Assn. of Psychiatric Healthcare Systems William G. Vincent, Sparrow Health Systems, NFPA Health Care Section Mayer D. Zimmerman, U.S. Health Care' Financing Administration 1994 EDITION 101-8 LIFE SAFETY CODE Alternates James R. Ambrose, Code Consultants, Inc. (Alt. to A. Bergantz) James H. Antell, Roil Jenson & Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to M. Crowley) Douglas S. Erickson, American Hospital Assn. (Alt. to W. E. Koffel) J. Richard Fruth, Hayes LargoArchitects. American Inst. of Architects (Alt. to K. W. Perry) Lawrence p. Gallagher, Joint Commission on Accredita- tioh of Healthcare Organizations (Alt. to O. R. Keil) Edward M. Shedlock, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs (Alt. to K. S. Faulstich) George J. Tsigounis, U.S. Health Care Financing Admin- istration (Alt. to M. D. Zimmerman) William D. Walton, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab (Alt. to S. Deal) Roger J. Wilson, Simplex Time Recorder Co., Nat'l Elec- trical Mfrs. Assn. (Alt. to R. K MOngol) . Nonvoting Ron Cot6, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and on the emergency move- ment of people, in health care occupancies. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapters 12 and 13. Section 31-4. and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 10l, Life Safety Code. Technical Committee on Industrial, Storage, and Miscellaneous Occupancies (IND) Thomas V. Rodante, Chair Caltex Services Corp., American Petroleum Inst. Ron Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn. Kenneth E. Berg, Moraga, CA Donald C. Birchler, FP&C Consultants, Inc. Howard M. Bucci, Westinghouse Hartford Co. Carol Caldwell, Sandia Nat'I Labs John E. Echternacht, Firesafety Consultants John F. Farney, Sargent & Lundy Engineers Wayne D. Holmes, Professional Loss Control, Inc. Neal W Krantz, Simplex Time Recorder Co., Nat'l Elec- trical Mfrs. Assn. Philip E. Pickard, U.S. Postal Service Evan R. Quarton, Johnson & Higgins Carl F. Shaner, CIGNA Loss Control Services, American Insurance Services Group, Inc. Robert L Smith, Westinghouse Savannah River Co. Michael J. Stelzer, Lummus Crest, [nc. Gregory W. Thomas, Liberty Mutuai Insurance Co., The Alliance of American Insurers Alternates Glenn F. Grace, CIGNA, American Insurance Services Group. Inc. (Alt. to C. F. Shanerl Nonvoting Ron Cot6, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and on the emergency move- ment of people, in industrial and storage Occupancies, special structures, windowless and underground buildings, and high rise buildings. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapters 28 and 30 and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101. Life Safety Code. 1994 EDIT]ON COMMITTEE PERSONNEL 101-9 Technical Committee ~On Means of Egress (MEA) William E. Koffel, Chair Koffel Assoc.. Inc. Ron Cot6, Nonvoting Secretary Nat'l Fire Protection Assn. John L. Barrios, Tampa, FL, Dept. of Housing and Devel- opment Coordination, Southern Bldg. Code Congress Int'l John F. Behrens, Huntington Beach, CA, International Conference of Bldg. Officials John L. Bryan, University of Maryland Joshua W. EIvove, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs Glenn A. Erickson, Hastings, MN, Bldg. Officials & Code Administrators Iht'l, Inc. Philip C. Favro, Favro-McLaughlin & Assoc. David W. Frable, U.S. General Services Administration Billy G. HeRon, Lithonia Emergency Systems, Nat'l Elec- trical Mfrs. Assn. John J. Hodgens, New York City Fire Dept. James M. Howe, Schirmer Engr Corp. Richard A. Hudnut, Builders Hardware Mfrs. Assn. Robert F. Humphreys, CIGNA Loss Control Services, American Insurance Services Group, [nc. Kenneth E. Isman, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Charles H. Kime, Phoenix Fire Dept., Fire Marshals Assn. of North 7Unerica Joseph G. Lesniak, Door & Hardware Inst. Daniel Madr-zykowski, NIST/BIdg. and Fire Research Lab Lawrence J. McGinty, U.S. Government - CIA Wayne Menuz, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Harold E. Nelson, Hughes Assoc., Inc. Philip E. Pickard, U.S. Postal Service Theresa J. Rosenberg, NC Dept. of Insurance Leslie Struil, Rolf Jensen & Assoc., Inc. Michael D. Tomy, Heery International, Inc., American Inst. of Architects Joseph H. Verstee~ CT Dept. of Public Safety Alternates Alastair J. M. Ailunan, Nat'l Research Council of Canada (Alt. to NRCC Rep.) John R. Battles, Southern Bldg. Code Congress Int'l (Alt. to J. L. Barrios) Charles H. Berry, U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs (Alt. to J. W. Elvove) Esfandiar (Ace) Bolandi, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (Alt. to W. Menuz) Kenneth Bush, MD State Fire Marshals Office. Fire Mar- shals Assn. of North America (Alt. to C. H. Kime) Paul Christensen, Prescolite, Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. (Alt. to B. G. Helton) Gene Endthoff, Nat'l. Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to K. E. Isman) Paul K. Heilstedt, Bldg. Officials & Code Administrators Int'l, Inc. (Alt. to G. A. Erickson) John H. Klote, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab (Alt. to D. Madrzykowski) James K. Lathrop, Koffel Assoc.. Inc. (Alt. to W. E. Koffel) James A. Milke, University of Maryland (Alt. to J. L. Bryan) James IL Qulter, Roll Jensen & Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to L. Strull) David W. Stroup, U.S. General Services Administration (Alt. to D. W. Frable) Nonvoting Ron Cot6, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the general requirements for safe egress for protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar conse- quences and on the nonemergency and emergency movement of people. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapter 5; Sections 3 l- 1.1.1, 31-1.2, 31-1.3.8, and 31-1.3.11; and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101. Life Safety Code. Technical Committee on Mercantile and Business Occupancies (MER) William Hiotaky, Chair The Taubman Co., Inc. David M. Banwarth, Prince George's Cnty, MD, Fire Dept. Donald G. Bathurst, U.S. General Sevaces Administration Kenneth E. Bland. American Forest and Paper Assn. E. Joseph Bocci, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Nat'l Park Service 1994 EDITION 101-10 LIFE SAFETY CODE Byron L. Brlese, Professional Loss Control, Inc. Daniel J. Gauvin, Simplen Time Recorder Co., Nat'l Elec- trical Mfrs. Assn. Clifford S. Harvey, Boulder, CO, Fire Dept., Fire Mar- shals Assn. of North America Richard F. Lattey, Liberty Mutual Insurance Group, The Alliance of American Insurers Daniel Madrzykowski, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab Daniel M. McGee, American Iron & Steel Inst. Richard IL Osman, Schirmer Engr Corp. Lawrence G. Perry, Building Owners & Managers Assn. Int'l Ed Schultz, Code Consultants, Inc. Alternates Carl F. Baldassarra, Schirmer Engr Corp. (Alt. to R. R. Osman) Peter H. Billing, American Forest and Paper Assn. (Alt. to K.~E. Bland) Delbert F. Boring, American Iron & Steel Inst. (Alt. to D. M. McGee) Kenneth Bush, MD State Fire Marshals Office, Fire Mar- shals Assn. of North 'America (Alt. to C. S. Harvey) James C. Dinegar, Bldg. Owners & Managers Assn. Int'l (Alt. tO 1. G.: Perry) John W. Slotka,: The Taubman Co., Inc. (Alt. to W. Hiotaky) Nonvoting L. Charles Smeby, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and for the emergencY move- ment of people, in mercantile and business occupancies. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapters 24 through 27, Sections 31-8 and 31-9, and associated portions of Appendix A of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. Technical Committee on Residential Occupancies (RES) John A. Sharry, Chair Lawrence Livermore Nat'l Laboratory Carl F. Baldassarra, Schirmer Engr Corp. Peter H. Billing, American Forest and Paper Assn. David M. Birk, Koffel Assoc., Inc. Harry L. Bradley, MD State Fire Marshals Office, Fire Marshals Assn. of North America Ronald M. Brave, Snow Country Development LLC, Nat'l Assn. of Home Builders. Peter G. Christie, TAA, Inc. Thomas G. Daly, Hilton Hotels Corp., NFPA Lodging Industry Section Shelley R. DePuy, System Sensor Div. Pittway Corp., Nat'l Electrical Mfrs. Assn. Andrew J. Foweli, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab Lawrence P. Gallagher, Joint Commission on Accredita- tion of Healthcare Organizations Ralph Gerdes, Indianapolis, IN Kenneth E. Isman, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. Joseph M. Jardin, New York City Fire Dept., NFPA Fire Service Section Gerald R. Kirby, Marriott Corp., American Hotel & Motel Assn. Marshall A. Klein, Marshall A. Klein & Assoc., Inc. Michael F. Laffey, Prudential Realty Group Gerald E. Lingenfelter, American Insurance Services Group, Inc. Joseph J. Messersmith, Portland Cement Assn. Michael A. O'Hara, MountainStar Enterprises Peter Puhlick, University of Connecticut Sleven F. Sawyer, Yale University, Office of the Fire Marshal Vincent E. Sbarra, Gage-Babcock & Assoc., Inc. T. Hugh Talley, Hugh Talley Co., American Furniture Mfrs. Assn. Alternates James IL Bell, Marriott Corp.,American Hotel & Motel Assn. (Alt. to G. R. Kirby) Kenneth E. Bland, American Forest and Paper Assn. (Alt to P_ H. Billing) Richard W. Bukowski, NIST/Bldg. and Fire Research Lab (Alt. to A. J. Fowell) Russell P. Fleming, Nat'l Fire Sprinkler Assn. (Alt. to K. E. Isman) 1994 EDITION COMMITTEE PERSONNEL 101-11 Greg Gottlieb, Happauge, NY, Fire District, NFPA Fire Service Section (Alt. to~J.~l~. Jardin) Merideth L Howard, CIGNA Loss Control Services, American Insurance Services Group, Inc. (Alt. to G. E. Lingenfelter) Robert Howe, Vermont Dept. of Labor & IndustEq, Fire Marshals Assn. of North America (Alt. to Hi L. Bra_dley) Mark Kluver, Portland Cement Assn. (Alt. to J. J. Messersmith) James K. Lathrop, Koffel Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to D. M. Birk) Alfred J. Longhitano, Gage-Babcock & Assoc., Inc. (Alt. to V. E. Sbarra) Nonvoting Walter P. Sterling, NFPA Staff Liaison Committee Scope This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of human life from fire and other circumstances producing similar consequences, and on the emergency movement of peo- ple in hotels dormitories apartments, lodging and rooming houses and one- and two-family dwellings. The Committee has jurisdiction over Chapters 16 through 21, Section 31-6, and assoctated porttons of Appendix Aof NFPA lOI, Life Safety Code. This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time. changes in the membership may have occurred. NOTE: Membership on a Committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document ~teveloped by the Committee on which the member serves. 1994 EDITION 101-12 LIFE SAFETY CODE Origin and Development of NFPA 101 The Life ~Safety Code had its origin in the work of the Committee on Safety to Life of the National.Fire Protection Association which~ was appointed in 1913. A pamphlet, "Exit Drills in Factories, Schools, Department Stores and Theatres," published in 1912 follOWing its pre- sentation by the late Committee member R. H. Newbern at the 1911 AnnUal Meeting of the Association, although antedating the organization of the Committee, is considered as having the status of a Committee publication. 15°r the first few years of its existence, ihe Committee devoted its attention to a study of the notable fires involving loss of life and in analyzing the causes of this loss of life. This ~ork led to the preparation o~ standards for'the Consti~lction of stairways, fire escapes, etc., for fire drills in vai'iot~s occupancies, and:for the construction and arrangement of exit f~cilities for factories, schools~ etc.i which form the basis of the present Code. ;Fhese reports Were. adopted by the,Nati0nal Fire Protection Association and published in pamphlet form as "Outside Stairs for Fire Exits" (1916) and "Safeguarding Factory Work~ erd from Fire" (1918). These pamphlets served as a krourldwork for/he preseht Cod~. These pamphlets were widely circulated ~nd put into quite ~neral 'use} In 1921 the Committee was enlarged to irjclude~ representation of certain interested groups not previously participating, and Work was started On the further development and integration of previous Committee pt~biications to provide a comprehensive guid~ to exits and related features of life safety from fire in all classes of occupancy Known as the Building Exits Code, anous drafts were pubhshed, mrculated~ and d~scussed over a period of years, and the first edition of the Building Exists Code was pt/blished by the National Fire Protection Association in 1927. Thereafter the Committee continued its deliberations, adding new material on fea- tures not originally covered and revising various details in the light of fire experience and practical experience in the Use of the Comte. New editions were pUblished in 1926, i934, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1942, and 1946 to incorporate the amendments adopted by the National Fire Pro- tection Association. The Cocoanut Grove Night Club fire in Boston in 1942 in which 492 lives were lost focused national attention upon the importance of adequate exits and related fire safety features. Public attention to exit matters was further stimulated by the series of hotel fires in 1946 (LaSalle, Chicago -- 61 dead; Canfield, Dubuque -- 19 dead; and the Winecoff, Atlanta -- 119 dead). The BuiMing Exits Code thereafter was used to an increasing extent for legal regu- latory purposes. However, the Code was not in suitable form for adoption into law, as it had been drafted as a reference document containing many advisory provisions useful to designers of buildings but not appropriate for legal use. This led to a decision by the Committee to re-edit the entire Code, limiting the body of the text to requirements suitable for mandatory application and placing advisory and explanatory material in notes. The re-editing also involved adding to the Code provisions on many features in order to produce a complete doc- ument. Preliminary work was carried on concurrently with development of the 1948, 1949, 1951, and 1952 editions. The results were incorporated in the 1956 edition and further refined in subsequent editions dated 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, and 1963. In 1955 separate documents, NFPA 10lB and NFPA 10lC, were published on nursing homes and interior finish, respectively. NFPA 10lC was revised in 1956. These publications have since been withdrawn. In 1963 the Safety to Life Committee was reconstructed. The Committee was decreased in size to include only those having very broad knowledge in fire matters and representing all interested factions. The Committee served as a review and correlating committee for seven Sectional Committees whose personnel included members having a special knowledge and interest in various portions of the Code. Under the revised structure, the Sectional Committees, through the Safety to Life Commit- tee, prepared the 1966 edition of the Code, which was a complete revision of the 1963 edition. The Code title was changed from Building Exits Code to the Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures, the text was put into "code language,'" and all explanatory notes were placed in an appendix. The Code was placed on a three-year revision schedule, with new editions adopted in 1967, 1970, 1973, and 1976. 1994 EDITION TO THE USER 101-13 In 1977 the Committee on Safety to Life was reorganized as a Technical Committee with an Executive Committee and standing subcommittees responsible for various chapters and sections. The 1981 edition contained major editorial changes including reorganization within the occupancy chapters to make them parallel to each other, and the splitting of requirements for new and exist- ing buildings into separate chapters. New chapters on detention and correctional facilities were added, asrwell as new sections for ambulatory health care centers; The 1985 edition contained a new Chapter 21 on residential board and care occupancies with related Appendixes F and G, a new Appendix D on alternative calculations for stair width, and Appendix E, an FSES for detention and correctional facilities. The 1988 edition contained a major change in the method of determining egress capacity with the deletion of the traditional units of exit width and the substitution of a straight linear approach to calculating egress capacity. Appendixes C through G were moved from NFPA 101 into a new document, NFPA 101M. The 1991 edition contained numerous new requirements for mandatory.sprinklers in new health care facilities, hotels, apartment buildings, lodging and room houses, and board and care facilities, as well as mandatory sprinkler requirements for existing high-rise hotels and apartment buildings. The reqmrements for board and care facilities were split into two chap- ters: Chapter 22 for new and Chapter 23 for existing. The 1994 edition contains new requirements for accessible means of egress, areas of refuge, and ramps; putting the Code in substantial agreement with the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG). To the User The following comments are offered to assist in the use of the Life Safety Code. Additional help on using the Life Safety Code can be obtained by attending one of the seminars NFPA conducts on the Life Safety Code or by using the Life Safety Code Handbook 5th edition, avail- able from NFPA. Further information on these seminars is available through the Division of Continuing Education of NFPA. The Code is essentially comprised of six major parts. The first part consists of Chapters 1 through 7; these are often referred to as the base chapters or fundamental chapters. The next part consists of Chapters 8 through 29, which are the occupancy chapters. The third part con- sists of Chapter 30, on special structures and high rise buildings. The fourth part consists of Chapter 31, on operating features. The fifth part is Chapter 32, on mandatory referenced pub- lications, and the sixth and last part consists of Appendixes A and B, which contain useful additional information. A thorough understanding of Chapters 1 through 7 is necessary to use the Code effectively, as these chapters provide the building blocks upon which the occupancy chapters have built their require- ments. It should be noted that many of the provisions of Chapters ~ through 7 are mandatory for all occupancies. Some provisions are mandated only when referenced by a specific occupancy, while oth- ers are exempted for specific occupancies. Often, in one of the base chapters, especially in Chapter 5, the term "where permitted by Chapters 8 through 29" appears. When this appears, that provision can beused only where specifically allowed by an occupancy chapter. For example, the provisions of 5-2.1.&~L on delayed egress locks are allowed only when pe ,,r~'~,e,d by Chapters 8 through 29. Permis- gi0n to use the delayed egress lock is normally ftJund in the ' 2.2 subsection of each occupancy chal> ter. For example, 8-2.2.2.4 specifically allows the use of delayed egress locks in new assembly occupan- cies. If this permission is not found in an occupancy chapter, the delayed egress lock cannot be used. Similar types of restricted permission are found for such items as security grilles, double cylinder locks, selected staitway re?ntry, revolving doors, atriums, etc. In other locations in the base chapters the term "unless prohibited by Chapters 8 through 29" is used. In this case. the provision is allowed in all occupancies unless specifically prohibited by an occupancy chapter. Metric units of measurement in this Code are in accordance with the modernized metric system known as the International System of Umts (SI). The umt hter, which is outside of but recognized by SI, is commonly used and is therefore used in this Code. In this Code, values for measurements are followed by an equivalent in SI units. The first stated value shall be regarded as the requirement because the given equivalent value may be approximate. 994 EDITION 101-14 LIFE SAFETY CODE Contents Chapter I Administration ............... 101- 17 Section 1-1 Title ................... 101- 17 Section 1-2 Purpose ................. 10I- 17 Section 1-3 Scope ................... 101-17 Section 1-4 Application ............... 101- 17 Section 1-5 Equivalency ConcetSts ........ 101- 17 ection 1-6 Occupancy .............. 101- 18 ection I-7 Maintenance ......... i ' 101- 18 Chapter2 FUndamental Requirements ....... 101- 19 Chapter 3 Definitions .................. 101- 20 Section 3-i General . . . .............. 101- 20 Section 3-2 Degnitions ............... 10l- 20 ] of Occupancy and Hazard .................. 101- 24 Section 4-1 Classification of Occupancy .... 101- 24 Section 4-2 Hazard of Contents .......... 101- 25 Chapter 5 Means of Egress ............... 101- Section 5-1 General ................. 101 Section 5-2 Means of Egress Components . . . 101- Section 5-3 Capacity of Means of Egress .... 101- Section 5-4 Nt~mber of Means of Egress .... 101- Section 5-5 Arn tngement of Means of Egress . . 101- Section 5-6 Me~ .surement of Travel Distance to EXits ................. 101- Section 5-7 Disc arge from Exits ......... 101- Section 5-8 IllUn n~tion of Means of Egress . . 101- Section 5-9 Eme ,~ency Lighting ......... 10 Section 5-10 Mat~ ~g o~ Means of Egress .... 101 Section 5-11 Spec [al Provisions for Occupancies with High Hazard Contents .... 101- Section 5-12 Mechanical Equipment Rooms, Boiler Rooms, and Furnace Rooms . . . 101- 26 26 27 43 44 44 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 Chapter 6 Features of Fire Protection ........ 101- 50 Section 6-1 General ................. 101- 50 Section 6-2 Construction and Compartmentation .......... 101- 50 Section 6-3 :5 ............ 101- 53 Section 6-4 Hazard Protection ..... 101- 54 Section 6:5 ............. 101- 55 Chapter 7 Section 7-1 Section 7-2 Section 7-6 Fire Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems ...... 101- 58 Section 7-7 Automatic Sprinklers and Other . Extinguishing Equipment ...... 101- 60 ........... Chapter 8 New Assembly Occupancies ...... 101- 62 Section 8-1 General Requirements ....... 101- 62 Section 8,2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101- 64 Seeti°~ 8-3 ProteCtion . ~ ............. 101- 70 Section 8-4 ~ Special Provisions ........... 101- 75 Section 8-5 'i~iiding Services ........... 101- 77 Occupancies ..... 101- 78 ection 9-! ....... 101- 78 ection 9-2 . . 101- 80 Section 9-3 ............... 101- 86 Section 9-4 Provisions ........... 101- 90 Section 9-5 ........... 101- 93 Chapterl0 New Educational Occupancies ..... 101- 94 S~ction 10-1 'General Requirements ...... 101- 94 Section 10,2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101- 95 Section 10-3 Protection ............... 101- 96 ection 10-4 Special Provisions ........... 101- 98 ection 10-5 Bhilding Services ........... 101- 99 Section 10-6 (Res~r~ed) ............... 101- 99 Section 107 Day'Care Centers ........... 101- 99 SectionlO~8 Day-Care Homes ........... 101-102 Chapter 11 Section 114 Section 11~2: Section 11-3 Sectic~n 11-4: Section 11-5 Section' 11-6 Section I 1;7: Section 11~8: section 1 i29 101-104 Requirements ....... 101-104 Requirements.. 101-105 ............... 101-107 1 Provisions ........... 101-108 Services ........... 101-109 ............... 101-109 ........... 101-109 ...... 101-112 Homes ...... 101-114 Section 12-3 Section 12-4 Section 12-5 Section 12-6 Fire Protection t .................. 101- 57 ................ 101- 57 and Air Conditioning ............ 101- 57 Section 7-3 Smoke Control ............ 101- 57 . 101-128 Section 7-4 Elevafors, Escalators, and [ Requirements ....... 101-128 Conveyors .............. 101- 57 Section 13-2 of Egress Requirements . . 101-130 Section 7-5 Rubb!sh Chutes, Incinerators, and Section 13-3 ............... 101-132 Laundry Chutes ............ 101- 57 Section 13-4 ........... 101-137 t Care Occupancies ..... 101-116 Reqmrements ....... 101-116 Egress Requirements . . 101-118 ............... 101-121 Provisions ........... 101-124 Services ........... 101-124 , Health Care ~ ................. 101-124 1994 EDITION CONTENTS 101-15 Section 13-5 Section 13-6 Building Services ........... 101-137 Existing Ambulatory Health Care Centers ................. 101-137 Chapter 14 New Detention and Correctional Occupancies ................ 101-140 Section 14-1 General Requirements ....... 101-140 Section 14-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-141 Section 14-3 Protection ............... 101-143 Section 14-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-145 Section 14-5 Building Services ........... 101-145 Chapter 15 Existing Detention and Correctional Occupancies ................ 101-147 Section 15-1 General Requirements ....... 101-147 Section 15-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-148 - Section 15-3 Protection ............... 101-150 Section 15-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-154 Section 15-5 Building Services ........... 101-154 Chapter 16 New Hotels and Dormitories ...... 101-155 Section 16-1 General Requirements ....... 101-155 Section 16-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-155 Section 16-3 Protection ............... 101-157 Section 16-4 Special Provisions .......... 101-158 Section 16-5 Building Services ........... 101-158 Chapter 17 Existing Hotels and Dormitories-.... 101-159 Section 17-1 General Requirements ....... 101-159 Section 17-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-159 Section 17-3 Protection ............... 101-160 Section 17-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-162 Section 17-5 Building Services ........... 101-162 Chapter 18 New Apartment Buildings ........ 101-163 Section 18-1 General Requirements ....... 101-163 Section 18-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-163 Section 18-3 Protection ............... 101-164 Section 18-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-166 Section 18-5 Building Services ........... 101-166 Chapter 19 Existing Apartment Buildings ..... 101-167 Section 19-1 General Requirements ....... 101-167 Section 19-2 Means of Egress Requirements . -. 101-167 Section 19-3 Protection ............... 101-169 Section 19-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-171 Section 19-5 Building Services ........... 101-171 Chapter 20 Lodging or Rooming Houses ...... 101-172 Section 20-1 General Requirements ....... 101-172 Section 20-2 Means of Escape ........... 101-172 Section 20-3 Protection ............... 101-172 Section 20-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-173 Section 20-5 Building Services ........... 101-173 Chapter 21 One- and Two-Family Dwellings .... 101-174 Section 21-1 General Requirements ....... 101-174 Section 21-2 Section 21:3 Section 21-4 Section 21-5 Meansof Escape Requirements . . 101-174 Protection ............... 101-175 (Reserved) ............... 101-175 Building Services ........... 101-175 Chapter 22 New Residential Board and Care Occupancies ................ 101-176 Section 22-1 General Requirements ....... 101-176 Section 22-2 Small Facilities ............ 101-177 Section 22-3 Large Facilities ............ 101-180 Section 22-4 Suitability of an Apartment Building to House a Board and Care Occupancy ............... 101-183 Chapter 23 Existing Residential Board and Care Occupancies ................ 101-184 Section 23-1 General Requirements ....... 101-184 Section 23-2 Small Facilities ............ 101-185 Section 23-3 Large Facilities ............ 101-188 Section 23-4 Suitability of an Apartment Building to House a Board and Care Occupancy ............... 101-192 Chapter 24 New Mercantile Occupancies ..... 101-193 Section 24-1 General Requirements ....... 101-193 Section 24-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-194 Section 24-3 Protection .............. 101-196 Section 24-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-197 Section 24-5 Building Services ........... 101-198 Chapter 25 Existing Mercantile Occupancies . . . 101-199 Section 25-1 General Requirements ....... 101-199 Section 25-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-200 Section 25-3 Protection ............... 101-202 Section 25-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-203 Section 25-5 Building Services ........... 101-204 Chapter 26 New Business Occupancies ....... 101-205 Section 26-1 General Requirements ....... 101-205 Section 26-2 Means of Egress Requirements . 101-205 Section 26-3 Protection ............... 101-207 Section 26-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-208 Section 26-5 Building Se~ices ........... 101-208 Chapter 27 Existing Business Occupancies ..... 101-209 Section 27-1 General Requirements ....... 101-209 Section 27-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-209 Section 27-3 Protection ............... 101-211 Section 27-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-212 Section 27-5 Building Services ........... 101-212 Chapter 28 Industrial Occupancies ......... 101-213 Section 28-1 Section 28-2 Section 28-3 Section 28-4 Section 28-5 Section 28-6 General Requirements ....... 101-213 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-213 Protection ............... 101-215 Special Provisions ........... 101-215 Building Services ........... 101-215 Special Provisions for Aircraft Servicing I-:Iangars ................ 101-215 1994 EDITION 101-16 LIFE SAFETY CODE Chapter 29 Storage Occupancies ........... 101-217 Section 29-1 General Requirements ....... 101-21~/ Section 29-2 Means of Egress Requirements . . 101-217 Section 29-3 Protection ............... 101-218 Section 29-4 Special Provisions ........... 101-219 Section 29~5 : Building Services ........... 101~219 Section 29-6 Special Provisions for Aircraft Siomge Hangars . . .' ........ 101-219 Section 29-'7 special Provisi6ns for Grain or Other Bhik Siorage Elevato}s: ...... :. 101-~219 Section 29-8 Special Pro~,isiOns for Parking St?uctures ................ 101-220 Chapter 30 Section 30-1 Section 30,2 Section 30-3 Section 30-4 Section 30~5 Section 30-6 and High Rise ................. 101-222 Requirements ....... 101-222 uirements . . 101-223 Protection ............... 101-224 Special, Provisions ........... 101-224 Building Services ........... 101-224 Special Provisions for Vehicles and Vessels ................. 101-224 Section 30-7 Section 30-8 Special Provisions for Underground and Windowless Structures ..... 101-224 High Rise Buildings ......... 101-225 Chapter 31 Operating Features ............ 101-226 Section31-1 General Requirements ...... 101-226 Section 31-2 Assembly Occupancies. ...... 101-228 Section 31-3 Educational OCcupancies ...... 101-228 Section 3,1-4 Health Care OccUPancies ...... 101-229 Section 31'-5 D~tention and Correctional Occupancies .............. 101-231 Section 31-6 Residential Occupancies ...... 101-231 Section 31-7: Board and Care Occupancies . . 101-232 Section 31-8 Mercantile Occupancies ....... 101-232 Section 3D9 Business Occupancies ........ 101-232 Chapter 32 Referenced Publications . . ~. ...... 101-233 Appendix A Explanatory Material,. ......... 101-235 Appendix B Referenced Publications ......... 101-290 Index .............................. 101-292 1994 EDITION ADMINISTRATION 101-17 NFPA 101® Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures 1994 Edition NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter des- ignating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A. Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 32 and Appendix B. CHAPTER 1' ADMINISTRATION SECTION 1-1 TITLE l-lA NFPA 101®, Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Build- ings and Structures, shall be known as the Life Safety Code, is cited as such, and shall be referred to herein as "this Code" or "the Code." SECTION 1-2 PURPOSE 1-2.1 The purpose of this Code is to provide minimum requirements, with due regard to function, for the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings and structures for safety to life from fire and similar emergencies. 1-2.2' As related to fire safety, the objective of this Code is to protect the occupants not intimate with the initial fire develop- ment from loss of life and to improve the survivability of those who are intimate with the fire development. The protection methods assume a single fire source. 1-2.3' The level of safety is achieved by the combination of prevention, protection, egress, and other features enumerated in the individual occupancy chapters with due regard to the capabilities and reliability of the features involved. 1-2.4 The Code endeavors to avoid requirements that might involve unreasonable hardships or unnecessary inconvenience or interference with the normal use and occupancy of a build- ing, but provides minimum requirements for fire safety consis- tent with the public interest. SECTION 1-3 SCOPE 1-3.1 This Code addresses life safety from fire and similar emergencies. 1-3.2' The Code addresses those construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to m~nimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes, or panic. 1-3.3 The Code identifies the minimum criteria for the design of egress facilities so as to permit prompt escape of occupants from buildings or, where desirable, into safe areas within buildings. 1-3.4 The Code recognizes that life safety is more than a mat- ter of egress and, accordingly, deals with other considerations that are essential to life safety. 1-3.5 Where in fixed locations and occupied as buildings, vehicles, vessels, or other mobile structures shall be treated as buildings. 1-3.6 The Code does not attempt to address those general fire prevention or building construction features that are nor- mally a function of fire prevention and building codes. 1-3.7 The prevention of accidental personal injuries during the course of nbrmal occupancy of buildings, personal injuries incurred by an individual's own negligence, and the preserva- tion of property from loss by fire have not been considered as the basis for any of the provisions of this Code. SECTION 1-4 APPLICATION 14.1 The Code applies to both new construction and existing buildings. In various chapters there are specific provisions for existing buildings that might differ from those for new con- struction. 14.2 A limited but reasonable time shall be allowed for com- pliance with any part of this Code for existing buildings com- mensurate with the magnitude of expenditure, disruption of se~-ices, and degree of hazard. 143 The authority having jurisdiction shall determine the adequacy of means of egress and other measures for life safety from fire in accordance with the provisions of this Code. 1-4,4' The requirements for existing buildings shall be per- mitted to be modified if their application clearly would be impractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdic- tion, but only where it is clearly evident that a reasonable degree of safety is provided. 1-4.5 Additions. Additions shall conform to the provisions for new construction. 1-4.6' Modernization or Renovation. Any alteration or any installation of new equipment shall be accomplished as nearly as practicable with the requirements for new construction. I Existing life safety features that do not meet the requirements for new buildings but exceed the requirements for existing buildings shall not be diminished further. In no case shall the resulting life safety features be less than those required for existing buildings. 1-4.7 Where specific requirements contained in Chapters 8 through 30 differ from general requirements contained in Chapters 1 through 7, the requirements of Chapters 8 through 30 shall govern. 1-4.8 Provisions in Excess of Code Requirements. Nothing in this Code shall be construed to prohibit a better type of build- ing construction, additional means of egress, or otherwise safer conditions than those specified by the minimum require- ments of this Code. SECTION 1-5 EQUIVALENCY CONCEPTS 1-5.1' Nothing in this Code is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, 'or devices of equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety as 1994 EDITION 101-18 LIFE SAFETY CODE alternatives to those prescribed by this Code, provided techni- 1-6.2' Buildings or portions of buildings shall be permitted cai documentation is submitted-to the authority having juris- to be occupied during construction, repair, alterations, or diction to demonstrate equivalency, and .the system, method~ additions only if all meanS of egress and all fire protection or device is approved for the intended purpose, features are in place and continuously maintained for the por- tion occupied. I-5.2 The specific requirements of this Code shall be permit- ted to be modified by the authority having jurisdiction to allow 1-6.3' Changes of Occupancy. In any building or structure, alternative arrangements that will secure as nearly equivalent whether necessitating a physical alteration or not, a change safety to life fror~ fire as practicable~ but in no case shall the from one occupancy classification to another, or from one modification:affOrd less shfety to life than that which, in the occupancy sub~lassificati°n t° another subclassification of jud'gment of the authority ha~ing jurisdiction, wOuld be pro- the s~me occuPancy, shall be permitted only if such structure, ;~ided by comPliance Witfi the c~esponding provisions con- building, or portioh thereof conforms with the requirements tainetd il this ~codel of thiS~Code :aPplying t0 new cOnstructiOn for the proposed new use. 1-5.3 Buildings with alternative fire protection features accepted by th~' authority haVing :jurisdiction shall be consid- ered as co~forming with the C°c~. SECTION 1-7 MAINTENANCE SECTION 1-6 OCCUPANCY (See also Section 31-1.) (See also Section 31-1.) 1-7.1 Whenever or wherever any device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, level of protection, or any other 1-6.1 No new construction or existing building shall be occu- feature is required for compliance with the provisions of this pied in whole or in part in violation of the provisions of this Code. Code, such device, equipment, system, condition, arrange- ment, level of protection, or other feature shall thereafter Exception: Existing buildings shall be permitted to remain in be permanently maintained unless the Code exempts such use, provided: maintenance. I (a) Aplanofcorrectionhasbeenapproved, and 1-7.2' Existinglifesafetyfeaturessuchas, butnotlimitedto, automatic sprinklers, fire alarm systems, standpipes, and hori- (b) The occupancy classification remains the same, and zontal exits, if not required by the Code, either shall be main- (c) No serious:life safety hazard exists, tained or removed. 1994 EDITION FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 101-19 CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 2-1' Every building or structure, new or old, designed for human occupancy shall be provided with means of egress and other safeguards sufficient to permit the prompt escape of occupants or shall furnish other means to provide a reasonable degree of safety for occupants. The design of means of egress and other safeguards shall be such that reliance for safety to life will not depend solely on any single safeguard; additional safeguards shall be provided for life safety in case any single safeguard is ineffective due to human or mechanical failure. 2-2 Every building or structure shall be constructed, arranged, equipped, maintained, and operated to avoid undue danger to the lives and safety of its occupants from fire, smoke, fumes, or resulting panic during the period of time reasonably necessary for escape from the building or structure or for that period of iime needed to defend in Place. 2-3 Every building or structure shall be provided with means of egress and other safegnards of kinds, numbers, locations, and capacities appropriate to the individual building or struc- ture, with due regard to the character of the occupancy, the capabilities of the occupants, the number of persons exposed, the fire protection available, the height and type of construc- tion of the building or structure, and other factors necessary to provide all occupants with a reasonable degree of safety. 2-4 In every building or structure, means of egress shall be arranged and maintained to provide free and unobstructed egress from all parts of the building or structure at ali times when it is occupied. No lock or fastening shah be installed to prevent free escape from the inside of any building. Means of egress shall be accessible to the extent necessary to ensure rea- sonable safety for occupants having impaired mobility. Exception: Locks shall be permitted in mental health, detention, or correctional facilities where superVisory personnel are continually on duty and effective provisions are made to remove occupants in case of fire or other emergency. 2-5 Every' exit shah be clearly visible, or the route to reach every exit shall be conspicuously indicated in such a manner that every occupant of every building or structure who is phys- ically and mentally capable will readily know the direction of escape from any point. Each means of egress, in its entirety, shall be arranged or marked so that the way to a place of safety is indicated in a clear manner. Any doorway or passageway that is not an exit or a way to reach an exit, but is capable of being confused with an exit, shall be arranged or marked to prevent occupant confusion with acceptable exits. Every effort shall be taken to avoid occupants mistakenly traveling into dead-end spaces in a fire emergency. 2-6 Where aixificial illumination is required in a building or structure, egress facilities shall be included in the lighting design in an adequate and reliable manner. 2-7 In every building or structure of such size, arrangement, or occupancy that a fire itself might not provide adequate occupant warning, fire alarm facilities shall be provided where necessary to warn occupants of the existence of fire. Fire alarms alert occupants to initiate emergency procedures and facilitate the orderly conduct of fire,exit drills. 2-8 Two means of egress, as a minimum, shall be provided in every building or structure, section, and area where size, occu- pancy, and arrangement endanger occupants attempting to use a single means of egress that is blocked by fire or smoke. The two means 'of egre~s shall be arranged to minimize the possibility that both might be rendered impassable by the same emergency condition. 2-9 Every exit stair, exit ramp, and other vertical opening between floors of a building shall be suitably enclosed or pro- tected, as necessary, to afford reasonable safety to occupants while using means of egress and to prevent spread of fire, smoke, or fumes througl~ vertical openings from floor to floor before occupants have entered exits. 2-10' Compliance with this Code shall not be construed as eliminating or reducing the necessity for other provisions for safety of persons using a structure under normal occupancy conditions. Also, no provision of the Code shall be construed as requiring or permitting any condition that might be hazard- ous under normal occupancy conditions. 1994 EDITION 101-20 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 3 DEFINITIONS SECTION 3-1 GENERAL 3-1.1 The following terms, for the purposes of this Code, shall have the meanings given in this chapter, if not otherwise modified for aspecifiC 0ceupancy. 3-1.2 Words used in~ the present tense include the future; words used in th:e masculin~ gender include the feminine:and ' neuter; the singular number includes the plural and the plural · th~ ~ingular.: 3-1.3 Where terms are not defined in this chapter, they shall have their ordinarily accepted meanings or such as the context implies. SECTION 3~2 DEFINITIONS Accessible Area of Refuge. An area of refuge that com- plies with the accessible r6ute requirements of CABO/ANSI A117.1. American National Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities. lic usable by a that leads to a pub- Addition. An extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure~ Aisle Accessway. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Ambulatory Health :Care Center. (See Section 12-1 or 13-1.) Anchor Store. (See Section 25-1.) Apartment Building. (See Section 18-1 or 19-1.) Approved.* Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Area. See Floor Area. Area of Refuge. (See 5-1.2.) Assembly Occupancy. (See Section 4-1 and Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Atrium. A floor opening or series of floor openings con- necting two or more stories that is covered at the top of the series of openings and is used for purposes other than an enclosed stairway; elevator hoistway; escalator opening; or utility shaft used for plumbing, electrical, air conditioning, or communication facilities. Authority Having Jurisdiction.* The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, an installa- tion, or a procedure. Automatic. Providing a function without the necessity of human intervention. Bleachers. A grandstand where the seats are not provided with backrests. 1994 EDITION Board and Care. (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Building. Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy. The,term building shall be construed as if followed by the words or portions thereof." See also Structure. Existing.* Any structure erected prior to the this Code or fo~: which a Permit for construction BUsiness OccUpfincy, ' (See Section 4-1 ) Combustible. Capable of undergoing combustion. Common Atmosphere (Educational Occupancies). (See Secn~on ]0,1 or 11-1.) Common :Path of Travel. That portion of exit access that must be traversed before two separate and distinct paths of traveito two exits are available. Paths that merge are common paths of travel. Common path of travel is measured in the same ~manner as travel distance but terminates at that point where,~two seParate and distinct routes become available. Complete Smoke Detection System. (See 7-6.2. 7.) Correctional Occupancy. (See Section 4-1.) Court. An open, uncovered, unoccupied space, unob- structed t° the sk~, bounded on three Or m~re sides by exterior building Walls Court, Enclosed. A court bounded on all sides by the exte- rior walls of a building or exterior walls and lot lines on which walls ar~ allowable. Covered Mail. (See Section 24-1 or 25-1 ) Critical Radiant Flux. The level of incident radiant heat energy on a floor covering system at thb most distant flameout point as determined by the test procedure of NFPA 253, Stan- dard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. The unit of mea- surement of critical radiant flux is watts per square centimeter (W/cm2). Day-Care Center. (See Section 10-7 or 11-7.) Detention Occupancy. (See Section 4-1.) Direct Exit. (See Section 14-1 or 15-1.) Dormitory. (See Section 16-1 or 17-1.) Draft Stop. A continuous membrane used to subdivide a concealed space to restrict the passage of smoke, heat, and flames. Educational Occupancy. (_See Section 10-1 or 11-1.) Evacuation Capability. (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) DEFINITIONS 101-21 Exhibitor. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Exhibit. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Existing.* That which is already in existence on the date when this Code goes into effect, such as existing buildings, structures, or egress facilities. Exit. That portion of fi means of egress that is separated from all other spaces of the building or structure by construc- tion or eqmpment as required in 5-1.3.1 to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge. Exits include exterior exit doors, exit passageways, horizontal exits, separated exit stairs, and separated exit ramps. Exit Access. That portion of a means of egress that leads to an exit. Exit Discharge. That portion of a means of egress between the termination of an exit and a public way. Exposition. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Exposition Facility. (See Section 8-1 or 9-10 Family Day-Care Home. (See Section 10-8 or 11-9.) Festival Seating. That form of audience/spectator accom- modation in which no seating, other than a floor or ground surface, is provided for the audience/spectators gathered m observe some performance. Fire Barrier. A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall or floor assembly that is designed and constructed with a specified fire resistance rating to limit the spread of fire and that also will restrict the movemen! of smoke. Such barriers might have protected openings. (See 6-2.3.) Fire Compartment.* A space, within a building, that is enclosed by fire barriers on all sides, including the top and bot- tom. (See 6-2.2.) Fire Resistance Rating. The time, in minutes or hours, that materials or assemblies have withstood a fire exposure as established in accordance with the test procedures of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Flame Spread. The propagation of flame over a surface. (See Section 6-5.) Flexible Plan Educational Building. (See Section 10-1 or 11-1.) Floor Area, Gross. The floor area within the inside perime- ter of the outside walls of the building under consideration with no deduction for hallways, stairs, closets, thickness of interior walls, columns, or other features. Where the term "area" is used elsewhere in this Code, it shall be understood to be gross area unless otherwise specified. Floor Area, Net. Net floor area shall be the actual occu- pied area, not including accessory unoccupied areas or thick- ness of walls. Flow Time. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Fly Gallery. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) General Industrial Occupancy. (See Section 28-1.) Gridiron. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Gross Leasable Area. (See Section 24-1 or 25-1.) Group Day-Care Home. (See Section 10-8 or 11-8.) Guard. A vertical protective barrier erected along exposed edges of stairways, balconies, and similar areas. Handrail. A bar, pipe, or similar member designed to fur- nish persons with a han~lhold. Hazardous Area. Those areas of structures or buildings posing a degree of hazard greater than that normal to the gcn- eral occupancy of a building or structure, such as those areas used for the storage or usc of combustibles or flammables; toxic, noxious, or corrosive materials; or heat-producing appli- ances. (Also see Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Health Care Occupancy. (See Section 4-1.) High Hazard Industrial Occupancy, (See Section 28-1.) High Rise Building.* A building more than 75 ft (23 m) in height. Building height shall be measured from the lowest level of fire department vehicle access to the floor of the highest occupiable story. Horizontal Exit. (See Section 5-1.) Hospital. (See Section 12-1 or 13-1.) Hotel. (See Section 16-1 or 17-1.) Industrial Occupancy. (See Section 4-1.) Interior Finish. (See Section 6-5.) Interior Floor Finish. (See Section 6-5.) Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an orga- nization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation that maintains peri- odic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materi- als and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compli- ance with appropriate standards orperformance in a specified manner. I Life Safety Evaluation. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Limited Care Facility. (See Section 12-1 or 13-1.) Limited-Combustible.* As applied to a building construc- tion material, other than interior finish, means a material not complying with the definition of noncombustible material that, in the form in which it is used, has a potential heat value not exceeding 3500 Btu/lb (8.14 m x 10~ J/kg) and complies with one of the following paragraphs, (a) or (b). 1994 EDITION 101-22 LIFE SAFETY CODE (a) Materials having a structural base of noncombustible material with a surfacing not_ exceeding a thickness of 1/8 in. (0.3 em) that has a flame spread rating not greater than 50. (b) Materials, in the form. and thickness used, other than as described in (a), having neither a flame greater than 25 and of sucl would be exposed by have nei- evidence of con- and published jurisdiction evaluation that maintains periodic materials and ~or tial residen- are bathrooms, toilet storage or utility spaces, by the 'use and load, earth- qu Lodging Home. (See Section 20-1.) Means of Egress. (See Section 5-1.) Means of Escape. A way out of a building or structure that does not c°nforn~ to the ~trict definition Of means of egress but does provide an alternate way out. Mercantile Occupancy. (See Section 4-1.) Mezzanine. An intermediate level between the floor and the ceiling of any room or space. Multipurpose Assembly Occupancy. (See Section 8-1.) Noncombustible.. A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not aid combus- tion or add appreciable heat man ambient fire. Materials, where tested in accordance with ASTM E136, Standard Test Me~h°d for Behavior of Materials in a Verthxal Tube Furnace at 750°C, and conforming to the criteria contained in Section 7 of the refer- enced standard Shall be considered as noncombustible. Nursing Home. (See Section 12-1 or 13-1.) Occupancy. The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used. Occupant Load. The total number of persons that might occupy a building or portion thereof at any one time. 1994 EDITION Occupiable Story. A story occupied by people on a regular basis. Stories used exclusively for mechanical equipment rooms, elevator penthouses, and similar spaces are not occupi- able stones. One- and Two-Family Dwelling, (See Section 21-1.) Open-Air Mercantile Operation. (See Section 24-1 or 25-1.) OpenIndustrial Structure, (See Section 30-1.) Open Plan Educational-Building. (See Section JO-1 or 11-1.) Outpatient (Ambulatory) Clinic. (See Section 12-1 or 13-1.) Outside Stair. Outside stairs include stairs where at least one side is Open to the outer air. (see:5-2.2.) Partial smoke Detection System, (See 7-6.2.8.) Personal Care. (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Pinrail. (See .Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Place of Assembly. (See Assembly Occupancy. in Section 4-1.) Plastic, Cellular or Foamed. A heterogeneous system com- prised of at least two phases, one of which is a continuous poly- meric organic material, and the second of which is deliberately introduced for the purpose of distributing gas in voids throughout the material, and foan~ed and unfoamed polymeric or monomeric precursors (prepolymer, if used), plaSticizers, fillers, extenders, catalysts, blo~vivig a~ents, colorar~ts, Stabilizers, lubricants, suffac- tants, pigments, reaction control agents, processing aids, and flame retardants. Platform. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Platform, Temporary. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Plenum. An air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected and that forms part of an air distri- bution system. Point of Safety, (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Proscenium Wall. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Public Way. Any street, alley, or other similar parcel of land essentially open to the outside air, deeded, dedicated, or other- w~se permanently appropriated to the public for public use and having a clear width and height of not less than 10 fi (3 m). Ramp. An inclined floor surface. (See Section 5-1 and 5-2.5.) Resident. (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Residential Board and Care. (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Residential Housing Area. (See Section 14-1 or 15-1.) Residential Occupancy. (See Section 4-1.) Rooming House. (See Section 20-1.) DEFINITIONS 101-23 Sally Port (Security Vestibule). (See Section 14-1 or15-i.) Self-Closing. Equipped with an approved device that will ensure closing after having been opened. Separate Atmosphere (Educational Occupancy). (See Section 10-1 or 11-1.) Separate Means of I~gress (Educational Occupancy). (See Section 10~1 or 11-1.) Separated Exit Ramp. (See Section 5-1, Exit.) Separated Exit Stair. (See Section 5-1. Exit.) Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. Smoke Barrier. A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizOntal, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke. A smoke barrier might or might not have a fire resistance rating. Such barriers might have protected openings. (See Section 6-3.) Smoke Compartment.* A smoke compartment is a space within a building enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom. (See Section 6-3.) Smoke Detector. A device that senses visible or invisible particles of combustion. Smoke Protected Assembly Seating. (See 8-4.3 or 9-4.3. ) Special Amusement Building. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Special Purpose Industrial Occupancy. (See Section 28-1.) Special Structure. (See 4-1.1.) Staff. (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Stage, (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Stage, Legitimate. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Stage, Regular. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Stage, Thrust. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) I Storage~'~ Occupancy. (See Section 4-1.) Store. (See Section 24-1 or 25-1.) Story. That portion of a building included between the upper surface of a floor and the upper surface of the floor or roof next above. Story of Exit Discharge. (See Section 11-1.) Street. Any public thoroughfare (street, avenue, boule- vard) 30. ft (9.1.m) or more in width that has been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use and is accessible for use by the fire department in fighting fire. Enclosed spaces and tun- nels, even though used for vehicular and pedestrian traffic, are not considered as streets for the purposes of the Code. Street Floor. Any story or floor level accessible from the street or :from outside the building at ground level with floor level at the main entrance not more than three risers above or below ground level at these points, and arranged and utilized to qualify as the main floor, Where, due to differences in street levels, there are two or more stories accessible from the street, each is a street floor for the purposes of the Code. Where there is no floor level within the specified limits for a street floor above or below ground level, the building shall be considered as having no street floor. Structure. That which is built or constructed. The term "structure" shall be construed as if followed by the words "or portion thereof." See also Building. Thermal Barrier. (See Section 22-1 or 23-1.) Thrust Stage. (See Section 8-1 or 9-1.) Tower. (See Section 30-1.) Underground Structure. (See Section 30-1.) Vehicle. (See Section 30-I.) Vertical Opening. An opening through a floor or roof. Vessel. (See Section 30-1.) Yard. An open, unoccupied space other than a court, unobstructed from the ground to the sky, except where specif- ically provided by the Code, on the lot on which a building is situated. 1994 EDITION 101-24 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 4 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY AND HAZARD OF CONTI~NTS SECTION 4-1 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY 4-1.1 A building or structure shall be classified as follows, subject to the ruling of the authority l~aving jurisdiction in case of question as to proper classification in any individual case. [OCCupancies in special:structureS shall conform to the require- ments Of th~ sPeCific occupancy ChaPters 8 through 29 except as modified b); chapter 30. 4-1.2', Assembly. (For requirements, see Chapters 8 and 9 ) Assembly 0CCUl~anciCs inchide, but are not limited to, all build- ings or p~rtion~ of buildings Used for gathering together 50 or more t~rs0ns for such p~rposes as deliberation worshi !ntertamment, eating, drinking, amusement, or awaiting transportation. Assembly occupancies include: Armories . ASsembly halls AuditoriUms BoWling iane~ Club rooms College and university cla~sr0oms, 50 per~0ns and over Conference rooms Courtrooms Dance halIs Drinking establishmen ts Exhibition halls Gymnasiums Libraries Mortuary chapels Motion picture theatres Museums Passenger stations and termi- nals of air, surface, under- ground, and marine public transportation 'facilities Places of religious worship Pool rooms Recreation piers Restaurants Skating rinks Theatres Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by fewer than 50 persons in a building or other occupancy and incidental to such other occupancy shall be classified as part of the other occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions applicable thereto. 4-1.3' Educational, (For requirements, see Chapters 10 and 11.) Educational occupancies include all buildings or portions of buildings used for educational purposes through the twelfth grade by s~x or more persons for four or more hours per day or more than 12 hours per week. Educational occupancies include: Academies Nursery schools Kindergartens Schools Educational occupancies also include day-care facilities of any occupant load. (See Sections 10-7, 10-8, 11-7, 11-8, 11-9.) Other occupancies associated with educational institutions shall be in accordance with the appropriate parts of this Code. In cases where instruction is incidental to some other occu- pancy, the section of this Code governing such other occupancy shall apply. 4-1.4 Health Care. (For requirements, see Chapters 12 and 13.) Health care occupancies are those used for purposes such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease, or i~ty; and for the care of ~ infants, convalescents, or infirm aged persons. Health care occu- pancies provide sleeping facilities for four or more occupants and ire occ~lpied by pers~m~ Who are m6stly incapabl~ of self- ......... preservation because of age, physical or ~nental disability, or because of security measuresnot under the occupants' control. Health care occupancies include: Hospitals Limited care facilities NUrsing homes Health care occupancies also include ambulatory health care centers. (See Sections 12-6 and 13-6. I 4-1.5 Detention and Correctional; (For requirements, see Chapters 14 and 15.) Detention and correctional occupancies are used to house individuals under varied degrees of restraint or security and are occupied by~pers0us whoare mostly incapa- ble of ~elf-preservatio~ because of security measures not under the occupants' control. Detention and correctional occupancies include: Adult and juvenile substance Adult correctional institutions abuse centers Ad~,t~ local detention facilities Adult and juvenile work Juvenile community residential camps centers Adult community Juvenile detention facilities residential centers Juvenile training schools Chapters 14 and 15 address the residential housing areas of the detention and correctional occup, ancy as defined by -- 14-1.3(d) and 15-1.3(d). Other nse~ witl~In detention and cor- rectional fadlities, such as m'mnasiums or industries shall h,- in accordance with the appropriate ¢-~apter of the &de. (~e ~ ~. 14-1.2.1 and 15-1.2.1.) 4-1.6 Residential. (For requirements, see Chapters 16 through 23.) Residential occupancies are those occupancies in which sleeping accommodations are provided for normal residential purposes and incIude all buildings designed to provide sleep- ing accommodations. Exception: Those classified under health care or detention and correctional occupancies. Residential occupancies are treated separately in this Code in the following groups: (a) Hotels, motels, and dormitories (Chapters 16 and 17) (b) Apartment buildings (Chapters 18 and 19) (c) Lodging or rooming houses (Chapter 20) (d) One- and two-family dwellings (Chapter 21) (e) Board and care facilities (Chapters 22 and 23). 4-1.7' Mercantile. (For requirements, see Chapters 24 and 25.) Mercantile occupancies include stores, markets, and other rooms, buildings, or structures for the display and sale of merchandise. 1994 EDITION CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY AND HAZARD OF CONTENTS 101-25 Mercantile occupancies include: Auction rooms Shopping centers Department stores Supermarkets Drugstores Minor merchandising operations in buildings predomi- nantly of other occupancies, such as a newsstand in an office building, shall be subject to_ the egress requirements of the pre- dominant occupancy. 4-1.8' Business. (For requirements, see Chapters 26 and 27.) Business occupancies are those used for the transaction of business (other than those covered under "Mercantile"), for the keeping of accounts and records, and for similar purposes. Business occupancies include: City halls Courthouses College and university Dentists' offices instructional buildings, Doctors' offices classrooms under General offices 50 persons, and Outpatient clinics, ambulatopy instructional laboratories Town halls I Minor office occupancy incidental to operations in another occupancy shall be considered as a part of the predominating occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions of this Code that apply to the predominant occupancy. 4-1.9 Industrial. (For requirements, see Chapter 28.) Indus- trial occupancies include factories making products of all kinds and properties devoted to operations such as processing, assembling, mixing, packaging, finishing or decorating, and repairing. Industrial occupancies include: Dry-cleaning plants Laundries Factories of all kinds Power plants Food processing plants Pumping stations Gas plants Refineries Hangars (for Sawmills servicing/maintenance) Telephone exchanges 1 44.10' Storage. (For requirements, see Chapter 29.) Storage occupancies include all buildings or structures utilized prima- rily for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise, prod- ucts, vehicles, or animals. Storage occupancies include: Barns Hangars (for storage only) Bulk oil storage Parking structures Cold storage Stables Freight terminals Truck and marine terminals Grain elevators' Warehouses Min0r~storage incidental to another occupancy shall be treated as part of the predominant occupancy. 4-1.11' Mixed Occupancies. Where two or more classes of occupancy occur in thc same building or structure and are intermingled so that separate safeguards are impracticable, means of egress facilities, construction, protection, and other safeguards shall comply with the mosl restrictive life safety requirements of the occupancies involved. SECTION 4-2 HAZARD OF CONTENTS 4-2.1 General. 4-2.1.1 The hazard of contents, for the purpose of this Code, shall be the relative danger of the start and spread of fire, the danger of smoke or gases generated, and the danger of explo- sion or other occurrence potentially endangering the lives and safety of the occupants of the building or structure. 4-2.1.2 Hazard of contents shall be determined by the authority having jurisdiction on the basis of the character of the contents and the processes or operations conducted in the building or structure. 4-2.1.3' Where different degrees of hazard of contents exist in different parts of a building or structure, the most hazard- ous shall govern the classification for the purpose of this Code. Exception: Where hazardous areas are separated or protected as specified in Section 6-4 and the applicable sections of Chap- ters 8 through 30. 4-2.2 Classification of Hazard of Contents. 4-2.2,1' The hazard of contents of any building or structure shall be classified as low, ordinary, or high in accordance with 4-2.2.2, 4-2.2.3, and 4-2.2.4. 4-2.2.2' Low Hazard. Low hazard contents shall be classi- .fled as those of such low combustibility that no self- propagating fire therein can occur. 4-2.2.3' Ordinary Hazard. Ordinary hazard contents shall be classified as those that are likely to burn with moderate rapidity or to give off a considerable volume of smoke. 4-2.2.4' High Hazard. High hazard contents shall be classi- fied as those that are likely to burn with extreme rapidity or from which explosions are likely. (For means of egress require- ments, see Section 5-11.) 1994 EDITION 101-26 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 5 MEANS OF EGRESS (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 5-1 GENERAL 5-1.1' Application. Means of egress for both new and existing buildings shall comply with this Ch&ptev. (Also see Chapter 1 ardt Section 31-1. ) 5-1.2 Definitions. Accessible Means of Egress.* A path of travel, usable by a person with a severe mobility impairment, that leads to a pub- lic way or an area of refuge. (See 5-2.4. ) Accessible Area of Refuge. An area of refuge that com- plies with the accessible route requirements of CABO/ANSI Atl7.1,American National Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities. Area of Refuge.* (See 5-2.12.) An area of refuge is either: (a) A floor 'in a building when such building is protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7 and has at least two accessible rooms or spaces separated from each other by smoke resisting partitions, or Exception to (a): Two accessible rooms or spaces shall not be required as permitted by Chapters 8 through 29. (b) A space, in a path of travel leading to a public way, that is protected from the effects of fire, either by means of separa- tion from other spaces in the same building or by virtue of loca- tion, thereby permitting a delay in egress travel from any level. Common Path of Travel. That portion of exit access that must be traversed before two separate and distinct paths of travel to two exits are available. Paths that merge are common paths of travel. Common path of travel is measured in the same manner as travel distance but terminates at that point where two separate and distinct routes become available. Exit.* That portion of a means of egress that is separated from all other spaces of the building or structure by construc- tion or equipment as required in 5-1.3.1 to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge. Exits include exterior exit doors, exit passageways,, horizontal exits, separated exit stairs, and separated exit ramps. Exit Access. That portion of a means of egress that leads to an exit. Exit Discharge. That portion of a means of egress between the termination of an exit and a public way. Horizontal Exit.* A way of passage from one building to an area of refuge in another building on approximately the same level, or a way of passage through or around a fire barrier to an area of refug~ on approximately the same level in the same building that affords safety from fire and smoke originat- ing from the area of incidence and areas communicating there- with. (See 5-2.4.) Means of Egress. A continuous and unobstructed way of exit travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts: (al the exit access, (b) the exit. and (c) the exit discharge. A means of egress comprises the vertical and horizontal travel and shall. include intervening room spaces, doorways, hallways, corri- dors, passageways, balconies, .ramps, stairs, enclosures, lob- bies, escalators horizontal exks, cohrts,and yards. Ramp. A walking surface in an acceSsible space that has a slope steeper' than 1 in20. ISevere Mobility Impairment, The ability to move to stairs but not the abilitv to use the stai~s. 5-1.3 Separation of Means of Egress. (See also Section 6-2.) 5-13.1 Exits. Where an exit is required by this Code to be protected by separation from other: parts of the building, the separating c~onstruction shall meet th~ reqfiirements of Section 6-2 and th~ following requirementS: (a) The separation shall have at least a 1-hour fire resis- tan~ rating v~here the exit ConneCts three'stories or less· This applies whether the stories counted are above or below the story where exit discharge begins. I (b) The separation shall have at least a 2-hour fire resis- tance rating the more stories, whether above or It shall be constructed of an. assembly or limited- combustible construction having Exception to (b): Hotels in accordance with 16-22.1.2 and 17-2.2·1.2 and apartment butldmgs in accordance with 18-Z2.1.2 and 19-2.2.1.2. (c) Any opening therein shall be protected by a fire door assembly equipped with a door Cl°se~ complying with 5-2.1.8. (d) Openings m exit enclosures sh~ be l:imited to those nec- essary for access to the enclosure from normally occupied spaces and · corndors, and for egress from :the enclosure. (e) Penetrations into and openings through an exit enclo- sur~ assembly are prohibited ex~pt f~r electrical conduit serv- ing the stain~ay, r~quired exit do6r~, ductWork and equipment Inecessary for i~lependent stair p~e~s~arization, water or steam piping necessary for the heating O~ cooling of the exit enclo- sure, sprinkler piping, and stand~ipcsi There shall be no penetrations or communicating openings between adjacent exit enclosures, Exception to (e): Existing penetrations protected in accordance with 6-2.3.6 shall be pert~itted to be Cot~tinu~d in use. 5-1.3.2 In existing buildings, where a two-story exit enclosure connects the story of exit discharge with the story next above or below only, but not both, the exit shall be required only to be enclosed on the story of exit discharge. At least 50 percent of the number and capacity of exits on the story of exit discharge shall be independent of such enclosures· 5-1.3.3 The enclosing walls of exits shall be arranged to pro- vide a continuous protected path of travel including landings and passageways, to an exit discharge. 1994 EDITION MEANS OF EGRESS 101-27 5-1.3.4' No exit enclosure sh&ll be used for any purpose that could interfere with its'use as an exit and, if so designated, as an area of refuge. (See also 5-2.2.6.5.) 5-1.3.5' Exit Access Corridors. Corridors used as exit access and serving an area having an occupant load of more than 30 shall be separated from other parts of the building by walls having a 1-hour fire resistance rating in accordance with 6-2.3. Exception No. 1: Existing buildings, provided the occupancy classification does not change. Exception No. 2: As otherwise provided in Chapters 8 through 29. 5-1.4 Interior Finish in Exits. The flame spread of interior finish on walls~and ceilings shall be limited to Class A or Class B in exit enclosures. Chapters 8 through 29 governing individ- ual occupancies might impose further limitations. 5-1.5 Headroom. Means of egress shall be designed and maintained to provide adequate headroom as provided in other Sections o~ this Code (~ee 5-2.2.2.1), but in no case shall the ceiling height be less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) nor shall any projection from the ceiling be less than 6 ft 8 in. (2 m) nominal height from the floor. H~adroom on stairs is the vertical dis- tance above a plane parallel to and tangent with the most for- ward projection of the' stair tread. Exception: In existing buildings, the ceiling height shall not be less than 7fl (213 cra):from the floor with no projection below a 6 fi 8 in. (203 em) nothinat height from the floor. 5-1.6 Changes in Level in Means of Egress. 5-1.6.1 Changes in level in means of egress shall be by a ramp or a stair where the elevation difference is more than 21 in. (53.3 cm). 5-1,6.2' Changes in level in means of egress not more than 21 in. (53.3 cra) shall be either by a ramp or by a stair complying with the requirements of 5-2.2. The minimum tread depth of such stair shall be 13 im (33 em), and the location of each step shall he readily apparent. 5-1.7 Construction Quality, Impediments to Egress. 5-1.7.1 Doors, stairs, ramps, passageways, signs, and all other means of egress shall be of substantial, reliable construction and shall be built or installed in a skillful manner. 5-1.7.2 Any device or alarm installed to restrict the improper use of a means of egress shall be designed and installed so that it cannot, even in case o2 failure, impede or prevent emergency use of such means of egress. Exception No. 1: As provided in 5-2..1.6. Exception No. 2: In detention and correctional occupancies as provided in Chapters 14 and 15. SECTION 5-2 MEANS OF EGRESS COMPONENTS 5-2.1 Doors. 5-2.1.1 General. 5-2.1.1.1 A door assembly, including the doorway, frame, door, and necessary hardware, used as a component in a means of egress shall conform to the general requirements of Section 5-1 and to the special requirements of this subsection. Such an assembly shall be designated as a door. 5-2.1.1,2 Every door and every principal entrance that is required to serve as an exit shall be designed and constructed so that the way of exit travel is obvious and direct. Windows that, because of their physical configuration or design and the materials used in their construction, could be mistaken for doors shall be made inaccessible to the occupants by barriers or railings. 5-2.1.1.3' For the purpose of Section 5-2, a building shall be considered to be occupied at any time it is open to or accessi- ble to the public or at any other time it is occupied by more than 10 persons. 5-2.1.2' Egress Width. In determining the egress width'for a doorway for purposes of calculating capacity, only the clear width of the doorway when the' door is in the full open position shall be measured. Clear width shall be the net, unobstructed width of the door opening without projections into such width. 5-2.1.3 Width and Floor Level. 5-2.1,3.1 No door opening in the means of egress shall be less than 32 in. (81 em) in dear width. Where a pair of doors is provided, at least one of.the doors shall provide a minimum 32-in. (81-cra) clear width opening. Exception No. 1: Exit access doors serving a room not larger than 70 sq ft (6.5 sq m) and not required to be accessible to per- sorts in wheelchairs shall be not less than 24 in. (61 cm) in door width. Exception No. 2: In existing buildings, the minimum door width shall be not less than 28 in. (71 cra). Exception No. 3: In detention and correctional occupancies as provided in Chapters 14 and 15. Exception No. 4: Interior doors within dwelling units as pro- vided in Chapter 21. Exception No. 5: A power-operated door leaf located within a two leaf opening shall be exempt from the minimum 32-in. (81-cm) single-leaf requirement in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 5-2.1.9. 5-2.1.3.2 No single door in a doorway shall exceed 48 in. (122 cra) in width. 5-2.133 The elevation of the floor surfaces on both sides of a door shall not vary by more than 1/2 in. (13 mm). The elevation shall be maintained on both sides of the doorway for a distance at least equal to the Width of the widest leaf. Thresholds at doorways shall not exceed ¥2 in. (13 mm) in height. Raised thresholds and floor level changes greater than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) at doorways shall be beveled with a slope not steeper than 1 in 2. Exception: In one- and two-family dwellings and in existing buiMings where the door discharges to the outside or to an exte- rior balcony or exterior exit access, the floor level outside the door shall be permitted to be one step lower than the inside, but not more than 8 in. (20.3 cra) lower. 1994 EDITION 101-28 LIFE SAFETY CODE 5-2.1.4 Swing and Force to Open. 5-2.1.4.1' Any door in a m~an~ of egress shall be of the side- hinged or pivoted-swinging 'type. The dOOr shall be designed and installed SC that it is capable of swinging from any position to the full Use of the opening in which it is install~d. DoOrs shall swing 'in the direction c]~ egress travel where serVing a room :or a~a with an occupant 10ad of 50 or more. Exception No.. 1: Sliding doors in detention and correctional occupancies=a~ providbd in Chapters 14 and 15, and doors for dwe~ing units as provided in Cffapte~ 21! Exception No. 2: ~Srnoke barrier door swing tn existing health care occupancies as provided in Chapter 13. · r . ~epti°n NOir3: DOors in' horizontal exits shall not be required to s~ving in the direction of' egress travel where SPec¢cally I exempted:by 5-2.4.3,6. ~ Exception No, 4: Where permitted by Chapters 8 through 29, horizontal Sliding or vertical rolling se-curity 'grilles or doors that are a pa~ of th~ required means ¢ egres; shall conform to the folloW'lng: (a) They shall remain secured in the full open position dur- ing the peri3a of Ocauvan~y tv the gener[d pUblic. (b) On or adjacent to th,,e door, there shall be a readily visi- ble, durable sign ]hat reads ' THIS DOOR TO REMAIN OPEN WHEN THE BUILDING IS OCCUPIED." The sign shall be in letters not less than 1 in. (2.5 cra) high on a -contrasting background. (c) . Doors or grilles shall not be brought to the closed posi- tion when the space is occupiea~ (d) DOors or grilles shall be openable from within the space without the use of any special knowledge or effort. (e) Where two Or more means Of egress are required, not more than half of the means of egress shall be permitted to be equipped with horizontal sliding or vertical rolling grilles or doors. Exception No. 5: Horizontal sliding doors complying with 5-2.1.14. Exception No. 6: Doors to private garages and industrial and storage areas with an occupant load of not more than 10 need ] not be side-hinged or pivoted-swinging doors where SUch garages and industrial and storage areas contain low or ordinary hazard contents. Exception No. 7: Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10. Exception No. 8: Existing fusible link-operated horizontal slid- ing or vertical rolling fire doors where specifically permitted by Chapters 8 through 29. 5-2.1.4.2 DOOrs shall swing in the direction of egress travel where used in an exit enclosure or where serving a high hazard contents area. Exception: Doors from individual living units that open directly into an exit enclosure need not swing in the direction of egress travel. 54.1.4.3' During its swing, any door in a means of egress shall leave unobstructed at least one half of the required width of an aisle, corridor, passageway, or landing. When fully open, the dOOr shall not project more than 7 in. (17.8 cm) into the required width of an aisle, corridor, passageway, or landing. DOOrs shall not open immediately onto a stair without a landing. The landing shall have a Width at least equal to the width of the door. (See 5-2.1.3.3,) Exception: In extsnng butldtngs, a door provMing access to a stair shall neither reduce the unobstructed width of a stair or landing to less than 22 inl (55.9 cm) nOr, when open, project more ~han 7 in. (17.~ ~crn) i~to the r~quir$d Width of a stair or landing. 5-2,1.4.4 The t zdoor manually to release motion, and 15 lbf width. pivoted-swinging These forces shall Exception No. build- ings shall c0r- 15. ~ provided in 5-2.1.9. of egress travel ~ tion of egress travel. storm the direction in the direc- 5-2.1.5 Locks, Latches, and Alarm Devices. 5-2.L5.1 DOOrs .~ readily from the egress side whenever Locks, if provided, shall ~ special knowl- edge,: or ~ffort t of the building. x;eption No. 1: In health care oceupancies as provided in a~ters 12 and 13, and in detention an'd correctional occupan- cies as provided in chapters 14 artd 15. o~ppCeption No, 2: Exterior doors shall bepermitted to have key- er~tted locks from the egress side, i provi~led: (a ) This exception shall be specifically permitted by Chapters 8 through 29 for the specific occupancy; and (b) On the e.~ess side, ,on or adjacent to the door, there shall be a readily visib'le~ dur~ble sign friar reads "THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHI~N 7~HE BUILDING IS OCCU- PIED''. The sign shall be in le~tters!not less than 1 in. (2.5 cm) high on a contrasting backgro~n~ and (c) The locking d~ice shall be of a type that is readily dis- tinguishable as loc[~ed, and (d) ,4 key shah be immediately available to any occupant inside the building when it is locked. This exception shall be permitted to be revoked by the author- ity having jurisdiction for cause. Exception No. 3: Where specifically permitted by Chapters 8 through 29, key operation sha]l b~ allowed, proffded the key cannot be removed when the door is locked ftJom the side from which egress is to be made. 1994 EDITION MEANS OF EGREss 101-29 5-2.1.5.2' the stair enclosure, to the interior of the building, or an auto- matic release shall be provided to unlock all stair enclosure doors to allow reentry. Such automatic release shall be actu- ated with the initiation of the building fire alarm system. Exception No. 1: Selected doors on stair enclosures shall be permitted to be equipped with hardware that prevents reentry into the interior of the building provided that: Every stair enclosure door shall ~tllow re6iit~ ff6~ '5~2.1.5,5 No lock, padlock, hasp, bar, chain, or other device, or combination thereof shall be installed or maintained on or in connection with any door on which panic hardware or fire exit hardware is required by this Code if such device prevents or is intended to prevent the free use of the door for purposes of egress. (a) Such arrangement is specifically permitted by Chapters 8 through 29, and (b) There are at least two levels where it is possible to leave the stair enclosure, and (c) There shall be not more than four floors intervening between floors where it is possible to leave the stair enclosure, and (d) Reentry is possible on the top or next to top floor permit- ting access to another exit, and (e) Doors permitting reentry are .identified as such on the stair side of the door. Exception No. 2: Stairs serving not more than four stories. Exception No. 3: Existing installations as permitted by Chap- ters 8 through 29. Exception No. 4: Stair enclosures serving a building permitted to have a single exit in accordance with Chapters 8 through 30. Exception No. 5: In new health care occupancies as provided in Chapter'12, and in new detention and correctional occupan- cies as provided in Chapter 14. 5-2.1.5.3' A latch or other fastening device on a door shall be provided with a lever, knob, handle, panic bar, or other simple type of releasing device having an obvious method of operation Iunder all lighting conditionsi The releasing mechanism for any latch shall be located not more than 48 in. (122 cm) above the finished floor. Doors shall be openable with no more than one releasing operation. Exception: . Egress doors from individual living units qnd guest rooms of residential occupancies shall be permitted to be pro- vided with devices that require not more than one additional releasing operation, such as a night latch, dead bolt, or security chain, provided such device is operable from the inside without the use ora key or tool and is mounted at a height not to exceed 48 in. (122 cm ) above the finished floor.'Existing security devices shall be permitted to have two additional releasing operations. Existing security devices other than automatic latching devices shall not be located more than 60 in. (152 cm) in height above the finished floor. Automatic latching devices shall not be located more than 48 in. (122 cra) above the finished floor. 5-2.1.5.4 Whei'e pairs of doors are required in a means of egress, each leaf of the pair shall be provided with its own releasing device. Devices that depend upon the release of one door before the other shall not be used. Exception: Where exit doors are used in pairs and approved automatic flush bolts are used, the door leaf having the auto- matic flush bolts shall have no doorknob or surface-mounted hardware. The unlatching of any leaf shall not require more than one operation. Exception: As otherwise provided in 5-Z1.6. 5-2.1.6 Special Locking Arrangements. 5-2.1.6.1 Delayed Egress Locks. In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic fire detec- tion system or approved, supervised automatic sprinkler sys- tem, and where specifically permitted by Chapters 8 through 29, doors in low and ordinary hazard contents areas as defined by 4-2.2 shall be permitted to be equipped with approved, listed, locking devices that shall: (a) Unlock upon actuation of an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Sec- tion 7-7, or upon the actuation of any heat detector or not more than two smoke detectors of an approved, supervised automatic fire detection system in accordance with Section 7-6, and (b) Unlock upon loss of power controlling the lock or lock- ing mechanism, and (c) Initiate an irreversible process that will release the lock within 15 seconds upon application to the release device required in 5-2.1.5.3 of a force that shall not be required to exceed 15 lbf (67 N) nor be required to be continuously applied for more than 3 seconds. The initiation of the release process shall activate a signal in the vicinity of the door to ensure those attempting to egress that the system is functional. IOnce the door lock has been released by the application of force to the releasing device, relocking shall be by manual means only. Exception to (c): The authority having jurisdiction shall be per- mitted to approve a delay not to exceed 30 seconds provided that reasonable life safety is ensured. (d)* On the door adjacent to the release device, a sign shall be provided that reads: "PUSH UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 SECONDS." Sign letters shall be at least 1 in. (2.5 cm) high and of at least t/8-in. (0.3-cra) stroke width. (e) Emergency lighting in accordance with Section 5-9 shall be provided at the door. 5-2.1.6.2 Access-Controlled Egress Doors. Where specifi- cally permitted by Chapters 8 through 30, doors in the means of egress shall be permitted to be equipped with an approved entrance and egress access control system installed in accor- dance with items (a) through (e). (a) A sensor shall be provided on the egress side arranged to detect an occupant approaching the doors. The doors shall be arranged to unlock upon detection of approaching occu- pant or loss of power to the sensor, and 1994 EDITION 101-30 LIFE SAFETY CODE (b) Loss of power to that part of the access control system that locks the doors shall aut_om.atically unlock the doors, and r (c) The doors shall be arranged to unlock from a manual el~ase device lOCated 40 in. (102 cm) t° 48 in. (122 cm) Verti- cally above the floor and Wiihin 5 fi (i.5 m) of the secured doc~rs. The manual release device shall be readily accessible and clearly identified by a sign that reads "Push to Exit". When 0p~rated, the manual release device shall result in direct interruption of power to the 16ck--independent of the access control sYstem electrOnicS--and the d00~s shall remain unlocked fOr a ~inimum of 30 seconds, and (d) Acti'~ation,of the building fire protective signaling sys- tem, if Provided; Shall aUtomatichlly uhlock the doors, and the dogs shah r~m~in Unl~ked until ihe fire-protective signaling system has been manually reset, and (e) Activation .ol' the building automaticl sprinkler or fire detection system,:if provided, stiall automatically unlock the doors. Th~ _doors shall ie~a'in unlocked until the fire- protective signaling system has been manually reset. 5-2.'1.7 Panic Hardware and Fire Exit Hardware. 5-2.1.7.1 Panic hardware and fire exit hardware consist of a door-latching assembly incorporating a deVice that releases the latch upon the apphcation of a force in the direction of egress travel. Fire exit hardware 'additionally provides fire pro- tection where used as part of a fire door assembly (a) Consist 0f bars or panels, the actuating portion of which shall extend ac~Oss n6t les~ than one half of ihe width of the door leaf, not lesg than 30 in. (76 ~em) h°r more than 44 in. (112 cm) above the fl6or, and · (b) Cause the door latch to release when a force that shall not be required to exceed 15 lbf (67 N) is applied. 5-2.1.7.3 Only approved panic hardware shall be used on doors that are not fire doors~ Only approved fire exit hardware shall be used on fire doors. 5-2.1.7.4 Required panic hardware and fire exit hardware shall not be equipped with any locking device, set screw, or other arrangement that can be used to prevent the release of the latch when pressure is applied to the releasing device. Devices that hold the latch in th~ retracted Position shall be prohibited on fire exit hardware unless listed anc~ approved for such use. Exception: In detention and correctional occupancies as pro- vided in Chapters 14 and 15. 5-2.1.8 Self-ClOsing Devices. A door deSigned to normally be kept closed in a means of egress, such as a door to a stair encloaure or horizontal exit, shail be a self-closing door and shall not be secured in the open position at any time. Exception: In any building of low or ordinary hazard contents, as defined in 4-2.2.2 and 4-2.2.3, or where permitted by the authority having jurisdiction, doors ~hall be permitted to be automatic-closing where: (a) Upon release of the hold-open mechanism, the door becomes self-closing; and (b) The release device is designed so that the door can be ins'tantly released manually anal upon release become self- closing or the door can be Closed 'by some simpl~ or readily obvioUS operation; and ~ or medium is acti- detec- tion designed and SO as tO egress ,~ either National Fire open and detector is provided ~ tO ensure and the hold- The release by means of smoke detection of one door in a stab' enclosure results in closing.all doors serving that stair. 5-2.1.9 Power-Operated Doors. Where l:equired doors are operated by power,such as doors actuated by sensing devices upon the approach of a person or doors with power-assisted manual operation, the design shall be such that in the event of pOWer failure, th~ door can be °pen~d manually to permit ~gress travel or closed where necessary tO safeguard the means of egress. The forces required to 0p~n! these doors manually that the lbf egress is made, position to the full use of the required in which it is installed (See 5-2'1.4.) Exception No. 1: Sliding power-operated doors in exit access serving an occupant load offewer than 50 that can be manually opened in the direction of door travel with forces not exceeding those specified in 5-2.1.4.4 shall not be requJred to have a swing- out feature. Exception No. 2*: In the emergency break-out mod~ a door leaf located within a two,leaf openin~ shall be erer~.p, ted from the mini- mum 32-in. (81-cm) si~tgl~-leaf requirement of 5-2.1.3.1 if a mini- mum of 30 in. (76 cra) clear ~vidt~ is provide~l by the single leaf. Exception No. 3: Doors complying with 5-2.1.14. Exception No. 4: In detention andcorrectional occupancies as provided in Chapters 14 and 15. 5-2.1.10 Revolving Doors. 5-2.1.10.1 All revolving doors shall complywith the following: (a) Revolving doors shalI be capable of being collapsed into a book-fold position. Exception to (a): Existing revolving doors where approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 1994 EDITION MEANS OF EGRESS 101-31 (b) When in the book-fold position, the parallel eg/esS Paths. ?: (a), There is a power failure or power is removed to the formed shall provide ag aggregate width of 36 in. (91 cm). device homing the wings in position. Exception to (b): Existing revolving doors where approved by the authority having jurisdiction. (c) Revolving doors shall not be used within 10 ft (3 m) of the foot of or top of stairs or escalators. Under all conditions, there shall be a dispersal area acceptable to the authority hav- ing jurisdiction between th6 stairs or escalators and the revolv- ing door. (d) The revolutions per minute (rpm) of revolving doors shall not exceed the following: (b) There is an actuation of the automatic sprinkler system where such system is provided. (c) There is actuation of a smoke detection system that is installed to provide coverage in all areas within the building that are within 75 fl (23 m) of the revolving doors. (d) There is the actuation of a manual control switch that reduces the homing force to below the 130 lbf (578 N) level. Such switch shall be in an approved location and shall be clearly identified. Manual-type Power Driven-type Speed Control Inside Diameter Speed Control (rpm) (rpm) 6 ft 6 in. (2 m) 11 12 7 ft 0 in. (2.1 m) 10 11 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) 9 11 8 ft 0 in. (2.4 m) 9 10 8 ft 6 in. (2,6 m) 8 9 9 ft 0 in. (2.7 m) 8 9 9 ft 6 in. (2.9 m) 7 8 l0 ft 0 in. (3.0 m) 7 8 (e) EaCh revolving door shall have a conforming side- hinged swinging door in the same wall as the revolving door and within 10 ft (3 m) of the revolving door. Exception No. l to (e): Revolving doors shall be permitted without adjacent swinging doors for street floor elevator lobbies if no stairways or doors from other pans of the building discharge through the lobby and the lobby has no oCcupancy other than as a means of travel between elevators and street. Exception. No. 2 to (e): Existing revolving doors where the number of revolving doors does not exceed the number of swing- ing doors within 20 ft (6.1 m). 5-2.1.10.2 Where permitted by Chapte~rs 8 through 29, revolving doors shall be permitted as a component in a means of egress under the following conditions: (a) Revolving doors shall not be given credit for more than 50 percent of the required egress capacity. (b) Each revolving door shall be credited with no more than 50 persons capacity. Exception to (b ): Revolving doors with a minimum 9-ft (2. 7-m ) diameter shall b~: permitted egress capacity'based on the clear opening width provided. (c) Revolving doors shall be capable of being collapsed into la book-fold position when a force that shall not be required to exceed 130 Ibf (578 N) is applied to wings within 3 in. (7.6 cm) of the outer edge. 5-2.1.10.3 Revolving doors not used as a component of a means of egress shall have a collapsing force of not more than 180 lbf (800 N). Exception: Revolving doors ~hall be permitted to have a col- lapsing force set in excess of 180 lbf (800 N) if the collapsing force is reduced to not more than 130 Ibf (578 N) when: 5-2.1.11 Turnstiles. 5-2.1.11.1 No turnstile or similar device to restrict travel to one direction or to collect fares or admission charges shall be placed so as to obstruct any required means of egress. Exception No. 1: Approved turnstiles not over 39 in. (99 cm) high that turn freely in the direction of egress travel shall be per- mitred in any occupancy where revolving doors are permitted by Chapters 8 through 29. Exception No. 2: Where permitted by the authority having juris- diction and Chapters 8 through 29, turnstiles shall be permitted to be used for egress and each turnstile credited for 50 persons capacity provided such tumstdes: (a) Freewheel in the egress direction when primary power ts lost, and freewheel in the direction of egress travel upon the manual release by an employee assigned in the area, and (b) Shall not be given credit for ~ore than 50 percent of the required egress wMth, and (c) Shall not be over 39 in. (99 cra) high nor have a clear wMth less than 162/2 in. (41.9 cra). 5-2.1.11.2 Turnstiles over 39 in. (99 cra) high shall be subject to the requirements for revolving doors. 5-2.1.11.3 Turnstiles in or furnishing access to required exits shall provide at least 161/2 in. (41.9 cm) clear width at and below a height of 39 in. (99 cra) and at least 22 in. (55.9 cm) clear width at heights above 39 in. (99 cra). 5-2.1.12 Doors in Folding Partitions. Where permanently mounted folding or movable partitions are used to divide a room into smaller spaces, a swinging door or open doorway shah be provided as an exit access from each such space. Exception No. 1: Under the following conditions, the swingtng door shall not be required, and the partition shall be permitted to be used to enclose the space completely: (a) The subdivided space shall not be used by more than 20 persons at any time, and (b) The use of the space shall be under adult supervision, and (c) The partitions shall be arranged so that they do not extend across any aisle or corridor used as an exit access to the required exits from the floor, and 1994 EDITION 101-32 LIFE SAFETY CODE (d) The partitions shall conform to the interior finish and other applicable requirements-of lhis Code, and (e) The partitions shall be an approved tYpe, shall have a stmple method of release, and shall ~'caPable of being opened quickly and easily by inexperienced persons in case of emergency. Exception No. 2: Where a subdivided space is provided with at least two means of egress, the swinging door in the folding partia (ion. shall nOt be ~eq~red, and one.'su~h means of ~gress ~h'all be permitted to be equipped With a horizontal slidi~tg ~loor complY- ~ng With' 5_2: L 14. ~ 5-2.1.13 Balanced Doors. If panic hardware is installed on balanced doors, the panic hardware shall be of the push-pad orype, and the pad shall not extend more than approximately ne half the width of the door measured from the latch side. 5-2.L14 Horizontal Sliding Doors. Horizontal sliding doors complying Wi~h th~ following shall be permitted in means of egress: (a) The door shall be operable by a simple method from either side without special l~nowledg~ or effort, and (b) The force, applied to the operating device in the direc- ] tion ~>f egress, required to operate the door shall not exceed 15 lbf (6'] N), and (c) The force required to operate the door in the direction of door travel shall not exceed 30 lbf ( 133 N) to set the door in mo(ton and 15 lbf (67 N) to close the door or open it to the minimum required ~vidth, and (d) The door shall be operable with a force not to exceed 50 lbf (222 N) when a force of 250 lbf (1,110 N) is applied per- pendic~larly to the dOOr adjacent to (lie oPerating device, and Exception to (d): Horizontal sliding exit access doors serving an area having an occupant load of fewer than 50. (e) The door assembly shall comply with the applicable fire protection rating and, ~,here rate't, shall be self-closing or automatic-closing by smoke detection in accordance with 5-2.1.8, and shall be iflstalled in accordance with NFPA 80, standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows. 5-2.2 Stairs. 5-2.2.1 General. Stairs, either interior or exterior, used as a component in the means of egress shall conform to the general requirements of Section 5-1 and to the special requirements of this subsection. Exception No. 1: Aisle steps in assembly occupancies as pro- vMed in Chapters 8 and 9. Exception No. 2: Existing noncomplying stairs shall be permit- ted to continue to be used subject to the approval of the author- ity having jurisdiction. 5-2.2.2 Types of Stairs. 5-2.2.2.1' Dimensional Criteria. dance with the following table: Stairs shall be in accor- New Stairs Minimum width clear of all obstmc- 44 in. (112 cra) (ions, except projectibns not 36 in. (91 cm), where exceeding 31/2 in.(8 9 cm) at or total occupant load of below handrail height on each side ali floors served by stairways is fewer than 50 Maximum heigh~ of fisers~ : ~ 7 in;(17.8 em) Minimum height of risers 4 in, (10.2 cm) Minimum tread depth it in, (27.9 cra) Minimum headroom: 6 ft 8 in. (203 cra) Maximum height between l~ndings 12 ft (3 7.m) I Landing (See 5-ZL3.3 and 5-2 l 4 3 ) Exception*: Existing stairs in existing buildings shall be permit- ted ~o remain in use if they meet the requirements for existing stairs shown in the table for existing stairs. Subject to approval by he authonty havtngjurisdictton, extsttng st~trs shall be perm((ted to be rebuilt in accordance with the table ~s dimensional criteria for existing stairs and in accordance With Other Code require- ments in 5-Z2 for stairs. Existing Stairs Minimum width clear of all obstructions, except projectians not exceeding 3l/2 (8.9 cm~ at or below hand rail height on each side Maximum height of risers Minimum tread depth Minimum headroom Maximum height between landings Landing Class A Class B 44 in. 44 in. (!12 cra) (112 cm) 361 in, (91 .cm), where total occupant load of all floors served by StairWays is fewer than 50 7t/2 i~ 8in. (19,1 cra) (20.3 cm) , in~ 9in. (25.4 crn) (22.9 crn) 6 fi 8 in. 6 ft 8 in. ( ~b3 em) (203 12 ft 12 ft (3.7m) (3.7m) (See 5-ZL3.3 and 5-2.1.4.3.) 5-2.2.2.2' Tread Slope. Tread slope shall not exceed 1/4 in./ft (2.1 cra/m) (a slope of 1 in 48). 5-2.2.2.3' Riser Height and Tread Depth. Riser height shall be measured as the vertical distance betweet~ tread nosings. Tread depth shall be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread's l[ading edge, but shall not include beveled or rounded tread surfaces that slope more than 20 degrees (a slope of 1 in 2.75). At tread nosings, such beveling or rounding shall not exceed I/2 in. (1.3 cm) in horizontal dimeltsion. 5-2.2.2.4 There shall be no variation exceeding 3h6 in. (0.5 cra) in the depth of adjacent treads or in the height of adjacent risers, and the tolerance ,bbtween the largest and smallest riser or between the largest and smallest tread shall not exceed 3/8 in. (1.0 cm) in any flight~ Exception: Where the bottom riser adjoins a sloping public way, walk, or driveway having an established grade and serving as a 1994 EDITION MEANS OF EGRESS 101-33 landing a variation in height of the bottom riser of not 'mom than 3 in. (Z6 cm)-in every 3 fi (91 cm) of stairway width shall be permitted. 5-2.2.2.5 Monumental Stairs. Monumental stairs, either inside or outside, shall be permitted as a component in a means of egress if in compliance with all the requirements for stairs. 5-2.2.2.6 Curved Stairs. Curved stairs shall be permitted as a component in a means of egress provided the minimum depth of tread is 11 in. (27.9 cm) at a point 12 in. (30.5 cm) from the narrower end of the tread and the smallest radius is not less than twice ~he stair width. Exception: Existing curved stairs shall be permitted to be con- tinued tn use provided the minimum depth of tread is 10 in. (25.4 cra) and the smallest radius is not less than twice the stair width. 5-2.2-2.7 Spiral Stairs. Where specifically permitted for indi- vidual occupancies by Chapters 8 through 29, spiral stairs shall be permitted as a component in a means of egress provided: (a) The occupant load served shall not exceed 5, and (b) The clear width of the stairs shall be not less than 26 in, (66 cm), and (c) The height of risers shall not exceed 9q2 in. (24.1 cm), and (d) Headroom shall be not less than 6 ft 6 in. ( 198 cm), and (e) Treads shall have a minimum depth of 71/2 in. (19.1 cm) at a point 12 in. (30~5 cm) from the narrower edge, and (f) All treads shall be identical. 5.2.2.2.8' Winders. Where specifically permitted for indi- vidua} occupancies by Chapters 8 through 29, winders shall be allowed in stairs~ Winders on new stairs shall have a minimum tread depth of 6 in. (15.2 cm) and a minimum depth of tread of 11 in. (27.9 cm) at a point 12in. (30.5 cm) from the narrowest edge. Existing Winders shall be permitted to remain in use if they have a minimum tread depth of 6 in. (15.2 cm) and a minimum depth of: tread of 9 in. (22.9 cm) at a point 12 in. (30.5 cm) from the narrowest edge. 5-2.2.3 Stair Details. 5-2.2.3;1 All stairs serving as required means of egress shall be of Permanent fixed construction. Exceptiom Stairs in assembly occupancies serving seating that is designed to be repositioned in accordance with Chapters 8 and 9. 5-2.2.3;2 Each i~ew stair, platform, and landing used in build- ings more than three stories in height and in new buildings required by this Code to be of Type I or Type II construction shall be of noncombustible material throughout. Exception: Handrails. 5-2.2,3,3 Stairs and intermediate landings shall continue with no decrease in width along the direction of egress travel. In new buildings, every landing shall have a dimension measured in direction of travel equal to the width of the stair. Such dimension need not exceed 4 ft (122 cm) where the stair has a straight run. 5-2.2.3.4* Stair treads shall be uniformly slip resistant and shall be free of projections or lips that could trip stair users. 5-2.2.3.5 Treads of stairs and landing floors shall be solid. Exception: Noncombustible grated stair treads and landing .floors in assembly occupancies as provided in Chapters 8 and 9, in detention and correctional occupancies as provided in Chap- ters 14 and 15, and in industrial occupancies as provided in Chapter 28. 5-2.2.3.6 Stairs shall be arranged so as to make clear the direction of egress to a public way. Stairs that continue beyond the level of exit discharge shall be interrupted at the level of exit discharge by partitions, doors, or other effective means. Exception: Stairs that continue one-half story beyond the level of exit discharge need not be so interrupted where the exit dis- charge is obvious. 5-2.2.4 Guards and Handrails. 5-2.2.4.1 Guards, Means of egress such as stairs, landings, balconies, corridors, passageways, floor or roof openings, ramps, aisles, porches, or mezzanines that are more than 30 in. (76 cm) above the floor or grade below shall be provided with guards to prevent falls over the open side. - Exception: Existing handrails meeting the requirements of 5-2.2.4.5 shall be permitted to serve as guards. 5-2.2.4.2* Handrails. Each new stair and each new ramp with a slope exceeding 1 in 20 shah have handrails on both sides. In addition, handrails shall be provided within 30 in. (76 cm) of all portions of the required egress width of stairs. The required egress width shall be along the natural path of travel Existing stairs and stairs within dwelling units and within guest rooms shall have a handrail on at least one side. (See also 5-Z2.4.5.) Exception: On existing stairs, handrails shall be provided within 44 in. (112 cm) of all portions of the required egress width of stairs. 5-2.2.4.3 Required guards and handrails shall continue for the full length of each flight of stairs. At turns of stairs, inside handrails shall be continuous between flights at landings. Exception: On existing stairs, hand~ails shah not be required to be continuous between flights of stairs at landings. 5-2.2.4.4 The design of guards and handrails and the hard- ware for attaching handrails to guards, balusters, or walls shall be such that there are no projections that might engage loose clothing. Openings in guards shall be designed to prevent loose clothing from becoming wedged in such openings. 5-2.2.4.5' Handrail Details. (a) Handrails on stairs shall be not less than 34 in. (86 cm) nor more than 38 in. (96 cra) above the surface of the tread, measured vertically to the top of the rail from the leading edge of the tread. Exception No. l to (a): Required handrails that form part of a guard shah be permitted to have a maximum height of 42 in. (107 cm) measured vertically to the top of the rail from the lead- ing edge of the tread. 1994 EDITION 101-34 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 2 to (a): Existing required handrails Shall not be less than 30 in. (76 cra) nor more-than 38 in. (97 cra) above the upper surface of the tread, measured vertically to the top of the rail from the leading edge of the tread. Exception No. 3 to (a) *: Additional handrails that are lower or higher than the main handrail shall be permitted. (b)* New handrails shall provide a clearance of at least 11/2 in. (3.8 cra) between the handrail; and the wall to which it is fastened. (c)* Handrails shal! have a circular CROSS sectioa with an outside ~diameter of at least !1/4 in. (3.2 cra) and not greater than 2 in. (5 cra). New handrails shah be continuously grasp- able along the entire length. Exception to (c):. Any Other shape with a perimeter dimension of at least 4 in, (10.2 cra), but not greater than 6% in. (15. 9 cm), and with the largest cross-sectional dimension not exceeding 2% in. (5.7 Cra) shall be permitted provided that edges are rounded so as to provide a minimum radius of 1/8 in (0.3 cra). d) NeW handrail ends shall be returned to the wall or floor or shalI terramate at newel posts: (e) New .handrails that are 'not continuous between flights shdll extend horiZ°ntallyi at the required height, at least 1;~ in. (30.5 cm) beyond the top riser and continue to slope for a ~lepth of one tread beyoh~t the bottom riser where a ~uard or wall exists. IException to (e): Where approved by the authority having juris- diction .bec#use of space .limitations and within dwelling units, the horizontal extension at the top of the flight shall not be required provided that the handrail extends, at the required height, to a point; directly above the top riser, (f)* New handrails on open sides of stairs shall have inter- mediate rails or an ornamental pattern such that a sphere 4 in. (10.1 cm) in diameter cannot pass through any openings in such handrail; Exception No. 1 to (f): The triangular openings formed by the riser, tread, ~and bottom, element of a guardrail at the open side of a stair:shall be of such a size that a sphere 6 in. (15.2 cm) in diameter cannot pass thrOugh the triangular opening. Exception No. 2 to (f): ~ In detention and correctional occupan- cies, in industrial OCCupancies, and in storage occupancies, the clear distance between mtermedtate rads measured at right angles to the rails shall not exceed 21 in. (53.3 cra). (a) 5-2.2.4.1 shall be mea- sured' the surface adja- cent thereto. (b) Guards shall be not less than 42 in. (107 cm) high. Exception No. 1 to (b)~ Existing guards within dwelling units shall be-nOt less than 36 in. (91 cm) high. Exception No. 2 to (b): In assembly occupancies as provided in Chapters 8 and 91 (c)* Open guards shall have intermediate rails or an oma- mental pattern such that a sphere 4 in. Il0.1 cm) in diameter cannot pass through any opening. 1994 EDITION Exception No. I to (c): The triangular openings formed by the riser, tread, and bottom element of a guardrail at the open side of a stair shall be of such size that a sphere 6 in. (15.2 cra) in diameter cannot pass through the triangular opening. Exception No. 2 to (c): In detention and correctional occupan- cies, in industrial occupancies, and in storage occupancies, the clear distance betwben'intermediate rails measured at right angles to the rails shall not:exceed 21 in. (53.3 cra). Exception No. 3 to (c): Approved existing Open guards. 5,2.2.5 Special Pr0visioris for Outside stairs. 5-2.2,5.1 Balconies. Balconies to which egress doors lead shall be appr0x!mately level :With the floor of the building. Exception: In existing buildings located in climates where bal- conies might be subje~ to accu~nulation of snow or ice, one step, not to ex~eed 8 in. ~(20~3 cm)~ shall be pdrmitted below the level o£ the inside floor. requi~rement shall 5-2.2.5,3 Subject to the a diction,.outside and., also 5-7.5.) stairs shall be stairs by per- more than three ~d, to meet this urls- to roofs where is a continuous where all other (See 5.2.2.6 Enclosure and Protection of Stairs. as an exit or exit with 6-2.4. 5-2.2.6.2* openings ' and the walls or o an angle of less than 180 walls within 10 ft or unprotected ' stairway enclo- greater than protec- tion shall extend above the top- most landing of the stairs or Exception: Existing stairways. 5-2.2.6.3 Separation Stairs. Out- side stairs shall of the building by walls with for enclosed stairs with fixed This construction shall 10 ft (3 m) which- ever is Exception No. 1: Outside sttiirs SerVing a~i exterior exit access balcony that has two remote outside Stairways or ramps. MEANS OF EGRESS 101-35 Exception No. 2: Outside stairs serving not more than fl~° adjacent stories, including the story of exit discharge, shall be permitted to be unprotected where there is a remotely located second exit. Exception No. 3: [n existing buildings, outside stairs serving not more than three adjacent stories, including the story of exit dis- charge, shall be permitted to be unprotected where there is a remotely located second exit. Exception No. 4: The fire ~esistance rating of the portion of the Separation'extending 10 ft (3 m)from the stairs need not exceed l hour with openings protected by 3~4-hour fire protection rated assemblies. 5-2.2.6.4 All openings below an outside stair shall be pro- tected with an assembly having a 3/4-hour fire protection rating: (a) Where located in a court, the smallest dimension of which is less than one third its height, or (b) Where located in an alcove having a width less than one third its height and a depth :greater than one fourth its height. 5-2.2.6.5 There shall be no enclosed, usable space within an exit enclosure, including Under stairs, nor shall any open space within the enclosure, including stairs and landings, be used for any purpose such as storage or similar use that could interfere with egress. Where there is enclosed usable space under stairs, the walls and soffits of the enclosed space shall be protected the same as the stair enclOsure. Entrance to such enclosed usable space under stairs shall not be from within the stair enclosur~e. (See also 5-1.3.4.) 5-2.2.6.6* Signs. Stairs serving four or more stories shall be provided with signage within the enclosure at each floor land- ing. The signagd sh/tll indicate the floor level, the terminus of the top and bottom of the stair enclosure, and the identifica- tion of the stair. The signage also shall state the floor level of, and the direction to, exit discharge. The signage shall be inside the enclosure located approximately 5 ft (1.5 m) above the floor landing in a position that is readily visible when the door is in the open or closed position. 5-2.3 Smokeproof Enclosures, 5-2.3.1 Where smokeproof enclosures are required by other sections of this Code, they shall comply with 5-2.3. Exception: Existing smokeproof enclosures subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 5-2.3.2* A smokeproof encIosure shall be a stair enclosure designed so that the movement into the smokeproof enclosure of products of combustion produced by a fire occurring in any part of the building shall be limited. 5-2.33 The appropriate design method shall be any system that meets the pe~o~-m~nce level stipulated in 5-2.3.2. The smoke- proof enclosure shall be permitted to be created by using natural ventilation, by using mechanical ventilation incorporating a vesti- bule, orby pressurizing the stair enclosure. 5-2.3.4 Enclosure. A smokeproof enclosure shall consist of a continuous stair enclosed from the highest point to the lowest point bYfire barriers having 2-hour fire resistance ratings. Where a vestibule is used, it shall be within the 2-hour rated enclosure and shall be considered part of the smokeproof enclosure. 5-2,3.5 Discharge. Every smokeproof enclosure shall dis- charge into a public way, into a yard or court having direct access to a public way, or into an exit passageway. Such exit Ipassageways shall be without openings other than the entrance from the smokeproof enclosure and the door to the outside yard, court, or public way. The exit passageway shall be sepa- rated from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having 2-hour fire resistance ratings. 5-2.3.6 Access. Access to the stair shall be by way of a vesti- bule or by way of an exterior balcony. Exception: Srhokeproof enclosures consisting Of a pressurized stair enclosure complying with 5-2.3. 9. 5-2.3.7 Natural Ventilation. Smokeproof enclosures using natural ventilation shall comply with all of the following: (a) Where a vestibule is provided, the doorway into the ves- tibule shall be protected with an approved fire door assembly having a 11/2-hour fire protection rating, and the fire door assembly from the vestibule to the stair shall have not less than a 20-minute fire protection rating. Doors shall be designed to minimize air leakage and shall be self-closing or shall be automatic-closing by actuatiOn of a smoke detector within 10 ft (3 m) of the vestibule door. Where access to the stair is by means of an open exterior balcony, the door assembly to the stair shall have a ll/2-hour fire protection rating and shall be self-closing or shall be automatic-closing by actuation of a smoke detector. Openings adjacent to such exterior balconies shall be protected as required in 5-2.2.6.3, (b) Every vestibule shall have a minimum net area of 16 sq ft (1.5 sq m) of opening in an exterior wall facing an exterior court, yard, or public space at least 20 fi (6.1 m) in width. (c) Every vestibule shall have a minimum dimension not less than the required width of the corridor leading to it and a minimum dimension of 72 in. (i83 cm) in the direction of travel. 5-2,3.8 Mechanical Ventilation.. Smokeproof enclosures by mechanical ventilation shall comply with alt of the following: (a) The door assembly from the building into the vestibule shall have a ll/2~hour fire protection rating, and the door assembly from the vestibule to the stairway shall have not less than a 20-minute fire protection rating. The door to the stair- way shall be designed and installed to minimize air leakage. The doors shall be self-closing or shah be automatic-closing by actuation of a smoke detect6r located Within 10 ft (3 m) of the vestibule door. (b) Vestibules shall have a minimum dimension of 44 in. (112 em) in width and 72 in. (183 em) in direction of travel. (c) The vestibule shall be provided with not less than one air change per minute, and the exhaust shall be 150 percent of the supply. Supply air shall enter and exhaust air shall dis- charge from the vestibule through separate tightly constructed ducts used only for those purposes. Supply air shall enter the vestibule within 6 in. (15.2 cm) of the floor level. The top of the exhaust register shall be located not more than 6 in. (15.2 cm) down from the top of the trap and shall be entirely within the smoke trap area. Doors, when in the open position, shall not obstruct duct openings. Controlling dampers shall be permit- ted in duct openings if needed to meet the design require- ments but are not otherwise required. 1994 EDITION 101-36 LIFE SAFETY CODE (d) To serve as a smoke and heat trap and to provide an upward moving air column, ~he-vestibule ceiling shall be at least 20 in. (50.8 cra) higher than the door opening into the vestibule. The height shall 'be permitted to be decreased where justified by engineering design and field testing. (e) The stair shall be provided with a dampered relief op~ning at the top and sUi~plied.mechanically with sufficient air to discharge a ~inimum'bf 2,500 cu ft/min (70.8 cu m/min) . through the relief opening while.maintaining a minimum posi- tive pressure of 0.10 in. w~ter c°idmn (25 P~) in the stair rela- tive to the vestibule 'with all dOOrs closed. 5-2.3.9 Stair Pressurization. 5-2.3.9.1' Smokeproof enclosures by stair pressurization shah utilize an approve~t engineered system with a minimum design pressure difference aCrOss the barrier of 0.05 in. water COlumn (12.5 Pa) in sprinkleredr b~din~ or 0.10 in. water column (25 Pa) in nonsprinldered buildings, and shall be capable of maintaining these pressure differences ufider likely conditions of stack effec} or wind. The pressure differende across doors shall not exceed that which ~ permit the door to begin to be opened by a force of 30 lbf (133 N) as requited by 5-2.1.4.4. 5-2.3.9;2 Equipment and :ductwork for stair pressurization shall be located: ' : (a) Exterior to the building ,and shall be directly connected to the stairway by ductwork enclosed in noncombustible con- struction, or ' (b) Within the stair enclosure with intake and exhaust air directly to the outside or through ductwork enclosed in 2-hour constr~ction, ,or (c) Within the building if separated from the remainder of the:buildingi including other,mechanical equipment, with 2-h°ur constrUctiom i in each case} oPenings into, the required 2-hour construction shall be limited to those needed for maintenance and oPera- tion and shah be~pretected bv self-closing 11/2-hour fire protec- tion rated 'devices~ Exception to (¢): Where the building, including the stairway encl[~sure, is prOteCted thi'oughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in a&dord'ance with Section 7- 7, fire- rated consff'ucti°n shall be a minimum of I-hour construction. 5-2.3.10 Activation of Mechanical Ventilation Systems. 5-2.3.10.1 For both mechanical ventilation and pressurized stair enclosure systems, the activation of the systems shall be imtlated by a smoke d~tector:mstailed m an approved location within 10 ft (3 m) of the entrance to the smokeproof enclosure. 5-2.3.10.2 The requked mechanical systems shall operate at the activation of the smoke detecto~rs m 5-2.3.10.1 and by man- ual controls ~access!bl~ to the fire department. The required system also shall be Initiated by the following, if provided: (a) Water flow s~g;al from a :complete automatic sprinkler system. (b) General evacuation alarm signal. (See 7-6.3.5.) 5-2.3.11 Door 'Closers. The activation of an automatic clos- ing device on any docff in th~ smokeproof enclosure shall 1994 EDITION activate all other automatic closing devices on doors in the smokeproof enclosure. 5-2.3.12 Standby Power. Standby power for mechanical ven- tilation equipment shall be provided by an approved, self- contained ge~aerator set to operate whenever there is a loss of power in the normal house current. The generator shall be located in a separate room having a minimum 1-hour fire resis- tance rated separation from the remainder of the building. The genera{or Shall.have a minimum fuel supply adequate to operate fhe equipment for two hOUrS. 5-2.3.13 Testing. Before the mechanical equipment is accepted by the authority having jurisdiction, it shall be tested to cenfirm that the mechatfical ~uipment is operating in com- pliance With thes~ requirements. 5-2.3.14 Emergency Lighting, The stair shaft and vestibule shall be provided with &mer~ency lighting, A standby genera- tor that is installed for the ~tok-epm0f ~hclosure mechanical ventdat~on eqmpment shall be permitted to be used for such stair shaft and ~estibule power sUpply~ '. 5-2.4 H0rizon~l Exits. 5-2.4.1' I be permitted to be s the total egress leading outside for the entire; s if no hor- izontal exits existed. Exception: In health care occupancies as provided in Chapters 12 and 13, an~ tn detentton and correcttonal occupanctes as provtded m ChaptOrs 14 and 15. 5-2.4.2 Fire COmpartments. 5-2.4.2.1 Eye~ fire compartment for Which credit is allowed ~n connection ~vith a honzont~d exit Shall have, ~n addition to the horizontal exit or exats, at least one stairway or doorway leading outside or other exit that is not a horizontal exit. Any fire compartmefi~ not having a stairway br doorway leading outside shall be considered ~s part: of an adjoining compart- ment w~th stiff,way. Exception: In a correctional occupancies as pro- ~ 15. given shall available paths of or other 5-2.4.2.2 be arranged travel means ¢ 5-2.4.2.3 pied, the shall be the horizontal exit in Chapters 12 and 13, occupancies as provided in 5-2.4.2.4 The~ftoor area on either side of a horizontal exit shall be sufficient tO hold the occupants of both :floor areas, allowing not less than 3 ~sqft (0.28 sq n~} clear flo°r area per person. Exception: Special floor area requirements tn health care occu- pancies as provided in Chapter~ 12 and 13 ~nd in detention and correctional occupancies as provided in Chapters 14 and 15. MEANS OF EGRESS 101-37 5-2.4.3 Walls for Horizontal Exits. 5-2.4.3.1 Fire bar~ier~ separating buildings or areas between which there are horizontal exits shall be an assembly of non- combustible or limited-combustible material having a 2-hour fire resistance rating. They shah provide a separation continu- ous to ground. (See also 6-2.3.) Exception No. 1: Where a fire barrier is used to provide a hor- izontal exit in any story of a building, such fire barrier shall not be required on other stories under the following conditions: (a) The stories on which the fire barrier is omitted shall be separated from the stOry with the horizontal exit by construction having a fire resistance rating at least equal to that of the horiZ zontal exit fire barrier. (b) Vertical openings between the story with the horizontal exit and the open fire area story shall be ,~nclosed with construc- tion having a fire resistance rating at least equal to that of the horizontal exit fire barrier. (c) All required'exits, other than horizontal exits, shall dis- charge directly to the outside. 5-2.4.3.2 Where fire barriers sexx4ng horizontal exits termi- nate at outside wails and the outside walls for a distance of 10 ft (3 m) on each side of the horizontal exit are at an angle of less than 180 degrees, the outside walls shall be 1-hour fire resistance rated fire barriers with 3/4-hour fire protection rated opening protectives fora distance of 10 ft (3 m) on each side of the horizontal exit. Exception: Existing horizontal exits. 5-2.4.3.3 Fire barriers forming horizontal exits shall not be penetrated by ducts. Exception No. I: Existing penetrations protected by approved and listed fire dampers. Exception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in-accordance with Section 7-7. Exception No. 3: Ditct penetrations in detention and correctional occupancies as allowed by Chapters I4 and 15 that are protected by combination fire dampers/smoke leakage-rated dampers that meet the smoke damper actuation requirements of 6-3.5. 5-2.4.3.4 Any opening in such fire barriers, whether or not such opening serves as an exit, shall be protected as provided in 6-2.3.5. 5-2.4.3.5 Doors in horizontal exits shall comply with 5-2.1.4. Exception: Sliding doors in industrial occupancies as provided in Chapter 28, and in storage occupancies as provided in Chapter 29. 5-2.4.3.6 Where swinging fire doors are used in horizontal exits, they shall comply with the following: (a) They shall swing in the direction of egress travel, and (b) Where a horizontal exit serves areas on both sides of a fire barrier, there shall be adjacent openings With swinging doors, opening in opposite directions, with signs on each side of the fire barrier indicating the door that swings with the travel from that side, or Exception to (b): Sleeping room areas in detention and correc- tional occupancies shall be exempt from the sign requirement. (c) They shall be of any other approved arrangement pro- vided that doors always swing with any possible egress travel. Exception No. 1: Horizontal exit door swing in existing health care occupancies as provided in Chapter 13, and existing deten- tion and correctional occupanctes as provided in Chapter 15. Exception No. 2: Horizontal exit doors tn corridors less than 6 fl (183 cra) wide in existing buddings. 5-2.4.3.7* D .opts in horizontal exits shall be designed and installed to minimize air leakage. 5-2.4.3.8* All fire doors in horizontal exits shall be self- closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 5-2.1.8. Hori- zontal exit doors located across a corridor shall be automatic- closing in accordance with 5-2.1.8. Exception: Where approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, existing doors in horizontal exits shall be permitted to be self-closing. 5-2.4.4 Bridges and'Balconies. 5-2.4.4.1 Each bridge or balcony utilized in conjunction with horizontal exits shall have guards and handrails in conformity with the requirements of 5-2.2. 5-2.4.4.2 Every bridge or balcony shall be at least as wide as the door leading to it and not less than 44 in. (112 cm) wide for new construction. 5-2.4.4.3 Where the bridge or balcony serves as a horizontal exit in one direction, only the door leading from the bridge or balcony into the area of refuge need swing in the direction of egress travel. Exception: Horizontal exit door swing in existing health care occupancies as provided in Chapter 13, and existing detention and correctional occup!zncies as provided in Chapter 15. 5-2.4.4.4 Where the bridge or balcony serves as a horizontal exit in both directions, doors shall be provided in pairs, swing- ing in opposite directions. Only the door swinging in the direc- tion of egress travel shall be counted in determination of egress capacity. Exception No. l: If the bridge or balcony has sufficient floor area to accommodate the occupant load of either connected budding or fire area on the basis of 3 sq ft (0.28 sq m) per person. Exception No. 2: In existing buildings, doors on both ends of the bridge or balcony shad be permitted to swing out from the building subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. Exception No. 3: Horizontal exit door swing in existing health care occupancies as provided in Chapter 13, and existing deten- tion and correctional occupancies as provided in Chapter 15. 5-2.4.4.5 The bridge or balcony floor shall be approximately level with the building floor and, in climates subject to the accumulation of snow and ice, shall be protected to prevent the accumulation of snow and ice. Exception: In existing buildings in climates where balconies might be subject to the accumulation of snow or ice, one step, not to exceed 8 in..(20.3 cm), shall be permitted below the level of the inside floor. 1994 EDITION 101-38 LIFE SAFETY CODE 5-2.4.4.6 All wall openings, in both of the connected build- ings or fire areas, any part of_which is within 10 ft (3 m) of any bridge or balcony as measured horizontally or below, shall be protected with fire doors or fixed fire window assemblies haw ing a 3/4-hOur fire protection rating. Exception No. 1: Where bridges have solid sides not less than 6 fi(183 cra) in height, such protection of wall openings shall not be required. Exception No. 2: Existing bridges and-balconies subject 'to I approval of the authority h~ving j~risdiction. 5-2.5 Ramps. 5-2.5.1 General. Every ramp used as a component in a means of egress shall conform io the general requirements of Section 5-1 :and [o the special requirer~ents of this subsection~ 5-2.5.2. Dimensional Criteria. Ramps shall be in accordance with the following table: New Ramps Minimum width clear of all obstructions, except projections not exceeding 31/2 in. (8.9 em) at or below handrail height on each side Maximum slope 44in.(l12cm) Maximum cross slope Maximum rise for a single ramp run Exception No. 1: Aisle ramps as permitted for assembly occu- pancies in Chapters 8 and 9. Exception No. 2: Existing ramps shall be permitted to remain in use or be rebuilt if the~ meet the requirements shown in the table for existing ramps. Existing Ramps 1 in 12 for > 6 in. ( > 15.2 em) rise 1 in 10 for · 3 in. (> 7.6 em) and -< 6in. (< 15.2 em) rise 1 in 8 for -< 3 in. (< 7.6 em) rise I in 48 30 in. (76 em) Class A Class B Minimum width 44 ir~ 30 in. (122 cra) (76 cm) Maximum slope 1 in 10 I in 8 Maximum height between landings 12 fi. 12 ft (3.7m) (3.7m) Exception No. 3: Existing Class B ramps with slopes no steeper than 1 in 6 shall be port'ieeE-to remain in use subject to ~the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. Exception No. 4: Existing ramps with slopes no steeper than 1 in 10 need not be provided with landings. 5-2.5.3 Ramp Details. 5-2.5.3.1 Landings: Ramps shall have landings at the top, bottom, and at dOOrs opening onto the ramp. The slope of the landing shall not be steeper than 1 in 48. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of travel not less than the width of the ramp. Such dimension need nol exceed 4 ft (122 em) where the ramp has a straight run. 1994 EDITION 5-2.5.3.2 Slip Resistance. A ramp shall have a slip-resistant surface. 5-2.5.33 Changes in direction of travel, if any, shall be made only at landings. Ramps' and intermediate landings shall continue with no decrease in width along the direction of egress travel. be means of egress shall more of shall be con- limited- s shall be complying with 5-2.2.4 shall be complying with 5-2.2.4 shall be a ramp segment I and guards shall the aisles in and 9. 5-2.5.5.1 Balconies or landings to which doors lead shall be approximately level with the' fl0°r of the building. Exceptton: In extstmg buildings located m'6limates where bal- contes or landings might be subject to accumulaaon of snow or ice, one step, not to exceed 8 in. (20.3 cra), ~hall be permitted below the l~vel of the inside floor. 5-2.5.5.2* ramps shall be persons having a fear of three stories in height, any requirement shall be at least 4 ft r landings shall be designed to on their surfaces. 5-2.5.6 Enclosure and Protection of Ramps. Ramps in a required means of egress shall be enclosed;or protected as a stair in accordance with 5-2,2i6. The use of Exceptions No. 2 and 3 to 5-2.2.6;3 shall not be permitte~t. 5-2.6* Exit Passageways. 5-2.6.1 General. Exit passageways such as hallways, corri- dors, passages, tunnels, Undeffloor passageways, or overhead passageways used as exit component~ shall conform to the gen- eral requirements of Section 5-1 and to the special require- ments~of this subsection. 5-2.6.2 Enclosure. An exit passageway shall be separated from other parts of the building as specified in 5-1.3.1. Exception No. 1: Fire windbws in accordance with 6-2.3.4 shah be permitted to be installed in such a separation in a MEANS OF EGRESS 101-39 building protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto- matic sprinkler system i_n accordance with Section 7- Z Exception No. 2: Existing fixed wired glass panels in steel sash shall be permitted to be continued in use in such a separation in a building protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7- 7. 5-2.6.3 Stair Discharge. An exit passageway that serves as a discharge from a stair encl6sure shall have the same fire resis- tance rating and opening protective fire protection rating as that required for the stair enclosure. 5-2.6.4 Width. The width of an exit passageway shall be ade- quate to accommodate the aggregate required capacity of all exits discharging through it. Exception No. 1': Where an exit passageway serves occupants of the level of exit discharge as well as other floors, capacity shall not be required to be aggregated. (See 5-3.1.4.) Exception No. 2: As allowed by Chapters 24 and 25, an exit passageway in a covered mall building shall be permitted to accommodate occupant loads independently from the covered mall and the tenant spaces. (See Exception to 24-2.2.7 and Exception to 25-2.2. 7.) 54.6.5 Floor. The floor shall be solid and without perforations. 5-2.7 Escalators and Moving Walks. Escalators and moving walks shall not constitute a part of the required means of egress. Exception: Previously approved escalators and moving walks in existing buildings. 5-2.8 Fire Escape Stairs. 5-2.8.1 General. 5-2.8.1.1 Fire escape stairs shall comply with the provisions of 5-2.8. Exception: Existing noncomplying fire escape stairs shall be permitted to. be continued to be used 'subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 5-2.8.1.2 Fire escape stairs shall not constitute any of the required means of egress in new buildings. 5-2.8.1.3 New fire escape stairs for existing buildings shall be erected only where it has been determined that outside stairs are impractical (see 5-2.2). New fire escape stairs shall not incorporate ladders or access windows, regardless of occu- pancy classification or occupant load served. 5-2.8.1.4 Fire escape stairs shall be permitted in existing buildings as permitted in the applicable existing occupancy chapters but shall not constitute more than 50 percent of the required egress capacity. 5-2.8.1.5 Fire escape stairs shall provide a continuous, unob- structed path of travel to the exit discharge or an area of refuge that leads to the exit discharge. 5-2.8.1.6 Fire escape stairs of the return platform-type with superimposed runs or the straight run-type with platform that continues in the same direction shall be permitted. 5-2.8.1.7 Either type shall be permitted to be parallel to or at right angles to buildings. Either type shall be permitted to be attached to buildings or erected independently of buildings and connected by walkways. 5-2.8.2 Protection of Openings. Fire escape stairs shall be exposed to the smallest possible number of window and door openings. Each opening shall be protected with approved fire door or fire window assemblies where the opening or any por- tion of the opening is located as follows: (a) Horizontally. If within 15 ft (4.5 m) of any balcony, platform, or sIairway constituting a component of the fire escape stair. (b) Below. If within three stories or 35 ft (10 m) of any balcony, platform, walkway, or stain~ay constituting a compo- nent of the fire escape stair or within two stories or 20 ft (6 m) of a platform or walkway leading from any story to the fire escape stmr. (c) Above. If within 10 ft (3 m) of any balcony, platform, or walkway as measured vertically or of any stair tread surface as measured vertically. (d) Top Story. Protection for wall openings shall not be required where stairs do not lead to the roof. (e) Court. Any wall facing a court served by a fire escape stair where the least dimension of the court is less than one third of the height to the uppermost platform of the fire escape stair measured from the ground. (f) Alcove. Any wall facing an alcove served by a fire escape stair where the width of the alcove is less than one third or the depth greater than one fourth of the height to the uppermost platform of the fire escape stair measured from the ground. Exception: The provisions of 5-2.8.2 shall be permitted to be modified by the authority having juns' diction in consideration of automatic sprinkler protection, low hazard occupancy, or other special conditions. 5-2.8.3 Access. 5.2.8.3.1 Access to fire escape stairs shall be in accordance with 5-2.8.4 and 5-5.1.2. Exception: Where permitted by the existing occupancy chapters of this Code, access to fire escape stairs shall be Permitted by way of windows. No screening or storm windows shall be Permitted to be used if they impair free access to the fire escape stair. V~n- dows shah be arranged and maintained so as to be easily opened with a minimum of physical effort. 5-2.8.3.2 Fire escape stairs shall extend to the roof in all cases where the roof is subject to occupancy or provides an area of safe refuge. In other cases, if the roof has a pitch of I1 to 6 or less, fire escape ladders in accordance with 5-2.9 or alternating tread devices in accordance with 5-2.11 shall be provided for access to the roof. 5-2.8.3.3 Access to a fire escape stair shall be directly to a balcony, landing, or platform. These shall be no higher than the floor or windowsill level and no lower than 8 in. (20.3 cna) below the floor level or 18 in. (45.7 em) below the windowsill. 5-2.8.4 Stair Details. Fire escape stairs shall comply with the requirements of Table 5-2.8.4(a) and subsequent sections. Replacement of-fire escape stairs shall comply with the requirements of Table 5-2.8.4(b). 1994 EDITION 101-40 LIFE SAFETY CODE Table 5-2.8.4(a) Fire Escape Stairs Serving More Than 10 Occupants Serving 10 or Fewer Occupants Minimum widths Minimum horizontal dimension Of any landing or platform Maximum riser height Minimum tread, exclusive of nosing Minimum nosing or Projection Tread construction Winders Risers Spiral Maximum height between landings Headroom, minimum Handrail height Access to escape Level of access opening Discharge to ground Capacity, number of persons 22 in. (55.9 em) clear between rails 22 in. (55.9 cm) clear - 9 in. (22.9 cm) 9 in. (22.9 cm) 1 in. (2.5 cm) Solid 1/2-in. (1.3-cm) dia. perforations [~ermitted None None None 12 ft (3.7 m) 6 ft 8 in. (203 em) 42 in. (107 cra) Door or casement windows 24 in, x 6 ft 6 in. (61 cmx 198 cra) or double hung windows 30 in. x 36 in. (76 cm x 91 cm) clear opening Not over 12 in. (30.5 cra) above floor; steps if higher Swinging stair section permitted if approved by authority having jurisdiction 0.5 in. (1.3 cra) per person, if access by door; 1.0 in. (2.5 Cm) per person if access by climbing over windowsill 18 in: (45.7 em) Clear between rails 18 in. (45.7 cm) clear 12 in. (30.5 cm) 6 in. (!5.3 cra) No requirement Flaf metal bar~s on edge or sq. bars secured against turning, spaced lga in. (3 2 cra) ~ax. on cent~i-s Permitted sUbject to capacity penalty No requirement Permitt6d subject to capacity penalty No requiremmit Same Same Windows providing a clear opening of not less thafi 20 in. (50.8 cm) in width, 24 in. (61 cra) in height, and 5.7 sq ft (0.53 s/t m) in area Same Swinging stair, or ladder if approved by authority having jurisdiction 10; if winders or ladder from bottom balcony, 5; if both, 1 Table 5-2.8.4(b) Replacement Fire Escape Stairs Serving More Than 10 Occupants Serving 10 or Fewer Occupants Minimum widths Minimum horizontal dimension of any landing or platform Maximum riser height Minimum tread, exclusive of nosing Tread construction Winders Spiral Risers Maximum height between landings Headroom, minimum Access to escape Level of access opening Discharge to ground Capacity, number of persons 22 in. (55.9 cm) clear between rails Same 22 in. (55.9 cm) Same 9 in. (22.9 cm) 10 in. (25.4 cm) Solid, 1/2-in. (1.3-cm) dia. perforations permitted None None None 12 ft (3.7 m) 6 ft 8 in. (203 cm) Door or casement windows 24 in. x 6 ft 6 in. (61 cm x 198 cm) or double hung windows 30 in. x 36 in. (76 cm x: 91 cm) clear opening Not over 12 in. (30.5 cm) above floor; steps if higher Swinging stair section permitted if approved Same by authority having jhrisdiction 0.5 in. (1.3 cm) per person, if access by door; 10 1.0 in. (2.5 cm) per person if access by climbing over windowsill Salne Same Same Permitted subject to 5-2.2.2.8 Permitted subject to 5-2.2.2.7 None Same Same Windows providing a clear opening of not less than 20 in. (50.8 cm) ih width, 24 in. 61 cna) in height, and 5.7 sq ft 0.53 sq m) in area Same 1994 EDI~TION MEANS OF EGRESS 101-41 5-2.8.5 Guards, Handrails, and Visual Enclosures. 5-2.8.5.1 All fire escape stairs shall have walls or guards and handrails on both sides in accordance with 5-2.2.4. Exception: Existing handrails on existing fire escape stairs shall be permitted to continue to be used if the height does not exceed 42 ir~ (107 cm). 5-2.8.5.2 Replacement fire escape stmrs in occupancies serv- ing more than 10 occupants shall have visual enclosures to avoid any handicap to stair use by persons having a fear of high places. For stairs more than three stories in height, any arrangement intended to meet this reqmrement shall be at least 42 in, (107 em) in height. 5-2.8.6 Materials and Strength. 5-2.8.6.1 Noncombustible materials shall be used for the con- struction of all components of fire escape stairs. 5-2.8.6.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to approve any existing fire escape stair that has been shown by load test or other satisfactory evidence to have adequate strength. 5-2.8.7* Swinging Stairs. 5-2.8.7.1 A single swinging stair section shall be permitted to terminate fire escape stairs over sidewalks, alleys, or driveways where it is impractical to make the termination with fire escape stairs. 5-2.8.7.2 Swinging stair sections shall not be located over doors, over the path of travel from any other exit, or in any locations where there are likely to be obstructions. 5-2.8.7.3 Width of swinging stair sections shall be no less than that of the fire escape stairs above. 5-2.8.7.4 Pitch of swinging stair sections shall be no steeper than that of the fire escape stairs above. 5-2.8.7.5 Guards and handrails, in accordance with 5-2.2.4, shall be provided and shall be similar in height and construc- tion to those used with the fire escape stairs above. Guards and handrails shall be designed to prevent any possibility of injury to persons where stairs swing downward. Minimum clearance between moving sections and any other portion of the stair sys- tem where hands might be caught shall be 4 in. (10.2 cra). 5-2.8.7.6 If the distance from the lowest platform to ground exceeds 12 ft (3.?~m), an intermediate balcony not more than 12 ft (3.7 m) ~rom the ground or less than 7 ft (2.1 m) in the clear underneath: :shall be provided, with width not less than that of the stairs and lengtli not less than 4 ft (1.2 m). 5-2.8.7.7 Swinging stairs shall be counterbalanced about a pivot, and cables shall not be used. A weight of 150 lb (68 kg) located one step from the pivot shall not cause the stairs to swing downward, and a weight of 150 lb (68 kg) located one quarter of the length of the swinging stairs from the pivot will positively cause the stairs to swing down. 5-2.8.7.8 The pivot for swinging stairs shall be of a corrosion- resistant assembly or have clearances to prevent sticking due to corrosion. 5-2.8.7.9* No device to lock a swinging stair section in the up position shall be installed. 5-2.8.8 Intervening Spaces. 5-2.8.8.1 Where approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, fire escape stairs shall be permitted to lead to an adjoin- ing roof that must be crossed before continuing downward travel. The direction of travel shall be clearly marked, and walkways with guards and handrails complying with 5-2.2.4 shall be provided. 5-2.8.8.2 Where approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, fire escape stairs shall be permitted to be used in combi- nation with interior or outside stairs complying with 5-2.2, pro- vided a continuous safe path of travel is maintained. 5-2.9 Fire Escape Ladders. 5-2.9.1 General. Fire escape ladders shall be permitted to be used only under the following conditions: (a) To provide access to unoccupied roof spaces as permit- ted by 5-2.8.3.2, or (b) To provide a second means of egress from storage ele- vators as permitted by Chapter 29, or (c) To provide a means of egress from towers and elevated platforms around machinery or similar spaces subject to occu- pancy only by able-bodied adults, totaling no more than three in number, or (d) To provide a secondary means of egress from boiler rooms or similar spaces subject to occupancy only by able- bodied adults, totaling no more than three in number, or (e) To provide access to the ground from the lowest bal- cony or landing of a fire escape stair for very small buildings as permitted by 5-2.8.4 where ~tpproved by the authority having jurisdiction. 5-2.9.2 Construction and Installation. Fire escape ladders shall comply with the requirements of ANSI A14.3, Safety Code for Fixed Ladders. Exception No. 1: Existing ladders complying with the edition of this Code that was in effect when the ladders were installed shall be permitted to continue to be used subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. Exception No. 2: Ladders installed with pitch less than 75 degrees shall not be permitted. Exception No. 3: Combustible ladders shall not be permitted. Exception No. 4: Fixed industn'al stairs complying with ANSI ,41264.1, Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railing Systems, minimum requirements for fo:ed stairs shall be permitted in industrial occupancy locations where fire escape ladders are permitted in accordance with Chapter 28. 5-2.9.3 The lowest rung of any ladder shall be not more than 12 in. (30.5 cra) above the level of the surface beneath it. 5-2.10 Slide Escapes. 5-2.10.1 General. 5-2.10.1.1 A slide escape shall be permitted as a component in a means of egress where specifically permitted by Chapters 8 through 29. 1994 EDITION 101-42 LIFE SAFETY CODE 5-2.10.1.2 Each slide escape shall be of an approved type. 5-2.10.2 Capacity. 5-2.10.2.1 Slide escapes, where .permitted as required means of egress, Shall be rated at a capacity of 60 persons 5-2,10.2.2 Slide escapes shall not constitute more than 25 percent of the required egress capacity from any building or ~tructure or any i~dividual story 0~ flooi' thereof Exception: As permitted in high 'hazard industrial occupancies in accordance With Chapter 28. 5,2;11' Alternating Tread, Devices. 5-2.11.1 Alternating tread devices complying with 5-2.11.2 shall be permitted to be used oniy as follows: (a) To provide access to unoccupied roof spaces as permit- ted by 5-2.8.3.2; (b) To provide a second means of egress from storage ele- vators as permitted by Chapter 29; (c) To provide a means of egress from towers and elevated pla~orms hround machinery o~ similar spaces subject to occu- pancy only by able-bodied adults} totalirig no more than three in number~ or (d) To provide a secondary means of egress from boiler rooms or similar spaces subject to occupancy only by able- bodied adUlts; totaling no m6~e than three in number. 5-2.11.2 Alternating tread devices shall comply with the fol~ lowing: (a) H .andrails shall be provided on both sides of alternating tre;ad devides in accordance With 5-212.4.5; and (b) The clear width between handrails shall be a minimum of i7 in. (43.2 cm) and shall not exceed 24 in, (61 cm); and (c) Headroom shall not be less than 6 ft 8 in. (2 m); and (d) The angle of the device shall be between 50 and 68 degrees to horizontal; and (e) The height of the riser shall not exceed 9.5 in. (24,1 cm); and (f) Treads shall have a minimum projected tread depth of 5.8 in. (14.7 cm) measured in accordance with 5-2.2 with each tread providing 95 in. (24.1 cm) of depth including tread over- lap; and (g) A minimum distance of 6 in. (!5.2 cm) shall be provided between the stair handrail and any other object; and (h) The initial tread Of the Stair shall begin at the same ele- vation as the PlatfOrm, landing, or floor sur'~ace; and (i) The alternating treads shall not be laterally separated by more than 2 in. (5,0 cm);. and (j) The occupant load served shall not be more than three. 5-2.12 Areas of Refuge. 5-2.12.1 General. An area of refuge used as part of a required accessible means of egress in accordance with 5-5.4, or otherwise used as a part of any required means of egress, shall conform to: 1994 EDITION (a) The general requirements of Section 5-1, and (b) The special requirements of 5-2.12.2 and 5-2.12.3. Exception to (b): Areas of refuge consisting of floors of build- ings -protected throughout Dy ah ~pproved, sJtpervised automatic SlJrit~kler system in accorda'nce wft[~ SeCtiOn 3-7 (see 5-1.2) 5-2.12.2 Accessibility. 5,2.12;2.1 Required portions Of an area of refuge shall be aCceSsible from the sp~ce they ser~e by an accessible means of egre~s. ' 5-2.12,2.2 Required portions of an area of refuge shall have access to a public way~ without requiring return to the building spaces through whicl~ travel to th~ area ~)f refuge occurred, via an exit or an elevator. 5-2.12.23' Where the exit used .to provide egress from an area of refuge'to a public way, as ~'equired by 5-2.12.2.2, includes stair~, the mihimu ,m cl~ar widthof landings and stair flights, measured between handrails an~t at' all points below handrail height, shall be 48 in (122 cm)~ Exception No. 1: Areas of refuge created by horizontal exits in accordance with 5-2.4. Exception No. 2: For stairs where egress is in the descending dire~'tion, a minimum 37-in, (94-crn) clear width, measured at and below handrad height, shall be permitted if approved alter- native measures are provided that d~ n° i require carrying occu- pied wheelchairs on the stairs. Exception No. 3: 'Existing stairs and landings that provide a minfmum 37-in. (94-cm) -clear width, measured at and below handrail height, shall be permitted. 5-2.12.2.4' Where an elevator is used to provide access from an ama of refuge to a public way, as requir[d by 5-2.12.2.2, the elevator shall be approved for fire fight~r service as provided in SectiBn 211 of A~iqlE/ANSI Al7.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. The power supply shall be protected against interruption from fire occurrin~ ~,ithin the building but outside the a~ea of refuge. The elevator shall be located in a shaft sys- tem meeting the requirements for smokeproof enclosures in accordance with 5-2.3. Exception No. 1: The smokeproof enclosure shall not be required for areas of refuge that are more than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq tn) in size and are created by a horizontal exit meeting the requirements of 5-Z 4. Exception No. 2: The smokeproof enclosure shall not be reqmred tn a buddmg that is protected throughout by an al~proved, supervised automatid s~n'nMer system. t with a two- the door to the stair portion of or elevator 5-2.12.3.5.) 5-2.12.2.6' Instructions for summoning assistance, via the two-Way communication system, and wfi[ten identification of the area of refuge location shall be posted adjacent to the two- way communication'system. MEANS OF EGRESS 101-43 5-2.123 Area of Refuge Details. 5-2.12.3.1' Each a~ea'of refuge shall be sized to accommodate one wheelchair space of 30 in. x 48 in. (76 cmx 122 cm) for each 200 occupants or portion thereof, based on the occupant load served by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces shall not reduce the width of a means of egress to less than that required for thc occupant load served, nor less than 36 in. (91 cm). 5-2.12.3.2' For any area of-refuge less than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) in size, it shall be demonstrated by calculation or test that tenable conditions can be maintained within the area of refuge for a tPheriod of 15 minutes when the exposing space on the other side of e barriers creating the area of refuge is subjected to the maxi- mum expected fire conditions. 5-2.12.33 Access to any designated wheelchair space in an area of refuge shall not be through more than one adjoining wheelchair space. 5-2.12.3.4' Each area of refuge shall be separated from the remainder of the story by a barrier with a minimum of a 1.-hour fire resistance rating, Unless a greater rating is required by other provisions of this Code. Such barriers, and any openings in them, shah minimize air leakage and retard the passage of smoke. Doors in such barriers shall have a :minimum of a 20-minnte fire protection~rating, unless a greater rating is required by other pro- ~isions of fhis C~>~e, and sh~ll be either self-closing or automatic- closingin accordance with the Exception to 5-2.1.8. Ducts shall be permittgd to penetrate such barriers, unless prohibited by other provisions o~ this Code; and shall be provided with smoke- actuated dampers or other approved me~ns to resist the transfer of smoke into the area of ref[tge. Exception No. 1: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, Supervised automatic sprinkler system. Exception No~ 2: Existing barriers with a minimum 30-minute fire resistance rating shall be permitted. 5-2.12.3,[5, Each area of refu,g,,e shall be identified by a sign stating AREA OF REFUGE that conforms to the require- ments of CABO/ANSI Al17.1, American National Sta[~dard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, for such sig- nage and ~displays the international symbol of accessibility. Signs also shall be located at each door providing access to the area Of refuge. Signs also shall be installed at all exits not pro- viding an"ac~essit~le means of egress, as defined' in 5-1.2, and Where otherwise necessary to i~dicate clearly the direction to an area of refuge. Signs shall be illuminated as required for exit signs Where e~it sign illumination is required. 5-2.12.3~6 Tactile si.gnage complying with CABO./ANSI All7.1, AinericanNa~ti~nal Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and FaCilities, shall be located at each door to an area of refug©. SECTION 5-3 CAPACITY OF MEANS OF EGRESS 5-3.1 Occupant Load. 5-3.1.1 The total capacity of the means of egress for any floor, balcony, tier, or other occupied space shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof. 5-3.1.2' The occupant load in any building or portion thereof shall not be assumed to be less than the number determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the occupant load factor as specified in Chapters 8 through 28 for individual occupancies. VChere both gross and net area figures are given for the same occupancy, calculations shall be made applying the gross area figure to the gross area of the portion of the building devoted to the use for which the gross area figure is specified and applying the net area figure to the net area of the specific use for which the net area figure is specified. 5-3.1.3 The occupant load permitted in any building or por- tion thereof shah be permitted to be increased from that num- ber established for the given use as specified in 5-3.1.2, where all other requirements of this Code are also met, based on such increased number. The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to require an approved aisle, seating, or fixed equip- ment diagram t~ Substaritiate any in~rease in occupant load and shall be permitted m require that such diagram be posted in an approved location. 5-3.1.4 Where exits serve more than one floor, only the occu- pant load of each floor considered individually need be used in computing the capacity of the exits at that floor, provided required e~ess c-a~acit~ of the exit shall not be decreased in the direction of egress travel. 5-3.1,5 Where means of egress from floors above and below converge at an intermediate floor, the capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence shall be not less than the sum of the two. 5-3.1.6 Where any required egress capacity from a balcony or mezzanine passes through the room below, that required capacity shall be added to the required egress capacity of the room in which it is located. 5-3.2* Measurement of Means of Egress. Width of means of egress shall be measUred in the clear at the narrowest point of the exit component under consideration. Exception: Projections not to exceed 31/2 in. (8.9 cm) on each side are permitted at and below handrail height. 5-3.3 Egress Capacity. 5-33.1 Egress capacity for approved components of means of egress shall be based on the following: Use Level Components Stairways and Ramps (in. per person) (in. per person) [cm per person] [cm per person] Board and Care 0.4 [1.0] 0.2 [0.5] Health Care Sprinklered 0.3 [0.8] 0.2 [0.5] Health Care Nonsprinklered 0.6 [1.5] 0.5 [1.3] High Hazard Contents 0.7 [1.8] 0.4 [1.0] All Others 0.3 [0.8] 0.2 [0.51 5-3.3.2 The required capacity of a corridor is the occupant load utilizing the corridor for exit access divided by the required number of exits to which the corridor connects, but shall not be less than the required capacity of the exit to which the corridor lead~. 1994 EDITION 101-44 LIFE SAFETY CODE 5-3.4 Minimum Width. 5-3.4.1 The minimum width of any means of egress shall be as specified for a given egreSs'component by Chapter 5 orfor individual occupancies I~ Chapters. 8 !llrough 29, but in no case shall such width be less than 36 in. (91 cm). access formed SlX · 28 in. for in 5-2 1 3 Excep. tion No, 4: Aisles and aisle a'cCessways in assembly occu- panctes as prOvided in Chapters 8 and 9 SECTION 5-4 NUMBER OF MEANS OF EGRESS 5-4.1 General. 5-4.1.1 The minimum number of means of egress from any balcony, mezzanine, story, or Portion thereof shall be two. Exception No. Ii Where a single means of egress is permitted by Chapters 8 through 30. Exception No. 2: A mezzanine or balcony shall be permitted to have a smgle means of egress provided the common path of travel limitations of Chapters 8 through 29 are not exceeded. 5-4.1.2 The minimum number of separate means of egress from any floor or portion thereof shall be as follows: Occupant load more than 500 but not more than 1,000 -- 3 Occupant load more than 1,000 -- 4 Exception: Existing buildings as permitted by Chapters 8 through 29. 5-4.1.3 Accessible means of egress, in accordance with 5-5.4, not utilizing elevators shall be permitted to serve as any or all of the required minimum number of means of egress. 5-4.1.4 Only the occupant load of each story considered indi- vidually shall be required to be used in computing the number of means of egress at that story, provided that the required number of means of egress shall not be decreased in the direc- tion of egress travel. 5-4.1.5 Doors other than the hoistway door and the elevator car door shall be prohibited at the point of access to an eleva- tor car. 1994 EDITION Exception: Doors that are readily Openable from the car side without a key, tool, special knowledge, or special effort. 5-4.1.6 Elevator lobbies shall have access to at least one exit Such exit access shall not require the'use of a key, tool, special knowledge, or special effort SECTION 5-5 ARRANGEMENT OF M~S OF EGRESS 5-5.1 General. 5-5.1.1 Exits shall be located and exit ~aiccess shall be arranged s° that exits are readily adcessible at hll times 5-5.1.2' Where exits are not immediately accessible from an oper floor area, safe and continu0us paSsageWays, aisles, or ¢orrJ Ior; leadtng d~rectly to every exit shall be mamtmned and Shall be arranged to provide access for each ioccupant to at least two exits by separale ways of travel. Exception No. 1: Where a Chapters 8 thrOugh 29. are permitted for an ~ of 5-5.1 a building or located from to minimize the.~ one fire~, 5-5.1.4' In J access doors from one length of the or area to m the nearest exit enclo- are intercon- be served; edge ofthe exit( sures ~ line: of travel Wi along the exits or exit uired exits or so that if Exception: In 'buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordar~ce with Section 7-7, the mmtmum sep~ratton distange between ~wo extts or exit access doors measu~d tn acco~lance ~vith 5-5 1 4 shall be not less than one thlrd the lehgth of the ~Urn Overall &agonal dtmenston of the buil&ng or area to be ~serOed. 5-5.1.5' Interlocking or scissor stairs sh~!l be permitted to be considered separate exits if eneloded in accordance with 5-1.3.1 and separated from each other by 2-hour fire resistance rated noncombustible construction. There shall be no penetra- tions or communicating openings, whether protected or not, between the stair enclosures. 5-5.1.6' Exit access shall b~ arranged so that there are no dead ends in corridors. MEANS OF EGRESS 101-45 Exception: Where dead ends are permitted for an occupancy by Chapters 8 through_ 29, such dead ends shall be permitted but shall not exceed the limit specified. 5-5.1.7 Exit access from rooms or spaces shall be permitted to be through adjoining or intervening rooms or areas, pro- vided such adjoining r(~oms are accessory to the area served. Foyers, lobbies, and reception rooms constructed as required fro: corridors shall not be ~nstrued as intervening rooms. Exit access shall be arranged so that it will not be necessary to pass through any area identified under Protection from Hazards in Chapters 8 through 30. 5-5.2 Impediments to Egress. (See also 5-1.7 and 5-2.1.5.) 5-5.2.1 In no case shall access to an exit be through kitchens, storerooms, restrooms¢ workrooms, closets, bedrooms or simi- lar spaces, or other rooms subject to locking. Exception No. 1: Exit access in health care occupancies shall be permitted to pass through rooms or spaces subject to locking as prOvided in Chapters 12 and 13. Exception No. 2: Exit access in detention and correctional occt[pancies shal! be permitted to pass through rooms or spaces subject to locking as provMed in Chapters 14 and 15. Exception No. 3: Exit access in mercantile occupancies shall be pe~itted to pass through storerooms as provided in Chapters 24 and: 25. 5-5.2.2* Exit access and exit doors shall be designed and arranged to be clearly recognizable. Hangings or draperies shall m0t:be placed over exit d~ors or otherwise located to con- ceal or Obscure any exit. Mirrors shall not be placed on exit d°o~s, Mirrors shall: not be placed in or adjacent to any exit in Such a manner as to confuse the direction of exit. oF~ep~ tion: Curtains shall be permitted across means of egress nings in tent walls if: (a) Distinctly marked in contrast to the tent wall so as to be recogttizable as ~neans of egress, and (b) Installed acros~ an opening that is a minimum of 6 fi (1!8 m) in width, and (c) Hung from slide'rings or equivalent hardware so as to be readily moved to the side to create an unobstructed opening in the t~'nt wall of the minimum width required of door openings. 5-5.3 Exterior Ways of Exit Access. 5-5.3.1 Exit access shall be permitted to be by means of any exterior balcony,'porch, gallery, or roof that conforms to the requirements of fids chapter. 5-53.2 The long side of the balcony, porch, gallery, or similar space shall be at ~ast 50 percent open and shall be arranged to prevent ~he accumulation of smoke. 5-5.3.3 Exterior exit access balconies shall be separated from the interior of the building by walls and opening protectives as required for corridors. Exception: Where the exterior exit access balcony ts served by at lleast two remote stairs that can be accessed without any occu- pant needing to travel past an unprotected opening to reach one of the stairs. 5-5.3.4 A permanent, reasonably straight path of travel shall be maintained over the required exterior exit access. 5-5.3.5 There shall be no obstruction by railings, barriers, or gates that divide the open space into sections appurtenant to individual rooms, apartments, or other subdivisions. 5-5.3.6 An exterior exit access shall be arranged so that there are no dead ends in excess of 20 ft (6.1 m). 5-5.3.7 Any gallery, balcony, bridge, porch, or other exterior exit access that projbcts beyond the outside Wall of the building shall coniply with the requirements of this chapter as to width and arrangement. 5-5.3.8 An exterior exit access shall have solid, substantially level floors and shall have gUards that are at least equivalent to those specified in 5-2.2.4 on unenclosed sides more than 30 in. (76 cm) above the floor or grade below. 5-53.9 Where accumulation of snow or ice is likely because of the climate, the exterior exit access shall be protected by a roof. 5-5.3.10 The materials of construction shall be as permitted for the building served. 5-5.4 Accessible Means of Egress. 5-5.4.1 Areas accessible to people with severe mobility impairment shall have a minimum of two accessible means of egress. Access shall be provided to a minimum of one accessi- ble area of refuge or one accessible exit discharge within the allowable travel distance. Exception No. 1: Except as otherwise required by Chapters 8 through 30, accessible means of egress shall not be required in existing buildings. Exception No. 2: Exit access travel shall be permitted to be common for the distances allowed ag common paths of travel Exception No. 3: A single accessible means of egress shall be permitted from buildings or areas of buildings permitted to have a single exit. Exception No. 4: The authority having jurisdiction shall be per- mitted to allow a reduction in the number of accessible means of egress based on an analysis of the fire protection system, the physical arrangement of the space, ~the facility operation, and determination that such means provide the most direct route from the accessible area. Exception No. 5: Health care occupancies protected thrOugh- out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with the provisions of Section 7-7. 5-5.4.2 Each required accessible means of egress shall be cOntinuous from each accessible occupied area to a public way or area of refuge, which, in accordance with 5-2.12.2.2, shall have access to a public way. 5-5.4.3 Where an exit stair is used within an accessible means of egress, it shall have stair flights and landings with a mini- mum clear width of 48 in. (122 cra) measured between hand- rails and at all points below handrail height, and shah either incorporate an accessible area of refuge within an enlarged story-level landing or shall be accessed from an accessible area of refuge. Any required area of refuge shall be in accordance with 5-2.12. 1994 EDITION 101-46 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 1: For stairs where egress is in the descending direction, a minimum 37-in. (94nrm) clear width, measured at and below OCCU- Exception No. 2: Existing stairs and landings that provide a minimum 37-in. (94-cm) clear width, measured at and handrail height, .shall be permitted. ~ : 5~2. 4. system. 5-5.4.6 to be ~nsidered part of an accessible be: refuge meeting the as provided in Section Elevators and requirements for 5-2.3. m an area of refuge of 5-2.4. that are pro- sprinkler with Section 6-3, that : resistance rating, and a with 5-2.4, to be considered part to an accessi- 2. means of [cces~ble to personswith severe or below a elevator SECTION 5,6 MEASUREMENT OF TRAVEL DISTANCE Xo wXIXs 5-6.1' The maximum travel distance in any occupied space to at least one exit, measured :in accordance with the following (seerequirements'5-6.4). shall not ex~eed the limits specified by this Code 5-6.2' Thetravei on the floor oF along the centerline of the natu- ral path of travel a the most remote point subject to ar obstructions with at the center of Where t shall be taken tional occupancies as permitted to detention and correc- Chapter 15. 1994 EDITION 5-6.3 Where open stairways or ramps are permitted as a path of travel to required exits, such as between mezzanines or bal- conies and the floor below, the distance shall include the travel n the stairway or ramp and the travel from the end of the tairway or ianip to an o~tside door or other exit in addition to the disiance tra~veled to reach the Stairway or ramp ravel distance limita- 30 and for 5-6.5 10 ft (3 m) )pening, as the length of travel to 5-7.1' an exit vide hate in t SECTION 5-7 EXITS a public way or at and size to pro- 5-ZZ permitted by 5-Z5. termi- and correctional number of egress areas on the (a) Such way to the exterio~ ' visible and identifiable the exit; and by an of the level protected by an the nons rated enclosure of exits Exception to(b): If the discharge area is a vestibule or foyer meeting all of the following: 3. The foyer exit directly to the outside.~ (c) I ~ccordance with remainder of the least the egress and includes an shall be sepa- a fire resistance shall be ~ in an atrium in MEANS OF EGRESS 101-47 Exception: One hundred percent of the exits shall be permitted to discharge through-areas on the level of exit discharge in deten- tion and correctional occupancies as provided in Chapters 14 and 15. 5-7.3 The exit discharge shall be ~arranged and marked to Imake clear the direction of egress to a public way. (See 5-Z2.3.6.) Exception: Stairs that continue one-half story beyond the level of exit discharge need not be so interrupted where the exit dis- charge is obvious. [ 5.7.4 Doors, stairs, ramps, corridors, exit passageways, bridges, balconies, esCalator~, moving walks, and other compo- nents of an exit discharge shall comply with the detailed requirements of this chapter for such components. :5-7.5 Subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdic- tion, exits shall be permitted to be accepted where: (a) They discharge to the roof or other sections of the building or adjoining buildings, and (b) The roof has a fire resistance rating at least the equiva- lent of that required for the exit enclosure, and (c) There is a continuous and safe means of egress from the roof, and (d) All other reasonable requirements for life safety are maintained. SECTION 5-8 ILLUMINATION OF MEANS OF EGRESS 5-8.1 General. 5-8.1.1' Illumination of means of egress shall be provided in accordance with this section for every building and structure where required in Chapters 8 through 30. For the purposes of this requirement, exit access shall include only designated stairs, aisles, corridors, ramps, escalators, and passageways leading to an exit. For the purposes of this requirement, exit discharge shall include only designated stairs, aisles, corridors, ramps, escalators, walkways, and exit passageways leading to a public way. 5-8.1.2 Illumination of meaqs of egress shall be continuous during the time that the conditions of occupancy .require that the means of egress be available for use. Artificial lighting shall be employed at such places and for such periods of time as required to maintain the illumination to the minimum criteria values herein specified. I5.8.1.3' The floors and other walking surfaces within an exit and .within the portions of the exit access and exit discharge designated by 5-8.1.1 shall be illuminated to values of not less than I footcandle (10 Ix) measured at the floor. Exception: In assembly occupancies, the illumination of the floors of exit access shall be not less than 1/5 footcandle (2 lx) during peri- ods of performances or projections involving directed, l~,ht. 5-8.1.4 Any required illumination shall be arranged so that the failure of any single lighting unit, such as the burning out of an electric bulb, will not leave any area in darkness. 5-8.1.5 The equipment or units installed to meet the require- ments of Section 5-10 shall be permitted also to serve the function of illumination of means of egress, provided that all applicable requirements of this section for such illumination are met. 5-8;2 Sources of Illumination. 5-8.2.1 Illumination of means of egress shall be from a soume of reasonably ensured reliability, such as public utility electric service. 5-8.2.2 No battery-operated electric light nor any type of por- table lamp or lantern shall be used for primary illumination of means of egress. Battery-operated electric lights shall be per- mitted to be used as an emergency source to the extent permit- ted under Section 5-9. SECTION 5-9 EMERGENCY LIGWFING 5-9.1 General. 5-9.1,1' Emergency lighting facilities for means of egress shall be provided in accordance with this section for every building or structure where required in Chapters 8 through 30. For the pur- poses of this requirement, exit access shall include only desig- nated stairs, aisles, corridors, ramps, escalators, and passageways leading to an exit. For the purposes of this requirement, exit dis- charge shall include only designated stairs, ramps, aisles, walk- ways, and escalators leading to a public way. 5-9.1.2 Where maintenance of illumination depends upon changing from one energy source to another, there shall be no appreciable interruption of illumination during the change- over. Where emergency lighting is provided by a prime mover- operated electric generator, a delay of not more than 10 sec- onds shah be permitted. 5-9.2 Performance of System. 5-9.2.1' Emergency illumination shall be provided for a period of ll/e hours in the event of failure of normal lighting. Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to provide ini- tial illumination that is not less than an average of 1 footcandle (10 Ix) and a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle (1 lx) measured along the path of egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to decline to 0.6 footcandle (6 Ex) average and a minimum at any point of 0.06 footcandle (0.6 Ex) at the end of the emergency lighting time duration. A maximum-to-minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. 5-9.2.2* The emergency lighting system shall be arranged to provide the required illumination automatically in the event of any interruption of normal lighting, such as any failure of public utility or other outside electrical power supply, 9penin~ of a cir- cuit bre_aker or fuse, or any manual act(s)~ including ~cciden~i 'opening of a switch cdntrolling normal lighting faciljti? 5~9.2.3 Emergency generators used to provide power to emergency lighting systems shall be installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 110, Standard for Emer- gency and Standby Power Systems. Stored electrical energy sys- tems where required by. this Code shall be installed and tested in accordance witli NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems. 1994 EDITION 101-48 LIFE SAFETY CODE 5-9.2.4* Battery-operated emergency lights shall use only reliable types of rechargeable batteries provided with suitable facilities for maintaining them in properly charged condition. Batteries used in such lights or units shall be approved for their intended use and shall comply with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®. 5-9~2.5 The emergency lighting system shall be either contin- uously in operation or shall be capalfle of repeated automatic op~ra'tion ~ithout manual intervehti°n. 5-9.3 Testing and MaintenanCe. (See Section 31-1.) SECTION 5-10 MARKING OF MEANS OF EGRESS 5-10.1 General. 5-10.1.1 Means of egress shall be marked in accordance with this section where required by Chapters 8 through 30. 5-10.1.2' Exits shall be marked by an approved sign readily visible from any direction of exit access. Exception: Main exterior exit doors that obviously and clearly are idenn'fiable as exits. 5-10.1.3 At each door into an exit stair enclosure, tactile sig- nage stating and complying with CABO/ANSI A117.1, Ameri- can National Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, shah be installed adjacent to the latch side of the door 60 in. (!52cm) above the finished floor'to the centerline of the sign. 5-10.1.4 Access to exits shall be marked by approved, readily visible signs in all cases where the exit or way to reach it is not readily apparent to the occupants. Sign placement shall be such that no point in the exit access is more than 100 ft (30 m) from the nearest visible sign. Exception: Signs in existing buildings need not meet the lO0-ft (30-m) distance requirement. 5-10.1.5' Where floor proximity exit signs are specifically required by Chapters 8 through 30, exit signs shall be placed near the floor level in addition to tfiose signs required for doors or cor- ridors. These signs shall be sized and illuminated in accordance with the requirements of 5-10.2 and 5-10,3. The bottom of the sign shall be not less than 6. in. (15.2 cm) nor more than 8 in. (20.3 cm) above the floor. Fo~ exit d~ors, th~ sign shall be mounted on the door or adjacent to the door with the closest edge of the sign within 4 in. (10.2 cm) of the door frame. 5-10.1.6' Every sign required by Section 5-10 shall be located and of such size, distinctive color, and design as to be readily visible and shall provide contrast with decorations, interior fir~- lsh, or other, s~gns.~ No decorat~ons,~ . furmshtngs, or equlDment_ _ that impairs visibility of an exit sign shall .be permitted, nor shall there be any brightly illuminated Sign (for other than exit purposes), display or object in or near the line of vision of the required exit sign of such a character as to detract attention from the extt s~gn 5-10.1.7' Where floor proximity egress path marking is spe- cifically required by Chapters ~8 through 30, a listed and 1994 EDITION approved floor proximity egress path marking system that is internally illuminated shall be installed within 8 in. (20.3 cm) of the floor. The system Shall provide a visible delineation of the path of travel along the designated exit access and shall be essentially continuous, except as interrupted by doorways, hallways, ~°rrid0rs,: or other ~uch architectural f~.atures. The system shall operate continuously or at any time the building fire alarm system is activated. T~he activation, duration, and continuity of operation of the system shall be in accordance with 5-9~2~ 5-10.2' Size of Sig,n,s,. Every shall haVe the word 'EXIT" } plainly, legible letters inot le~s ti principal Strokes Of letters no The word EXIT shall have 2 in. (5 cm), except the letter between leiters Shhll be not les than the minimum established ter widths strokes, and sphere Exception No. 1: ,Approved existin~ Exception No 2: Existing signs h~ plainly legible letters not less than 4 ~xception No. 3: Marking requiro ExceptiOn :No. 4: Listed exit sign; with 5-10.3, shall be permitted te 5~/2 ,in. (14 cra) in height with the~ less than 1/4 in. (0.6 cr~) in width ~ 1l/2 in. (3.8 cm), except the letter ~ ign required by Section 5-10 other ~Ppr6prihte wording in n 6 in. (13.~ ~m) high with the essithh~ 3/4 ih. (1.9 cm) wide. :ters of ~ width not less than [,' and theI minimum spacing :hah 3/8 ira(! cm). Signs larger this'paragraph shall have let- ri:prOportion to th ear height ng the required wording in (10.2 ch) high. ~ $-lO. 1.5 and 5-10.1.7. lurninated in accordance hb~e letters no~ less than ~nelp~!r~Stl'okes of letters not letter width not less than 5-10.3' Illumination of Signs. 5-103.1' Every sign required by 5-10.1.2 or 5-10.1.4 shall be suitably illuminated by a reliable light source. ~ and internally ~lluminated si~n~ ~hall be Visible in both the normal gnd emerg~ncy lighting ~node~ 5-10.3.2' Externally illuminated signs shall be illuminated by not less than 5 footcandles (54 Ix) and shall employ a contrast ratio of nOt less ~han 0.5. 5-10.3.3' The visibility of an internailg illuminated sign shall be the eqUiValent of ax~ externhllY jilur~inated sign that com- plies with 5-10.3.2. Exception No. 1: Approved existing signs. Exception No. 2*: Approved self-luminous or electrolumines- cent signs that provide evenly illumbtated letters shall have a minimum luminance of 0.06 footlamberts: (0 21 cd/sq m) as measured by a color-corrected photometer. 5-10.3.4 Every sign required by 5-10 1 5 shall provide evenly illuminated letters having a minimum luminance of 0.06 foot- lamberts (0.21 cd/sq m). Exception: Signs complying with the requirements of 5-10.3.3 shall be acceptable. 5-10.3.5' Every sign required to be illuminated by 5-10.3 shall be continuously illuminated as required under the provi- sions of Section 5-8. Exception*: Illumination for'signs shall be permitted to flash on and off upon activation of the fire alarm system MEANS OF EGRESS 101-49 5-103.6 Where emergency lighting facilities are ~:eq~uired by the applicable provisions of Chapters 8 through 30 for individ- ual occupancies, the-exit signs shall be illuminated by the emergency lighting facilities. The level of illumination of the exit sign shall be at the levels provided in accordance with 5-10.3.2 or 5-10.3;3 for the required emergency lighting time duration as specified in 5-9~2.1, but shall be permitted to decline to 60 percent of the illumination level at the end of the emergency lighting time duration. Exception: Approved self-luminous signs. 5-10.4 Specific Requirements. 5-10.4.1 Directional Signs. 5-10.4.1.1' A sign complying with 5-10.2 reading "EXIT" or a similar designation with a directional indicator showing the direction of traVel shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel, to reach the nearest exit is not apparent. Directional signs shall be listed. 5-10.4.1,2' Directional Indicator. The directional indicator shall be located outside of the EXIT legend, not less than 3/8 in. (1 cm) from any letter, and shall be permitted to be integral to or separate frown the sign body. The directional indicator shall be ora chevron type as shown in Figure 5-10.4 1 2 and shall be ~dent~fiable ~ a d~reet~onal indicator at a mmtmum d~stance of r00 ft (30 m} under all space illumination conditions. The direcfio~i indicators shall ~ot be located at the end of the sign opposite the d~rect~On ~ndiCated._ Exception: Approved existing signs. Fignre 5-10.4.1.2 Ch~ron-tyl~ indicator. 5-10.4.2' Special Signs. Any door, passage, or stairway that is neither an exit nor a way of exit access and that is located or arranged so that it is likely to be mistaken for an exit shall be identified by a signreading "NO EXIT". Such sign shall have the word "NO" itvletters 2 in. (5 cra) high with stroke width of 3/8 in. (1 cm) and the word "EXIT;' in letters 1 in. (2.5 cm) high, with the word "EXIT'' below the word "NO." Exception: Approved existing signs. SECTION 5-11 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR OCCUPAN- CIES WITH HIGH HAZARD CONTENTS (See Section 4-2.) 5-11.1' In all cases where the contents are classified as high hazard, exits of such types and numbers shall be provided and arranged to permit all occupants to escape from the building or structure or from the hazardous area thereof to the outside or to a place of safety with a travel distance of not more than 75 ft (23 m), measured as specified in 5-6.2. 5-11.2 Egresg capacity for high hazard contents areas shall be based on 0.7 in./person (1.8 em/person) for stairs or 0.4 in./person (1.0 em/person) for level components and ramps in accordance with 5-3.3.1. 5-113 At least two means of egress shall be provided- from each building or hazardous area thereof. Exception: Rooms or spaces not more than 2OO sq ft (18.6 sq m) and having an occupant load of not more than three persons and having a mm'travel distance to the room door of 25 ft (Z6m). 5-11.4 Means of egress shall be arranged so that there are no dead ends in corridors. Exception: Spaces meeting the requirements of the Exception to 5-11.3. SECTION 5-12 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ROOMS, BOILER ROOMS, AND FURNACE ROOMS 5-12.1 Mechanical equipment rooms, boiler rooms, furnace rooms, and similar spaces shall be arranged to limit common path of travel to a maximum of 50 ft (15 m). Exception: A common path of travel not to exceed 100 ft (30 m) shall be permitted' (a) In buildings protected throughout by an approved, super- vised automatic sptinlder system in accordance with Section 7-7, or (b) In mechanical equipment rooms with no fuel-fired equipment, or (c) In existing buildings. 5-12.2 Stories used exclusively for mechanical equipment, furnaces, or boilers shall be permitted to have a single means of egress where the travel distance to an exit on that story does not exceed the common path of travel limitations of 5-12.1. 1994 EDrrlON 101-50 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 6 _ F~_ ATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION SECTION 6-1 GENERAL 6-1.1 Application. 6-1.1.1 The features of fire protection set forth in this chap- ter apply' to both new conStruCtion and existing buildings. SECTION 6-2 CONSTRUCTION AND COMPARTMENTATION 6.2.1' Construction. Buildings or structures occupied or used according tO the individual occupancy chapters (Chapters 8 through 29) shall meet the minimum c~nstruction require- ments of those 'chaPterS. NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, shall be used to determine the require- ments for the construction classificatiOn. 6-2.2 Compartmentation. 6-2.2.1 Where required by Chapters 8 through 29, every building shall :be divided into compartments to limit the spread of fire and restrict the movement of smoke. 6-2.2.2* Fire compartments shall be formed with fire barriers that are continuous from outside wall to outside wall, from one fire barrier to another, or a combination thereof; including continuity through all concealed spaces, such as those found above a ceiling, including interstitial spaces. Exception: A fire barrier required for an occupied space below an interstitial ~pa~e shall not be r~quired to extend through the interstitial space provided the construction assembly forming the bottom of the interstitial space has a fire resistance rating equal to that of the fire barrier. 6-2.3 Fire Barriers. 6-2.3.1 Floor-ceiling assemb!jes; bearing and nonbearing wall or partition assemblies used as fire barriers to form fire compartments; and columns, beams, girders, or trusses sup- porting such assemblies shall be of a design that has been tested to meet the conditions of acceptance of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Fire barriers shall be continuous in accordance with 6-2.2.2. Exception No. 1: Structural elements need only have the fire resistance rating required for the construction classification of the building where supporting nonhearing wall or partition assem- blies having a required fire resistance rating of 1 hour or less and not serving as exit enclosures or protection of vertical openings. Exception No. 2*: Assemblies calculated to have equivalent fire resistance provided that the calculations are based on the condi- tions of acceptance and the fire exposure specified in NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Material& Exception No. 3: Structural elements supporting ~toor assem- blies in accordance with the Exception to 12-1.6.2. ~ 6-2.3.2 Fire barriers used to provide enclosure of floor open- ings or used for subdivision of stories shall be classified in accordance with their fire resistance rating as follows: 1994 EDITION (a) 2-hour fire resistance rating. (b) i-hour fire resistance rating. (c) 3/4-hour fire resistance rating. (d) 1/2~hour fire resistance ratin& (e) 20-minute fire resistance rating. 6-2.3.3 Door assemblies: in fire barriers shall be of an approved type with appropriate rating for the location ~n whmh in'tailed and shall c~mpl,~ with the following: (a) Fire doors shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows. Fire doors shall be of a design that has been tested lo meet the conditions of acceptance ~f NFPA: 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies. : (b) automatic-closing in within the means of 5-2.1. the bar- 1 hour or less rating for shall be installed Doors and Fire (a) Fire a design that has NFPA 257, ~ Assemblies. (b) Fire windows: used in fire barriers shall not exceed 25 percent of the~ area of:the fire barfit~r in which they are used. Exception No. 1: Existing ~tallations of wired glass and other fire-rated glazing material in?PProved metal frames. Exception No. 2: Fire-rated glazing material shall be permitted to be installed =in approved existing frames. 6-2.3.5* Every opening in a fire barrier shall be protected to limit the spread Of fire and restrict the movement of smoke from one side of the fire barrier to the other. The fire protec- tion rating for opening protectives shall be as follows: (a) 2-hour fire barrier -- ll/:-hour fire protection rating. (b) I-hour fire barrier-- 1-hour fire Protection rating where used for vertical openings or exit enclosures or 3/4-hour fire protecti6n r:atii~g where used for other than vertical open- ings or exit enclOsui~si Exception No. 1 to (b): Where a lesser fire protection rating is specified by Chapter 5 or Chapters 8 through 30. Exception No. 2 to (b): Where the fire barrier is provided as a result of a requirement that corridor walls or smoke barriers be of 1-hour ~re resistance rated construction, the opening protectives shall have a fire protection raEng of not less than 20 minutes when tested in accordance with NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, without the hose stream test. Exception No. 3 to (b): Where. special requirements for doors in 1-hour fire resistance rated corridor walls and I-hour fire resis- tance rated smoke barriers are specified in Chapters 12 and 13. FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION 101-51 (c) 3/4-hour fire barrier -- 20-minute fire protection rating. (d) 1/2-hour fire-ha;tier -- 20-minute fire protection rating. (e) 20-minute fire barrier -- 20-minute fire protection rating. 6-2.3.6 Penetrations and Miscellaneous Openings in Fire Barriers. 6-2.3.6.1' Openings in fi;e barriers for air-handling ductwork or air movement shall be protected in aCCordance with 7-2.1. 6-2.3.6.2* PiPes, conduits, bus ducts, cables, wires, air ducts, pneumatic tul~s ~nd ductS, and similar building service equip- ment that pass through fire barriers shall be prOtected as follows: (a) The space between the penetrating item and the fire barrier shall: 1. Be filled with a material capable of maintaining the fire resistance of the fire barrier, or 2. Be protected by an approved device designed for the specific purpose. (b) Where the penetrating item uses a sleeve to penetrate the fire barrier~ the sleeve shall be solidly set in the fire barrier, and the space between the item and the sleeve shall: 1. Be filled with a material capable of maintaining the fire resistance of the fire barrier, or 2. Be protected by an approved.device designed for the specific purpose. (c)* Insulation and coverings for pipes and ducts shall not pass through the fire barrier unless: 1. The material is capable of maintaining the fire resis- tance of the fire barrier, or 2. The material is protected by an approved device designed for the specific purpose. (d) Where designs take transmission of vibration into con- sideration, any vibration isolation shall: 1. Be made on either side of the fire barrier, or 2. Be made by an approved device designed for the spe- cific purpose. 6-2.4 Vertical Openings. 6-2.4.1 Every floor that separates stories in a building shall be constructed as a smoke barrier to provide a basic degree of compartmentation. (See Section 3-2for definition of smoke barrier.) Exception No. 1: Exception No. 2: Exception No. 3: As permitted by 6-Z4.5. As permitted by 6-Z 4. 6. As permitted by Chapters 8 through 30. 6-2.4.2* Openings through floors, such as stairways, hoist- ways for elevators, dumbwaiters, inclined and vertical convey- ors; shaftways used for light, ventilation, or building services; or expansion joints and seismic joints used to allow structural movements, shall be enclosed with fire barriers (vertical), such as walt or partition assemblies. Such enclosures shall be con- tinuous from floor to floor. Openings shall be protected as appropriate for the fire resistance rating of the barrier. Exception No. 1: As permitted by 6-2.4.5. Exception No. 2: As permitted by 6-2.4.6 Exception No. 3: As permitted in 6-2.4. Z Exception No. 4: Escalators and moving walks protected in accordance with 6-2. 4.10. Exception No. 5: Expansion or seismic jomts designed to pre- vent the penet)ation of fire for a time period not less than the required fire resistance rating of the floor. Exception No. 6: Enclosure is not required for pneumatic tube conveyors protected in accordance with 6-2.3.6.Z Exception No. 7: As permitted by Chapters 8 through 30. 6-2.4.3 Vertical openings (shafts) that do not extend to the bottom or the top of the building or structure shall be enclosed at the lowest and/or highest level of the shaft, respectively, with construction in accordance with 6-2.4.4. Exception: Shafts shall be permitted to terminate in a room or space having a use related to the purpose of the shaft provided that the room or space is separated from the remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance rating and open- ing protectives in accordance with 6-2.4.4 and 6-2.3.5. 6-2.4.4* The minimum fire resistance rating for the enclo- sure of floor openings shall be as follows {see 5-1.3.1 for enclo- sure of exits): (a) Enclosures connecting four stories or more in new con- struction -- 2-hour fire barriers. (b) Other enclosures in new construction -- I-hour fire barriers. (c) Enclosures in existing buildings -- l/2-hour fire barriers. (d) As specified in Chapter 16 for new hotels, Chapter 18 for new apartment buildings, and in Chapter 20 for lodging and rooming houses. 6-2.4.5 Where permitted by Chapters 8 through 29, unen- closed floor openings forming a communicating space between floor levels shall be permitted, provided the following condi- tions are met: (a) The communicating space does not connect more than three contiguous stories. (b) The lowest or next to lowest story within the communi- cating space is a street floor. (c) The entire floor area of the communicating space is open and unobstructed such that a fire in any part of the space will be readily obvious to the occupants of the space prior to the time it becomes a hazard to them. (d) The communicating space is separated from the remainder of the building by fire barriers with at least a I-hour fire resistance rating. Exception No. i to (d): In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7, a smoke barrier in accordance with Section 6-3 shall be per- mitred to serve as the required separation. 1994 EDITION 101-52 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 2 to (d): Fully sprinklered residential housing units of detention and correctional occupancies in accordance with Exception No. 3 to.14-3.1.1 and Exception No. 3 to 15-3.1.1. (e) The communicating space has ordinary hazard contents protected throughout by a~n ~pproved, automatic sPrinkler sys- tem in accordance With ~ection 7-7 Or has only low hazard c6n- tents. (See 4-2.2.) (f) for pants it as (g)* stoD access space has enter the commu- 6-2.4.6* 8 through following condi- tions are met: (a)* No horizontal dimension between opposite edges of the floor opening is ieSs than 20 ft (6.1 m), and the opening is a minimum ~f ~,0(}0 SCl ft (93 sq m). from the atrium in to exits iS permitted to be in. acCOrdance with 5-7.2 is (c) The occupancy within the space meets the specifica- tions for ClaSSifi6htiod as low or ordihary hazard contehts. (See 4-Z2.) (d) The entire building is protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-7. Exception to (d)*: Where the ceiling of the atrium is more than 55 ft (17 m)above the floor, the authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to allow, the omission of sprinklers at the top of the atrium. (e)* In new construction, an engineered smoke COntrol sys- tem acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction is provided. Factors such as means of egress and smoke COntrol of adjacent spaces ts considered. Exception to (e): An engineered smoke control system shall not be required where an engineering analYsis can demonstrate that life safety during the egress period will not be compromise& (f)* In new construction, if a mechanical system is installed to meet the requirements of (e) above, the mechanical system is independently activated by each of the following: 1.* Approved smoke detectors located to detect smoke above the highest floor level of the atrium and at return air intakes from the atrium, and 2. The required automatic sprinkler system, and 3. Manual controls that are readily accessible to the fire department. 1994 EDITION (g) In new construction, atriums are separated from the adjacent spaces by fire barriers with at least a i-hour fire resis- tance rating with opening protectives for corridor walls. [See 6-2.3.5(b) ff2ccePtion No. 2.] Exception No. 1 to (g): .Any three levels of the building shall be permitted to open directly to the :atrium without enclosure. Exception No. 2 to (g)*: Glass walls and inoperable windows automatic both sides more than 1 fi located ~ of the 6-2.4.7 A 6-2.4.8 building, hoistway enclosures are ~ side above other Ibe smoke. ~ an exit enclosure, I one floor, cars in a the same elevator cars, they least two separate more than shall be Exception: Existing buildings. 6-2.4.9 Service openings for conveyors, elevators, and dumb- waiters, where required tobe oPen on more than one story at the same time for purposes of oPeration~ shall be provided with closing devices in accordance with 5-2.1.8. 6-2.4.10 Any escalators or moving walks serving as a required exit in existing buildings shall be enclosed in the same manner as exit stairways. (See -also 5-217.) 6-2.4.11 Escalators or moving walks not COnstituting an exit shall have their floor openings enclosed or protected as required for other vertical openings. Exception No. 1': In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler!system in accordance with Section 7-7, escalators or moving walk openings shall be permitted to be protected in accordance with .the method detailed in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, or in accordance with a method approved by the authority having jur~diction. Exception No. 2: Escalators in large open areas, such as atri- ums and enclosed shopping malls. Exception No. 3: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler:system in accordance with Section 7- 7, escalators or moving walk openings shall be permitted to be protected by rolling steel shutters appropriate for the fire resis- ance rattng of the. vemcal oper~mg protected. The shutters shall FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION 101-53 close automatically upon smoke detection and sprinMer~ opera, ~. , (b) Every unoccupied attic space shall be subdivided by tion, independently_ of. each Other. There shall be a rn/,nUal draftstops into areas not to exceed 3,000 sq ft (280 sq m). means of operating and testing the operation of the shutter. The shutters shall be operated at least once a week to ensure that they remain in proper operating condition. The shutters shall operate at a speed of not more than 30 fi~rain (0.15 m/s) and shall be equipped with a sensitive leading edge. The leading edge shall arrest the progress of a moving shutter and cause it to retract a distance of approximately 6_in. (15.2 cra) upon the application of a force not in excess of 20 lbf (90 N) applied to the surface of the leading edge. The shutter, following this retraction, shall con- tinue to close. The operating mechanism for the rolling shutter shall be provided with standby power complying with the provi- sions of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. 6-2.5 Mezzanines, 6-2.5.1 General A mezzanine shall not be counted as a story for the purpose of determining the allowable number 9f stories. 6-2.5.2 Area Limitations. (c) Any concealed space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above shall be draftstopped for the full depth of the space along the line of support for the floor or roof structural members and, if necessary, at other locations to form areas not to exceed 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) for any space between the ceil- ing and floor and 3,000 sq ft (280 sq m) for any space between the ceiling and roof. Exception No. 1: If the space is protected throughout by an approved,~ autom, atic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-Z Exception No. 2: Concealed spaces serving as plenums, (See NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems.) 6-2.6.2 In eveD' existing building, firestopping and draftstop- ping shall be provided as required by the provisions of Chap- ters 8 through 29. 6-2.5.2.1 The aggregate area of- mezzanines within a room shall not exceed one third the open area of the room in which the mezzanines are located. Enclosed space shall not be included in a determination of the size of the room in which the mezzanine is located. Exception No. l: Special purpose industrial occupancies. Exception No. 2: Multilevel residential housing areas in deten- tion and correctional occupancies in accordance with Chapters 14 and 15 are exempt from the provisions of 6-2.5.2 and 6-2.5.3. 6-2.5.2.2 There shall be no limit on the number of mezza- nines in a room. 6-2.5.2.3 For purposes of determining the allowable mezza- nine area, the area of mezzanines shall not be included in the area of the room. 6-2.5.3 Openness. All portions of a mezzanine shall be open to and unobstructed from the room in which the mezzanine is located. Exception No. 1: Walls not more than 42 in. (107 cra) high, columns, and posts. Exception No. 2: Mezzanines or portions thereof need not be open to the room in which they are located, provided the occu- pant load of the 'aggregate area of the enclosed space does not exceed 10. Exception NO. 3: .4 m~zzanine having two or more means of egress need not open into the room in which it is located if at least one of the means of egress provides direct access to an exit at the mezzanine level. 6-2.6 Concealed Spaces. 6-2.6.1' In new Type III, Type IV, or Type V construction, any concealed space in which materials having a flame-spread rating greater than Class A (as defined in Section 6-5) are exposed shall be effectively firestopped or draftstopped as pro- vided below: (a) Every exterior and interior wall and partition shall be firestopped at each floor level, at the top-story ceiling level, and at the level of support for roofs. SECTION 6-3 SMOKE BARRIERS 6-3.1' Where required by Chapters 8 through 29, smoke bar- tiers shall be provided to subdivide building spaces for the pur- pose of restricting the movement of smoke. 6-3.2* Smoke barriers required by this Code shall be contin- uous from an outside wall to an outside wall, from a floor to a floor, from a smoke barrier to a smoke barrier, or a combina- tion thereof; this includes continuity through all concealed spaces such as those found above a ceiling, including intersti- rial spaces. Exception: A smoke barrier required for an occupied space below an interstitial space shall not be required to extend through the interstitial space, provided the construction assembly forming the bottom of the interstitial space provides resistance to the pas- sage of smoke equal to that provided by the smoke barrier. 6-3.3 A fire barrier shall be permitted to be used as a smoke barrier if it meets the requirements of 6-3.4 through 6-3.6. 6-3.4 Doors. 6-3.4.1' Doors in smoke barriers shall close the opening with only a minimum clearance necessary for proper operation and shall be without undercuts, louvers, or grilles. 6-3.4.2* Where a fire resistance rating for smoke barriers is specified elsewhere in the Code, openings shall be protected as follows: (a) Door opening protectives shall have a fire protection rating of not less than 20 minutes where tested in accordance with NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, without the hose stream test. (b) Fire windows shall comply with 6-2.3.4. Exception No. I: If a different fire protection rating for smoke barrier doors is specified by Chapters 8 through 29. Exception No. 2: Latching hardware ~hall not be required on doors in smoke barriers where so indicated by Chapters 8 through 29. EDITION 101-54 LIFE SAFETY CODE 6-3.4.3* Doors in smoke barriers shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 5-2.1.8 and sha. ll comply with the provisions of 5-2.1. 6-3.5 Smoke Dampers. 6-3.5.1 An approved damper designed to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each air-transfer opening or duct penetration of a r~quired smoke barrier. Exception No. 1: Ducts or air-transfer opening~ that are part of an e~ineered smoke: control system in abc~rdance with Sect{on 7'3. Exception No. 2: Ducts where the air continues to move and the air-handling system installed is arranged to prevent recircuia- tion of exhaust o~ return air Under fire e~nergenCY conditions. Exception No. 3: Where the air inlet or outlet openings in ducts are limited to~ a single smo~ compartment. Exception No. 4: Where ducts penetrate floors that serve as smoke barriers. Exception No. 5: Where specifically permitted by Chapters 8 through 29, 6-3.5.2 Required smoke dampers in ducts penetrating smoke barriers, shall dose upon detection of smoke by approved smoke detectors inSt~lled in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. Exception No. 1: Duct detectors shall not be required where ducts penetrate smoke barriers above the smoke barrier doors and the door release detector actuates the damper. Exception No. 2: Approved smoke detectors located within the duct} in existing inst[tllations. 6-3.5.3 Required smoke dampers in air transfer openings shall close upon detection of smoke by approved smoke detec- tors installed in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. Exception: Where a duct is provided on one side of the smoke barrier, the smoke detectors on the duct side shall be in accor- dance with 6-3.5.2. 6-3.6 Penetrations and Miscellaneous Openings in Floors and Smoke Barriers. 6-3.6.1 Pipes, conduits, bus ducts, cables, wires, air ducts, pneumatic tubes and ducts, and similar building service equip- ment that pass through floors and smoke barriers shall be pro- tected as follows: (a) The space between the penetrating item and the smoke barrier shall: I. Be filled with a material capable of maintaining the smoke resistance of the smoke barrier, or 2. Be protected by an approved device designed for the specific purpose. (b) Where the penetrating item uses a sleeve to penetrate the smoke barrier, the sleeve shall be solidly set in the smoke barrier, and the space between the item and the sleeve shall: 1 Be filled with a material capable of maintaining the smoke resistance of the smoke barrier, or 2. Be protected by an approved device designed for the specific purpose. 1994 EDfflON (c) Where designs take transmission of vibration into con- sideration, any vibration isolation shall: 1, Be made on either side of the smoke barrier, or 2i Be made by an approved device designed for the spe- cific purpose. 6-3.6.2 Openings occurring at points where floors or smoke barriers m~et the outside ~lls, other smoke barriers, 'or fire barriers Of a building shall: ' (a) Be filled wit:h: a material capable 0f maintaining the smoke iresistance, 6f the flodr br sm0~e barrier, or (b) Be protected by an apProved device designed for the specific purpose. SECTION 6-4 SPECIAL HAZARD PROTECTION 6-4.1 General. 6-4.1.1' Protection from any area having a degree of hazard greater than that normal to the general occupancy of the build- ing or structure shall be provided as follows: (a) Enclose the area with a fire barrier having a 1-hour fire resistance rating in accordance with Section 6-2, without windows, or (b) Protect the area with automatic extinguishing systems in accordance with Section 7-7, or (c) Apply both (a) and (b) above where the hazard is severe or where otherwise specified by Chapters 8 through 29. 6-4.1.2 In new construction, where protection is provided with automatic extinguishing systems without fire-resistive sep- aration, the space protected shall be enclosed to resist the pas- sage of smoke, and doors shall be self-closing or automatic- closing and resist the passage of smoke. Exception No. 1: Mercantile occupancy general storage areas and stockrooms protected by automatic sprinklers in accordance with Section 7-Z Exception No. 2: Hazardous areas in industrial occupancies protected by automatic extinguishing systems in accordance with 28-3.2. 6-4.1.3 Doors in barriers required to have a fire resistance rating shall have a 3/4-hour fire protection rating and shall be self-closing or automatic-dosing in accordance with 5-2.1.8. 6-4.2* Explosion Protection. Where hazardous processes or storage are of such a character as to introduce an explosion poten- tial, an explosion venting or an explosion suppression system specif- ically designed for the hazard involved shall be provided. 6-4.3 Flammable Liquids. Flammable liquids shall be pro- tected in accordance with NFPA 30, Flammable and Combus- tible Liquids Code. 6-4.4 Laboratories. Laboratories that use chemicals shall comply with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Labora- tories Using Chemicals, unless otherwise modified by other pro- visions of this Code. Exception: Laboratories in he. alth care occupancies and medi- cal and dental offices shall comply with NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION 101-55 SECTION 6-5 INTERIOR FINISH 6-5.1 General. 6-5.1.1' Interior finish includes interior wall and ceiling fin- ish and interior floor finish. 6-5.1.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish means the exposed interior surfaces of buildings including, but not limited to, fixed or movable walls and'partitions, columns, and ceili.ngs. Exception: Materials less than 1/28 in. (0.09 cm) in thiqkness applied directly to the Surface of walls or ceilings shall }tot be considered as interior finish if such materials have surfacd bum- ing characteristics no greater than paper of this thickness ?plied d{rectly to a noncombustible backing in the same manner. 6-5.1.3 Interior floor finish means the exposed floor st~rfaces of buildings including COVerings that might be applied over a normal finished floor or stair, including risers. 6-5.1.4 Classification of interior finish materials shall be in accordance with tests made under conditions simulating actual installations, provided that the authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to establish the classification of any material on which a rating by standard test is not available. 6-5.2* Use of Interior Finishes. 6-5.2.1 Requirements for interior wall and ceiling finish shall apply as specified elsewhere in this Code for specific occupan- cies. (See Chapter 5 and Chapters 8 through 29.) Exception: Light-transmitting plastics in accordance with 6-5.2.5. 6-5.2.2* Requirements for interior floor finish shall apply only where there ~s a floor fimsh of unusual hazard or where floor finish requirements are specified elsewhere in this Code for specific occupancies. (See Chapters 8 through 29 for specific occupancy requirements.) 6-5.2.3 Use of Textile Wall and Textile Ceiling Materials as Interior Finish. The use of textile materials on walls or ceil- ings shall be limited as specified in 6-5.2.3.1 through 6-5.2.3.5. 6-5.2.3.1 Textile materials having a Class A rating (see 6-5.3.2) shall be permitted on the walls or ceilings of rooms or areas protected by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. 6-5.2.3.2 Textile materials having a Class A rating (see 6-5.3.2) shall be permitted on partitions that are not more than ~/4 of the floor-to-ceiling height nor more than 8 ft (2.4 m) in height, whichever is less. 6-5.233 Textile materials having a Class A rating (see 6-5.3.2) shall be permitted to extend up to 4 fit (1.2 m) above the finished floor on ceiling-height walls and ceiling-height partitions. 6-5.2.3A Previously approved, existing installations of textile materials having a Class A rating (see 6-5.3.2) shall be permit- ted to be continued to be used. I6-5.2.3.5' Textile materials shall be permitted on walls and partitions where tested in accordance with NFPA 265, Stan- dard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wail Coverings, using a product mount- ~ng §y§te~m, including adhesive, representative of actual use, provided the textile material complies with the criteria of 6-5.2.3.5.1 or 6-5.2.3.5.2. 6-5.2.3.5.1 When using method A of the NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contri- bution of Textile Wall Coverings, test protocol: (a) Flame shall not spread to the ceiling during the 40-kW exposure, and (b) During the 150-kW exposure the following criteria shall be met: (1) Flame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the sample on the 8 fit x 12 ft (2.4 m x 3.7 m) wall, and (2) The specimen shall not burn to the outer extremity of the 2 ft (0.6 m) wide samples mounted vertically in the cor- ner of the room, and (3) Burning droplets that are judged to be capable of igniting the textile wall COvering or that persist in burning for 30 seCOnds or more shall not be formed and dropped to the floor, and (4) Flashover shall not occur, and (5) The maximum instantaneous net peak rate of heat release shall not exceed 300 kW. 6-5.23.5.2 When using method B of the NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contri- bution of Tortile Wall Coverings, test protoCOl: (a) Flame shall not spread to the ceiling during the 40-kW exposure, and (b) During the 150-kW exposure the following criteria shall be met: (1) Flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the sample on the 8 fit x 12 fit (2.4 m x 3.7 m) wall, and (2) Flashover shall not occur. 6-5.2.4 Cellular or foamed plastic materials shall not be used as interior wall and ceiling finish. Exception No. 1: Cellular or foamed plastic materials shall be permitted on the basis of fire tests that substantiate on a reason- able basis their combustibility characteristics for the use intended under actual fire conditions. Exception No. 2: Cellular or foamed plastic shall be permitted for trim not in excess of 10 percent of the wall or ceiling area, provided it is not less than 20 lb/cu ft (320 kg/cu m) in density, is limited to 1/2 in. (1.3 cra) in thickness and 4 ir~ (10.2 cra) in width, and complies with the requirements for Class A or B inte- rior wall and ceiling finish as described in 6-5.3; however, the smoke rating shall not be limited. 6-5.2.5* Light-transmitting plastics shall be permitted to be used as interior wall and ceiling finish if approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 6-5.2.6 For requirements on deCOrations and furnishings not meeting the definition of interior finish, see 31-1.2.3 and 31-1.4. 1994 EDITION 101-56 LIFE SAFETY CODE 6-5~3 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish Classification. 6-5.3.1' Interior wall and c-eili~g finish shall bc classified in accordance with 6-5.3.2 based on test results from NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of BUilding Materials. 6-5.3.2* Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be grouped in the following classes in accordance with their flame spread and smoke development: (a) Class A Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Flame spread 0-25, smoke developed 0-450. Includes any material classified at 25 or less on the flame spread test scale and 450 or less on the smoke test scale of the tests described in 6-5,3.1. Any element thereof, when so tested, shall not continue to Propagate fire. (b) Class B Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Flame spread 26-;/2, smoke developed 0:450. Includes any material clasSified at more than 25 but not more than 75 on the flame spread test scale and 450 or less on the smoke test scale of the tests described in 6-5.3.1. (c) Class C Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Flame Spread 76-200, smoke developed 0-450. Includes any material classi+ fled at more than 75 b~tt not more than 200 on the flame spread test scale and 450 or less on the smoke test scale of the tests described in 6-5.3.1. Exception: Existing interior finishes complying with the above flame SPread ratings only shall be permitted to continue m be used. 6-5.3.3 Wherever the use of Class C interior wail and ceiling finish is required, Class A or B shall be permitted. Where Class B interior wall and ceiling finish is required, Class A shall be permitted. 6-5.3.4 The classification of interior finish specified in 6-5.3.2 shall be that of the basic material used by itself or in combina- tion with other materials. Exception: Exposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for Type 1V(2HH) construction per NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction. 6-5.4 Interior Floor Finish Classification. 6-5.4.1' Interior floor finishes shall be classified in accor- dance with 6-5.4.2 based on test results from NFPA 253, Stan- dard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. 6-5.4.2 Interior floor finishes shall be grouped in the follow- ing classes in accordance with the critical radiant flux ratings: (a) Class I Interior Floor Finish. Critical radiant flux, min- imum of 0.45 W/sq cm as determined by the test described in 6-5.4.1. (b) Class I1 Interior Floor Finish. Critical radiant flux, miflimum of 0.22 W/Sq Cm as determined by the test described in 6-5.4.1. 6-5.4.3 Wherever the use of Class II interior floor finish- is required, Class I interior.floor finish shall be permitted. 6-5.5 ~ wall and ceiling finish : wall and ceil- to be Class C ceiling finish 6-5.6* Fire Retardant Coatings. 6-5.6.1 The reqoired flame spread or smoke developed clas- [ sificfition of existing surfaces (~Walls, Partitions' columns, and ceilings shall be permitted it be secured by applying approved fir~ retardant c6~tings t° sUrfaces haxdhg higher flame ~pread ratings than Permltted. such treatment~ shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 703, Stundard for Fire Retardant Impregnated Wood~find Fire j~etardant C~oa~ings for Building Matbrials. the effectiveness of the treatment under the service conditions . encountered m actual use. 6-5~7 Automatic Sprinklers. 6-5,7.1 Where an approved, automatic sprinkler system is installed in accordance with Section 7-7, Class C interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be permitted in any location where Class B is required, and Class B interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be permitted in any location where Class A is required. Exception: Unless specifically prohibited elsewhere in this Code. 6-5.7.2 Where an approved, automatic sprinkler system is installed in accordance with Section 7-7, Class II interior floor finish shall be permitted in any location where Class I interior floor finish is required, and where Class II is required, no crit- ical radiant flux rating shall be required. 1994 EDITION BUILDING SERVICE AND FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT 101-57 CHAPTER 7 BUILDING SERVICEAND FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT SECTION 7-1 UTILITIES 7-1.1 Equipment utilizing gas and related gas p~ping shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, or NFPA 58, Standard for Storage and Handling of Liq- uefied Petroleum Gases. Exception: Ex,'sting installations shall be permitted to be con- tinued in service, subject to approval by the authority having jurisdiction. 7-1,2 Electrical wiring and equipment installed shall be in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. Exception: Existing installations shall be permitted to be con- tinued in service, subject to approval by the authority having jurisdiction. SECTION 7-2 HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING 7-2.1 Air conditioning, heating, ventilating ductwork, and related equipment shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ven- tilating Systems, or NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, as applicable. Exception: Existing installations shall be permitted to be con- tinued in service, subject to approval by the authority having jurisdiction. 7-2.2 Ventilating or heat-producing equipment shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials; NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appli- ances; NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment; NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code; NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, as applicable. Exception: Existing installations shall be permitted to be con- tinued in service, sub]eat to approval by the authority having jurisdiction. 7-2.3 Commercial cooking equipment shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 96, Standard on Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations. Exception: Existing installations shall be permitted to be con- tinued in service, subject to approval by the authority having jurisdiction. 7-2.4 Ventilating systems in laboratories using chemicals shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Pro- tection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, or NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities, as appropriate. SECTION 7-3 SMOKE CONTROL I7-3.1' Smoke control systems where required or permitted by Chapters 8 through 30 shall have an approved maintenance and testing program to ensure operational integr'ity. The pur- pose of such smoke control systems is to confine smoke to the general area of fire origin and maintain use of the means of egress system. SECTION 7-4 ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS, AND CONVEYORS 7-4.1' An elevator shall not be considered a component in a required means of egress but shall be permitted as a compo- nent in an accessible means of egress. 7-4.2 Except as modified herein, new elevators, escalators, dumbwaiters, and moving walks shall be installed in accor- dance with the requirements of ASME/ANSI Al7.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. 7-4.3 Except as modified herein, existing elevators, escala- tors, dumbwaiters, and moving walks shall conform to the requirements of ASME/ANSI A17.3, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Escalators. %4.4 All new elevators shall conform to the Fire Fighters' Service Requirements of ASME/ANSI Al7.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.. 7-4.5 All existing elevators having a travel distance of 25 ft (7.6 m) or more above or below the level that best serves the needs of emergency personnel for fire fighting or rescue purposes shall conform to the Fire Fighters' Service Require- ments of ASME/ANSI A17.3, Safety Code for Existing Eleva- tors and Escalators. 7-4.6 The number of elevator cars permitted in a hoistway shall be in accordance with 6-2.4.8. 7-4.7 Conveyors, elevators, dumbwaiters, and pneumatic conveyors serving various stories of a building, shall not open to an exit. 7-4.8 Elevator Testing. Elevators shall be subject to routine and periodic inspections and tests as specified in ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. All elevators equipped with fire fighter service in accordance with 7-4.4 and 7-4.5 shall be subject to a monthly operation with a written record of the findings made and kept on the premises as required by ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. SECTION 7-5 RUBBISH CHUTES, INCINERATORS, AND LAUNDRY CHUTES 7-5.1 Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes shall be separately enclosed by walls or partitions in accordance with the provi- sions of Section 6-2. Inlet openings serving chutes shall be pro- tected in accordance with Section 6-2. Doors of such chutes shall open only to a room that is designed and used exclusively for accessing the chute opening. The room shall be separated from other spaces m accordance with Section 6-4. Exception No. 1: Existing installations having properly enclosed service chutes and properly installed and maintained service openings shall be permitted to have inlets open to a corridor or normally occupied space. Exception No. 2: Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes shall be permitted to open into rooms not exceeding 400 sq fl (37 sq m) in area used for storage, provided the room is protected by auto- matic sprinklers. 7-5.2 Rubbish chutes, laundry chutes, and incinerators shall be installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Sys- terns and Equipment. 1994 EDITION 101-58 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception: Existing installations shall be permitted to be con- tinued in service, subject to _app. roval by the authority having .jurisdiction. SECTION 7-6 FIRE DETECTION, ALARM, AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 7-6.1 General. 7-6.1.1 The provisions of this section shall apply only where specifically re~tuired by another Section of this ~o~/e 7-6.1.2 Fire detection, alarm, and communications systems installed tO make ,u,,se ~f an ,alternative allOwed by this Code shall be considered req. uired systems and shall meet the pro- visions of this Code appiicable t~ required systems 7-6.1.3' The provisions of this section cOVer the basic func- tions of a complete prOtective signaling and control system including fire d~tec~i~ni alarm, and ~°mn~Unication. These sys- tems are primarily intended to Provide the indicalion and warning of abno~al e0nditions,. ~he sdmm°ning of approori- ate aid, and the: controliof °cCUphncy fa~iiities to enhance l~ro- tec~tion of life. 7-6.1.4 A fire alarm system required for life safety shall be installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with applica- ble requirements of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, and NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. Exception: Existing installations shall be permitted to be con- tinued in use, subject to the approval qf the authority having jurisdiction. 7-6.1.5 All systems and components shall be approved for the purpose for which installed. 7-6.1.6 Fire alarm system installation wiring or other trans- mission paths shall b~ monitored for integrity in accordance with 7-6.1,4. 7-6.1.7' Maintenance and Testing. To ensure operational integrity, the fire alarm system shall have an approved mainte- nance and testing program complying with the requirements of the applicable documents specified in 7-6.1.4. 7-6.1.8 For the purposes of this Code, a protective signaling and control system is used for initiation, notification, and control. (a) Initiation. The initiation function provides the input signal to the system. (b) Notification. The notification function is the means by which the system advises that human action is required in response to a particular condition. (c) Control. The control function provides outputs to con- trol building equipment to enhance protection of life. 7-6.2 Signal Initiation. 7-6.2.1 Where required by other sections of this Code, actua- tion of the protective signaling and control system shall occur by any or all of the following means of initiation, but shall not be limited thereto: 1994 EDITION (a) Manual fire alarm initiation. (b) Automatic detection. (c) Extinguishing system operation. 7-6.2.2 Manual'fire alarm stations shall be approved for the particular application and shall be used only for fire pro!ective signaling ptiiposes. Combination fire alarm and guard s tour stations shall be acceptable. n-6.2.3 A manual fire alarm station shall be provided in the atural Path of escape near each required exit from an area, unless n~odified by ah0ther section o~ this Code. 7-6.2.4 Additional manual fire alarm stations shall be located so that, from anY part of the building, not more than 200 ft (60 m) horizontal distance on the same floor shall be traversed in order to reach a manual fire alarm ~tatidn. 7-6.2.5 Each manual fire alarm station on a system shall be accessible, unobstructed, visible, and of the same general type. 7-6.2.6 Where a sprinkler system provides automatic detec- tion and alarm system initiation, it. shall be provided with an approved, alarm initiation device that Will operate when the flo(v of water is equal to or greater than that from a single auto- matic sprinkler Where a corn- another section of this Code; automatic detection, in accordance with NFPA 72, National ~ in all occupiable areas, commo! in those environments suitable for proper Smoke detector operation. Where a partial section of this in all common areas and storage s spaces in those operation. sections of this Code shal :ctions. 7-6.2.9* Where required Code, sin- gle in accordance ulrements of NFPA detectors shall electrical sys- are required within detectors shal rive signaling and control be permitte~. living unit over individual living shall Exception No. 1: Battery-operated devices as permitted by other sections of this Code. Exception No: 2: Battery-operated devices complying with the documents specified in 7-6.~i4 that achieve indication of rnissing battery or low battery power condition at a remote location. BUILDING SERVICE AND FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT 101-59 Exception No. 3: System smoke detectO~Si~anged to fUnction in the same manner shall be permitted. 7-6.2.10 Where required by Chapters 8 through 30, an auto- matic fire detection system shall be provided in hazardous areas for initiation of the signaling system. 7-63 Occupant Notification. 7-6.3.1 Occupant notification shall provide signal notifica- tion to alert occupants of fire or other emergency as required by other sections of this Code. %63.2* Notification shah be a general, audible alarm-type complying with 7-6.3.3 through 7-6.3.10. I Exception No. 1: Where permitted by Chapters 8 through 29, a presignal system shall be permitted when the initial fire alarm signal is automatically transmitted without delay to a municipal fire department, a fire brigade (if provided), and an on-site staff person trained to respond to a fire emergency. IException No. 2: Where permitted by Chapters 8 through 30, a positive alarm sequence shall be permitted provided it is in accor- dance with NFP,4 72, National Fire Alarm Code. Exception No.' 3*: Elevator lobby and associated machine room smoke detectors used for elevator recall shall not be required to sound the building evacuation alarm if the power supply and installation wiring to these detectors are monitored by the building fire alarm system, and the activation of these detec- It ors results in an audible alarm signal at a constantly attended location. Exception No. 4*: Duct detectors used for closing dampers or heating/ventilating/air conditioning system shutdown shall not be required to sound the building alarm. I Exception No. 5*: Detectors at doors for the exclusive opera- tion of automatic door release shall not be required to sound the building alarm. IException No. 6: Detectors in ~accordance with the Exception to 14-3.4.3.1 and the Exception to 15-3.4.3.1 shall not be required to sound the buildingalarm. 7-6.3.3* Where a standard evacuation signal is required by another section of this Code, the evacuation signal shall be the standard fire alarm evacuation signal described in NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. 7-63.4 Notification signals for occupants to evacuate shall be by IauchT01e and vis,lc signals in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire A/arm Code, an~i CABO/ANSI All7.1, American National Standard for .4ccessibIe and Usable Buildings and Facilities. Exception No. 1: Areas not subject to occupancy by persons who are hearing impaired need not comply with the provisions for visible signals. IException No. 2: Visible only signals as specificallypermitted in health care occupancies in accordance with the .provisions of Chapters 12 and 13. Exception No. 3: Other means of notification acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Exception No. 4: Existing alarm systems need not comply with the provision for visible signals. 7-6.3.5 The general evacuation alarm signal shall operate throughout the entire building. Excepiion No. 1': Where total evacuation of occupants is not practical due to budding configuration, only the occupants in the affected zones shall be initially notified. Provisions shall be made to selectively notify occupants in other zones to afford orderly evacuation of the entire building. Exception No, 2: Where occupants are incapable of evacuating themselves because of ag~ physical/mental disabilities, or physical restram~ only the attendants and other personnel required to evacuate occupants from tt zone, area, floor, or building shall be required to be notified This notification shall include means to readily identify the zone, area, j~or, or building in need of evacuatior~ Exception No. 3: Notification within the covered mall per 24-4.4.3.3 and 25-4.4.3.3. 7-6.3.6 Audible alarm notification appliances shall be of such character and so distributed as to be effectively heard above the average ambient sound level occurring under normal con- ditions of occupancy. 7-6.3.7 Audible alarm notification appliances shall produce signals that are distinctive from audible signals used for other purposes in the same building. 7-6.3.8 Automatically transmitted or live voice evacuation or relocation instructions to occupants shall be permitted and shall be in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. 7-6.3.9 Audible and visible fire alarm notification appliances shall be used only for fire alarm system or other emergency purposes. Exception No. 1: Voice communications systems'shall be per- mitted to be used for other purposes, subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction, if the fire alarm system takes precedence over all other signals. Exception No. 2: Where otherwise permitted by another section of this Code. 7-6.3.10 Alarm notification signals shall take precedence over all other signals. 7-6.4 Emergency Forces Notification. Where required by another section of this Code, emergency forces notification shall be provided to alert the municipal fire department and fire brigade (if provided) of fire or other emergency. Where fire department notification is required by another section of this Code, the fire alarm system shall be arranged to transmit the alarm automatically via any of the following means acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code: (a) An auxiliary alarm system, or (b) A central station connection, or (c) A proprietary system, or (d) A remote station connection. Exception: Where none of the above means of notification is available, a plan for notification of the municipal fire depart- ment, acceptable-to the authority having jurisdiction, shah be provided. 1994 EDITION 101-60 LIFE SAFETY CODE 7-6.5 Emergency Control. 7-6.5.1 A fire alarm and c6nffol system, where required by another section of this Code, shall be arranged to actuate auto- matically controlfunCti0ns necessarY to t~aake the protected premises safer for building 'Occupants. 7-6.5.2 Where required by another section of this Code, the following functions shall b6 actuated, by the protective signal- ing and Control system: Exception No. 1: Where the building is provided with auto- rnatic sprinklers throughout, installed in accordance with Section 7-7, the area of the alarm zone shall be permitted to coincide with the allowable area of the sprinkler zone;. Exception No. 2: Where otherwise permitted by another section of this Code. 7-6.7.5 A system trouble signal shall be annunciated at the control center by means of audible and visible indicators. t pressUrization. 7-6.7.7 one building, control systems, each buildin (d) control. (e) Unlocking of doors SECTION %7 AUTOMATIC: SPRINKLERS AND OTHER ' EXTINGuISmNG EQUIPMENT 7-6.5.2 shall be permitted to and control system where oth- et'wise Code. Additionally, the fire alarm elevators, as this or associated machine ] room detectors 7-6.5.4 The performance of emergency control functions shall not, in ~ny Way, impair the ~ffecfive response of all required alarm notifi~atiori functions. 7-6.5.5' An auxiliarY fire alarm relay used to control an emergency cOntrol device that provides any of the functions of 7-6.5.2 or elevator capture per 7-6.5.3 (e.g., motor controller for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system fan) shall be located within 3 ft (91 cra) of the emergency control device The installation wiring between the protective signaling and control system panel and the auxiliarY fire alarm relay shall be monitored for integrity. 7-6.6 Location of Controls. Operator controls, alarm indica- tors, and manual communication.s capability shall be installed in a control center at a convenient location acceptable to the authority haVing jurisdiction 7-7.1 Automatic Sprinklers. 7-7.1.1' Each automatic Sprinkler r system required by another section of this Code shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13, standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Sys- tems. Where partial sprinkler protection is permitted by another section of this ~ode, 1-6.~ of NFPA 13 shall apply. Exception No. 1:: NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential OccupanCies.Up to and Includ- ing Four Stories in Height, shall be permitted ~r use as specifi- cally referenced in Cha~ters 16 thro~gh 23 ofithis Code. peption No. 2: the Installation of ri;tkler Dwellings and ters 21 through Chap- 7-6.7 Annunciation. for floor shut-off between water supply. 7-7.1.3' In 7-6.7.1 Where alarm annunciation is required by another matic section of this Code, it shall comply with 7-6.7.2 through Code shall 'be 7-6.7.7. 7-6.7.2 Alarm annunciation at the control center shall be by means of audible and visible indicators. %6.7.3 For the purposes of alarm annunciation, each floor 'of the building shall be considered, as a minimum, one zone. Exception No. 1: of this Code. Exception No. 2: Where otherwise permitted by another section Existing buildings. 7-6.7.4 If a floor area exceeds 20,000 sq ft (1,860 sq m), addi- tional zoning shall be provided. The length of any zone shall not exceed 300 ft (91 hi) in any direction. 1994 EDITION be con- having a 1 L/min/sq m) of An indicating location the domestic auto- er sections of this 7-7.1.4 to make use of an are be considered "required" s of this Code 7-7.2 Supervision. 7-7.2.1' Supervisory Signals.: Where supervised automatic sprinkler systems are required byanoiher fi~¢tion of this Code, supervisorY attachments shall be .installed and monitored for integrity in accordance with NFPA 72; NatiOnal Fire Alarm Code, and a distinctive supervisorY signal shall be provided to indicate a condition that ~,ould ir~pai~ the satisfactory opera- tion of the sprinkler system. Thi~ shall include, but not be BUILDING SERVICE AND FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT 101-61 limited to, monitoring of control valves, fire Pump power stip; plies and running conditions, water tank levels and tempera- tures, pressure of tanks, and air pressure on dry-pipe valves. Supervisory signals shall sound and shall be displayed either at a location within the protected building that is constantly attended by qualified personnel or at an approved, remotely located receiving facility. 7-7.2.2 Alarm Signal Tradsmission. Where supervision of nUtOmatic sprinkler systems is provided in accordance with Other pro,~ision of this Code, waterflow alarms shall be trans- mitted t~) an approved, proprietary alarm receiving facility, a remote station, a central station, or the fire department. Such connection shah be installed in accordance with 7-6.1.4. %7.3* Other Automatic Extinguishing Equipment. In any occupancy where the character of the potential fuel for fire is such that extinguishment or control of fire might bc more effectively accomplished by a type of automatic extinguishing system other than an automatic sprinkler system such as car- bon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, Halon 1301, or water spray, a standard extinguishing system of another type shall be permit- ted to be installed in: lieu of an automatic sprinkler system. Such systems shall be installed, inspected, an~t maintained in accordance with appropriate NFP.~ standards. 7-7.4 Manual Extinguishing Equipment. 7-7.4.1' Where required by the provisions of another section of this Code, portable fire extinguishers shall be installed, inspected, and maintained in accordance With NFPA 10, Stan- dard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. 7-7.4.2 Where required by the provisions of another section of this Code, standpipe and hose systems shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems. Where standpipes and hose sys- tems are installed in combination with automatic sprinkler sys- tems, installatitn shall be done in accordance with the appro- priate provisions established by NFPA 13, .Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems. 7-7.5 Maintenance and Testing. All automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems required by this Code shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems. Where a required automatic sprinkler system is out of service for more than 4 hours in a 24-hour period, the building shall be evacuated or an approved fire watch shall be provided for all portions left unprotected by the shutdown until the sprinkler system has been returned to service. 1994 EDITION 101-62 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 8 NEW ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31 ) SECTION 8-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 8-1.1 Application. The requirements of this chapter apply to: (a) New buildings or portions thereof used occupancy (see Section i-4); and (b) AdditiOns made to, or used as, an assembly occupancy (se~ 1-4.5); and (c) Alterations, modernizations, or renovations of existing assemblY occupancie~ (Seb I-4 6); and (d) Existing buildings or portions thereof upon change of occupancy to an assembly occupancy (see 1-6.3)~ 8-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. (See also 4-I.11) 8,1.2.1': Aay assembly occupancy and its access to exits in buildings of ot~er occUp~mcy, s~ch as ballrooms in hotels, restau- rants in stores, rooftop assembly occupancies, or assembly r°oms in schools, shall be located, separated, or protected to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the assembly occupancy from a fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom. 8-1.2.2 Occupancy of any room or space for assembly pur- poses by fewer than 50 persons in a building of other occu- pancy and incidental to such other occupancy shall be classi- fied as part of the other occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions applicable thereto. 8-1.2.3 Assembly occupancies in buildings of other occu- pancy shall be permitted to use exits common to the assembly occupancy and the other occupancy provided the assembly area and the other occupancy considered separately each have exits sufficient to meet the requirements of this Code. 8-1.2.4 Exits shall be sufficient for simultaneous occupancy of both the assembly occupancy and other parts of the building. Exception*: Where the authority having jurisdiction determines that the conditions are such that simultaneous occupancy will not occur. 8-1.2.5 Combined Assembly and Residential Occupancies. 8-1.2.5.1 No dwelling unit of a residential occupancy shall have its sole means of egress pass through any assembly occu- pancy in the same building. 8-1.2.5.2 No multiple-dwelling unit of a residential occu- pancy shall be located above an assembly occupancy. Exception No. l: Where the dwelling unit of the residential occupa_ncy and exits therefrom are separated from the assembly occupancy by construction having a fire resistance rating of al least 1 hour. Exception No. 2: Where the assembly occupancy ts protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer sys- tem in accordance with Section 7-7. 1994 EDITION 8-1.3 Special Definitions. Aisle Accessway.* That initial portion of an exit access that leads to an aisle. Assembly OcCUpancy. Occupancies that include, but are not limiteJ to, all buil~lings Or l~orti°ns of bUildings used for gatherings of 50 or mOre t~rson~ for Such purposes as deliber- ation, worship, entertainment, dining, amusement, or awaiting transportation. engaged in the display ased for the dis- the products or user of Exposition Facility. A convention center, hotel, or other building :at which exposition events are held a floor or gath- ered to observe some performance. Flow Time. The time during which there is crowd flow past a point in the means of egress system; flow time is a component of total evacuation time. Fly Gallery. A raised floor area above a stage from which the movement of scenery and operation of other stage effects are controlled. Gridiron. The structural framing over a stage supporting equipment for hanging or flying scenery and other stage effects. Life Safety Evaluation.* A written review dealing with the adequacy of life safety features relative to fire, storm, collapse, crowd behavior, and other related safety considerations. Multipurpose Assembly Occupancy. An assembly room designed to accommodate temporarily any of several possible assembly uses. Pinrail. A rail on or above a stage through which belaying pins are inserted and to which lines are fastened. Platform.* The raised area within a building used for the presentation of music, plays, or other entertainment; the head tables for special guests; the raised area for lecturers and speakers; boxing and wrestling rings; theatre-in-the-round; and for similar purposes wherein there are no overhead drops, pieces of scenery, or stage effects other than lighting and a screening valance. Platform, Temporary. A platform erected within an area for not more than 30 days. Proscenium Wall. The wall that separates the stage from the auditorium or house. NEW ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-63 [ Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating.-, (See 8-4.3.) ~ · Special Amusement Building. Any building that is tempo- rary, permanent, or mobile that contains a device or system that conveys passengers or provides a walkway along, around, or over a course in any direction as a form of amusement arranged so that the egress path is not readily apparent due to visual or audio distractions or an intentionally confounded egress path, or is not readily available due to the mode of con- veyance through the building or structure. Included are amusements such as a "haunted house," a "roller coaster" type ri,d? within a b,uilding, a "merry-go-round" within a build- ink, a: submarine' ride, and similar amusements where the occupants are not in the open air. Stage. An area within a building used for the purpose of entertainment and utilizing drops or scenery or other stage effects, which shall be classified as :one of the following: (a): Stage, Legitimate. A stage wherein scenery is retract- able mechanically, either horizontally or vertically, or sus- pended overhead. Co) Stage, Regular. A stage wherein scenery is not retract- able. A v~ance, light trougl{, the main curtain, and a single backdrOp Can be ietractable without the stage being consid- ered a I~gitimate stage. (c) Stage, Thrust. A platform extending beyond the pro- scenium arch ~and into the :audience. 1 8-1L4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 4-1.2.) 8-1.4.1' Subclassifieation of Assembly Occupancies. Each a~sembly occupancy shall be subclassified according to its o _~_ pa~{t Ioad is follows: Class A, occupant load greater than 1,000 persons; Class B, occupant load greater than 300 but not g~eater than ~000 persons; Class C, occupant load of 50 or Iore bUt not greater than 300 persons. The occupant load of a stage area that is part of an assembly occupancy shall be iacluded in determining the subclassification. 841.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Contents of assembly occupancies shall be classified in accordance with the pfovisions of Section 4-2. 841.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (See 6-2.1.) The location of an assembly occupancy shall be limited as shown i~t Table 8-1.6. 841.7 Occupant Load. 8~1.7.1' The occupant load permitted in any assembly build- ing, structure, or portion thereof shall be determined on the b~sis of the following occupant load factors: (a)* An assembly area of concentrated use without fixed s6ats, such as an auditorium, place of worship, dance floor, disco- theque, or lodge hall: one person per 7 net sq ft (0.65 net sq m). (b) An assembly area of less concentrated use, such as a c~)nference room, dining room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge: one person per 15 net sq ft (1.4 net sq m). (c) Bleachers, pews, and similar bench-type seating: one person per 18 linear in. (45.7 linear cm). Table 8-1.6 Construction Type Limitations Number of Levels Above LED Type of Construc- Below 4 and tion LED LED I 2 3 Above I (443)tt ] A?BtC~ ABC ABC ABC ABC A?B~'C l (332)~'~' ~ Any number of Levels II (222)t? ] II (111)?? A~'B~'C'~ ABC ABC A~'BC B~'C'~ N.P. One Level Below LED III (211) } A'~B'~Ct ABC ABC A~'BtC B~'C~' N.P. IV(2HH)t One Level V (111) Below LED II (000) B'~Ct A'~BC C'~ N.P. N.P. N.P. One Level Below LED fli (200) ] BtCt V (000)I OneLevel Below LED BC C'~ N.P. N.P. N.P. +Permitted if all the following are protected throughout by an approved super- vised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7: (a) The level of the assembly occupancy, and (b) Any level below the level of the assembly occupancy, and (c) In the case of an assembly occupancy located below the level of exit dis- charge, any level intervening between that level and the level of exit discharge, including the level of exit discharge. ??Where every part of the structural framework of roofs in 'l~pe I or Type II construction is 20 ft (6.1 m) or more above the floor immediately below, omission of all fire protection of the structural members shall be permitted, including pro- tection of trusses, roof framing, and decking. N.P.: Not Permitted LED: Level of Exit Discharge NOTE: For the purpose of this table, a mezzanine is not counted as a level. (d) FRed Seating. The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load. (e) Kitchens. One person per 100 gross sq ft (9.3 gross sq m). (f) Libraries. In stack areas, one person per 100 gross sq ft (9.3 gross sq m); in reading rooms, one person per 50 net sq ft (4.6 net sq m). (g) SwirnmingPools. One person per S0 gross sq ft (4.7 sq m) ofwater surface. Pool decks, one person per 30 gross sq ft (2.8 sq m). (h) Stages. One person per l5 net sq ft (1.4 net sq m). (i) Lighting and Access Catwalks, Galleries, and Gridirons. One person per 100 net sq ft (9.3 net sq m). Exception: Larger occupant loads as permitted by 8-1.7.2. 8-1.7.2' The occupant load permitted in a building or por- tion thereof shall be permitted to be increased above that specified in 8-1.7.1 if the necessary aisles and exits are pro- vided. To increase the occupant load, a diagram indicating placement of equipment, aisles, exits, and seating shall be pro- vided to and approved by the authority having jurisdiction prior to any increase in occupant load. In areas not greater than 10,000 sq ft (930 sq m), the occupant load shall not exceed 1994 EDITION 101-64 LIFE SAFETY CODE one person in 5 sq ft (0.46 sq m); in areas greater than 10,000 8-2.2.2.4 Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall sq fl (930 sq m), the occupant load shall not exceed one person be permitted on doors other than main entrance/exit doors. in 7 sq fl (0.65 sq m). I 8-2.2.2.5 DoOrs in the means of egress shall be permitted to 8-1.7.3 Waiting Spaces. In theatres and other assembly ~ be equipped with an approved, access control system comply- occupancies wh~re perSons are admitted to the building a't [ lng vJith 3-2 1.6 2. Do~ Shall not be locked f{~m the egress tim~ when seats are not available tO them, or when the :~er- I sine when the. assemblY occupancy is occupied. (See 5-2.1. L3.) mitred occupant load has been reached based on 8-1.7.1 or ' 8-1.7.2 and persons are allowed g with the requirements ; until seats or spac~ exits. ' devices that installed m any spaces on interfere in any this chapter. con- I In 8-2.2.3 stairs. Stairs Complying. with 5-2 2 shall be permitted. 8-1.7.4 Where the occupant load of an assembly occupancy is greater than 6,000, a life safety evaluation shall be pe~forr~ed in accordance with 8-4.5. Exception: Where approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, the number of usually seated occupants provide/l with a minimum of 15 sq ft (1.4 sq m) of lawn surface in outdoor facil- ities shall b~ perm~te/l to be exfch~ded in determining the need for a life safety evaluation. SECTION 8-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 8-2.1 General. All means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this section. 8-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 8-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 8-2.2.2 through 8-2.2.8. 8-2.2.2 Doors. 8-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shah be permitted. 8-2.2.2.2 Class C assembly occupancies in covered malls (see 24-4.4.1 Exception) shall be permitted to have horizontal or vertical security grilles or doors complying with Exception No. 4 to 5-2.1.4.1 on the main entrance/exits. 8-2.2.2.3 Panic Hardware or Fire Exit Hardware. Any door in a required means of egress from an area having an occupant load of 100 or more persons shall be permitted to be provided with a latch or lock only if it is panic hardware or fire exit hard- ware complying with 5-2.1.7. Exception No. 1: In assembly occupancies having an occupant load not greater than 500, where the main exit consists of a sin- gle door or Jingle pair of doors, locking devices complying with Exception No~ 2 to 5-2.].5.1 shall be permitted on the main exit. Any latching device on this door(s) shall be released by panic hardware. Exception No. 2: Delayed egress locks as permitted in 8- 2. 2. 2. 4. Exception No. 3: Access-controlled egress doors as permitted in 8-2.2.2.5. lighting and Exception No. 2: be catwalks, shall not be and grid- a roof is provided. ~tairs shall be per- in such Exception No. 4: Exit acc?.s stai~: from lighting and access catwalks, galleries, and, gridironS: St~il ~not ~e r~quired to be enclosed. Exception No. 5*: Stairs: to be 5-2.23.1. 8-2.~ enclosures complying 8-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 8-2.2.6 Ramps. 8-2.2.6.1 Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 8-2.2.6.2 Ramps in Class A assembly occupancies shall be Class A ramps. Exception: Ramps serving only stages or nonpublic areas and ramped aisles shah be per~titted to ]~ave a slope not steeper than lin8. 8-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. 5-2.6 shall be permitted. I8-2.2.8 Areas of Refuge. 5-2.12 shall be permitted. Exit passageways complying with Areas of refuge complying with 8-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 8-23.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Section 5-3 or, for means of egress serving theatre- type seating or similar seating arranged in rows, in accordance with 8-2.3.2. 1994 EDmON NEW ASSEMBLY occUPANCIES 101-65 8-2.3.2* Minimum clear widths of aisles and bther rneahsof ~ I · ~level of an assembly occupancy shall have access to the main egress shall be in accordance with Table 8-2.3.2(a) or, fo~ ~ entrance/exit, and such access shall have sufficient capacity to buildings providing smoke-protected assembly seating and for which an approved life safety evaluation in accordance with 8-4.5 is conducted, in accordance with Table 8-2.3.2(b). For Table 8-2.3.2(b), the number of seats specified must be within a single assembly space, and interpolation shall be permitted between the specific values shown. For both tables, the mini- mum clear widths shown shall be modified in accordance with all of the following: (a) If risers exceed 7 in. (17.8 cra) in height, multiply the stair width in ~the tables by factor A, where A= 1 - (riser height - 7 in.) 5 (b) Stairs not having a handrail within a 30-in. (76-cm) hor- izontal distance shall be 25 percent wider than othenvise cal- culated, i.e., multiply by factor B = 1.25. (c) Ramps steeper than 1 in 10 slope where used in ascent shall have their width increased by 10 percent, i.e., multiply by factor C = 1. Table 8-23.2(a) Capacity Factors for Use without Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating Nominal Inch of Clear Width Per Seat Served Flow Time Passageways, Ramps, No. of Seats (sec) Stairs and Doorways Unlimited 200 (1 in. = 2.54 cra) 0.300 AB 0.220 C accommodate 50 percent of the occupant load of such levels. Where the main entrance/exit from an assembly occupancy is through a lobby or foyer, the aggregate capacity of all exits from the lobby or foyer shall be permitted to provide the required capacity of the main entrance/exit regardless of whether all such exits serve as entrances to the building. Exception No. 1: ~t bowling establishment shall have a mare entrance/exit of sufficient capacity to accommodate 50 percent of the total occupqnt load without regard to the number of aisles that it serves. Exception No. 2*: In assembly occupancies where there is no well-defined: main entrance/exit, exits shall be permitted to be distributed around the perimeter of the building provided the total exit width furnishes a minimum of 100 percent of the width needed to accommodate the permitted:occupant load. 8-2.3.4 Other Exits. Each level of an assembly occupancy shall have access to the main entrance/exit and shall be pro- vided with additional exits of sufficient width to accommodate a minimum of one haIf of the total oCCupant load served by that level. Such exits shall discharge in accordance with 8-2.7. Such exits shall.be located as far apart as practicable and as far from the main entrance/exit as practicable. SUch exits shall be accessible from a cross aisle or a side aisle. (See 8-23.3.) Exception: In assembly occupancies where there is no well- defined main entrance/exit, exits shall be permitted to be distrib- uted around the perimeter of the building, provided the total exit width furnishes a minimum of 100 percen't of the width needed to accommOdate the permitted occupant load. Table 8-2.3.2(b) Capacity Factors for Use with Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating Nominal Inch of Clear Width Per Seat Served Flow Time Passageways, Ramps, No. of Seats (sec) Stairs and Doorways 2,000 200 0.300 AB 0.220 C 5,000 260 0.200 AB 0.150 C 10,000 360 0.130 AB 0.100 C 15,000 460 0.096 AB 0.070 C 20,000 560 0.076 AB 0.056 C 25,000 or more 660 .0.060 AB 0.044 C (1 in. = 2.54 cra) Exception No. 1: The minimum clear width of lighting and access catwalks and the means of egress from galleries and grid- irons shall be 22 in. (56 cra). Exception No. 2: In seating composed entirely of bleachers, in which row-to-roar dimension is 28 in. (71 cra) or less, and from which front egress is not limited, aisles shall not be required to be more than 66 in. (168 cra) in width~ Such aisles shall not be considered as dead-end aisles. 8-2.3.3 Main Entrance/Exit. Every assembly occupancy shall be provided with a main entrance/exit. The main entrance/exit shall be of sufficient width to accommodate one half of the total occupant load and shall, be at the level of exit discharge or shall connect to a stairway or ramp leading to a street. Each 8-2.4' Number of Exits. (See also Section 5-4.) 8-2.4.1 Every Class A assembly occupancy shall have at least four separate means of egress as remotely located from each other as practicable. IException: Fenced outdoor assembly occupancies in accor- dance with 8- 2. 4. 4. 8-2.4.2 Every Class B assembly occupancy shall have at leasl two separate means of egress as remotely located from each other as practicable and, if of an occupant load greater than 500, at least three separate means of egress. IException: Fenced outdoor assembly occupancies in accor- dance with 8-2. 4.4. 8-2.4.3 Every Class C assembly occupancy shall have at least two means of egress consisting of separate exits or doors lead- ing to a corridor or other spaces that provide access to two separate and independent exits located in different directions. Exception: Fenced outdoor assembly occupanczes tn accor- dance with 8-2.4.4. 8-2.4.4 A fenced outdoor assembly occupancy shall have at least two widely separated means of egress from the enclosure. If more than 6,000 persons are to be served by such means of egress, there shall be at least three means of egress; if more than 9,000 persons-are to be served, there shall be at least four means of egress. 1994 EDITION 101-66 LIFE SAFETY CODE 8-2.4.5 Balconies or mezzanines having an occupant load not greater than 50 shall be pe_rm.itted to be served by a single means of egress and such means of egress shall be permitted tcr lead to the floor below. than I ) each other and number of building. Class B in Class A ire safety evaluation. areas as 8-2.5:4 floor area of auditoriums and arenas is used -1.7.1, at least 50 per- ;gress provided areas. 8-2.5.5 The minimUm width of any exit access corridor serv- ing 50 or more persons shall be 44 in. (112 cm). 8-2.5.6 General Requirements for Access and Egress Routes within Assembly Areas. shall be maintained so without undue hinderance, from an occupied posi- tion to exits. 8-2.5.6.2* Access and egress routes shall be maintained so that crowd management, security, and emergency medical per- sonnel shall be able to move without undue hinderance at any tim6 to any individual. 8-2.5.6.3* The width Of aisle accessways and aisles shall pro- vide sufficient egress Capacity for the nUmber of persons accommodated by the catchment area served by the aisle accessway or aisle in accordance with 8-2.3.1. Where aisle accessways or aisles converge to form a single path of egress path shall not be of the converging 8-2.5.6.4 Those portions of aisle accessways and aisles where egress is pOssible ~n eitfie~ of tWo directions shall be uniform in required Width. 1994 EDITION Exception: Those portions of aisle accessways where the required width, not including the seat space described by &2.5.6.5, does not exceed 12 in. (30.5 cm). table ~ to the than nonfixed the clear width walls, guard- and side edges of vertical matic Exception: lf uset no minimum from ends rows total of= W~th accessways tional seat (9.1 m) shall of sevea. Exception No. forming to Not at Tables. width of aisle back of one of the seat consists of auto- F851, Test measurement the up position. of seating shall cm), and this length in there shall be of the aisle measured aisle. row. The 12-in. between such 'seat over a seating conforming by aisles or 100 seats per for aisle , addi- 8-2.5.7.3, but or doop~vay at exceeding 30 ft 12-in. (30.5-cm) such rows seat over a total · con- f seats served by mini- 0. e in. need not exceed NEW ASSEMBLY ocCI~ANCIES 101-67 Table 8-2-~.7.3 Smoke-Protected Assembl~ Seating Total number of seats in the space No. of seats per row permitted to have a minimum 12-in. (30.5-cm) clear width aisle accessway Aisle or doorway at both ends of row Aisle or doorway at one end of row < 4,000 - 14 7 4,000 - 6,999 15 7 7,000 - 9,999 16 8 I0,000- 12,999 17 8 13,000 - 15,999 18 9 16,000 - 18,999 19 9 19,000 - 21,999 20 10 _> 22,000 21 11 Exception No. 2: Smoke-protected assembly seating conform- ing with the requirements of 8-4.3 shall be permitted to have a common path of travel of 5O ft (15 m) from any seat to a point where a person has a choice of two directions of egress travel. 8-2.5.7.5 Where bleacher or grandstand seating without backs is used indoors, rows of seats shall be spaced not less than 22 in. (55.9 em) back to back. 8-2.5.7.6 Rows of seating utilizing tablet-arm chairs shall be permitted only if the clear width of aisle accessways complies with the requirements of 8-2.5.7 where the tablet is in the usable position. Exception: Tablet arms shall be permitted to be measured in the stored position where the tablet arm automatically returns to the stored position when raised manually to a vertical position in one motion and fails to the stored position by force of gravity. 8-2.5.8' Aisle Accessways Serving Seating at Tables. 8-2.5.8.1 The minimum required clear width of an aisle accessway shall be 12 in. (30.5 em) where measured in accor- dance with 8-2.5.6.5 and increased as a function of length in accordance with 8-2.5.8.2. Exception*: If used by not more than four persons, there shall be no minimum clear width requirement for the portion of aisle accessway havinga length not exceeding 6 ft (1.8 m) and located farthest from an aisle.: 8-2.5.8.2' Thc minimum required clear width of an aisle accessway measured in accordance with 8-2.5.6.5 and 8-2.5.6.6 shall be increased beyond the 12-in. (30.5-em) requirement by ¥2 in. (1.3 em) for each additional 12 in. (30.5 em) or fraction thereof beyond 12 ft (3.7 m) of aisle accessway length where measured from the center of the seat farthest from an aisle. 8-2.$.8.3 The path of travel along the aisle accessway shall not exceed 36 ft (10.9 m) from any seat to the closest aisle or egress doorway. : · 8-2;5.9 Aisles Serving Seating Not at Tables. 8-2.5.9.1 Dead-end aisles shall not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m) in length. Exception No. 1: .4 longer dead-end aisle shall be permitted where seats served by the dead-end aisle are not more than 24 seats from another aisle, measured along a row of seats having a minimum clear width of 12 in. (30.5cm) plus 0.6 in. (1.5 em) for each additional seat over a total of seven in the row. Exception No. 2: A 16-row dead-end aisle shall be permitted in folding and teleseopic seating. 8-2.5.9.2 Aisle Termination. For smoke-protected assembly seating conforming to the requirements of 8-4.3, the dead ends in aisle stairs shall not exceed a distance of 21 rows. Exception: .4 longer dead-end aisle shall be permitted for smoke-protected assembly seating where seats served by the dead-end aisle are no more than 40 seats from another aisle, measured along a row of seats having an aisle accessway with a minimum clear width of 12 in. (30.5 cm) plus 0.3 in. (0.8 cm) for each additional seat above seven in the row. 8-2.5.9.3 The minimum clear width of aisles shall be suffi- cient to provide egress capacity in accordance with 8-2.3.2 but shall be not less than: (a) 48 in. (122 cra) for stairs having seating on each side. (b) 36 in. (91 em) for stairs having seating on only one side. (c) 23 in. (58 em) between a handrail and seating or a guardrail where the aisle is subdivided by a handrail. (d) 42 in. (107em) for level or ramped aisles having seating on both sides. (e) 36 in. (91 em) for level or ramped aisles having seating on only one side. (f) 23 in. (58 cm) between a handrail or guardrail and seating where the aisle does not serve more than five rows on one side. 8-2.5.9.4* Aisle Stairs and Ramps. Aisles having a gradient steeper than 1 in 20, but not steeper than 1 in 8, shall consist of a ramp. Aisles having a gradient steeper than 1 in 8 shall con- sist of an aisle stair. 8-2.5.9.5 Aisle Stair Treads. (a) There shall be no variation exceeding 3/16 in. (0.5 em) in the depth of adjacent treads. (b)* Treads shall be a minimum of 11 in. (27.9 cra). (c) All treads shall extend the full width of the aisle. 8-2.5.9.6 Aisle Stair Risers. (a) Riser heights shall be a minimum of 4 in. (10.2 cra). (b) Riser heights shall not exceed 8 in. (20.3 cra). Exception No. I to (b): Where the gradient of an aisle is steeper than 8 in. (20.3cm) in rise in ll in. (27.9cm) of run (to main- tain necessary sight lines in the adjoining seating area), the riser height shall be permitted to exceed 8 in. (20.3 cra) but shall not exceed 9 in. (22.9 cm). Exception No. 2 to (b): Folding and telescopic seating in accor- dance with 8-2.5.11.4. 1994 EDITION 101-68 LIFE SAFETY CODE (c) Riser heights shall be designed to be uniform in each aisle, and the construction-caused nonuniformities shall not exceed ~/16 in. (0.5 cm) between'adjacent risers. Exception to (c): Riser height shall be :permitted to be nonuni- form only for the purpose of accommodating necessary 'changes in gradient to maintain necessary sight .lines within a seating area an~ shall be permitted to exceed 3/16 in~ (0.5 cra) in any flight. Where nonun'iformities exceed 3/1~ in. (0.5 cm) between adjacent risers, the exa~ct location of ,uch not~uniforr~ities shall be indi- cated by a distinctive marking stripe on each tread at the nosing or leading edge adjacent to the nonUniform risers. 8-2.5.9.7' Aisle exce rails rails shall be provided with hand- aisle, the hand- intervals not permit gaps or ~.2 in. (55.9 cm) horizontally, and Where there shall 12 in. Exception No. 1: t be required for ramped 1 in 8 and having seat- gception No. 2: The require ~me. m. :for a handrail is satisfied by use of a ~rd fir. o~tdlng a raR th~t ~bmplies with the gr~spabii- iff requ~ern~nts four ~ndr~'ils and ~ilocat~d at a consistent height between 34 ir~ ~8.6 cra)arm 42 in. (107 cm) measured vertically from the top of the rail to the leading edge (nosing) of stair trea~s or to the a~'acent walking st!trace in ~he -case of a ramp 8-2.5.9.8* be when, be at least 1 in. (2.5 cm) ~ in. (5 cm) in width. surfaces and use are such that particularly when required where tread conditions of is readily apparent, 8-2.5.10 Aisles Serving Seating at Tables. 8-2.5.10.1' Aisles that contain steps or that are ramped, such as the aisles serving dinner theatre style, configurations, shall comply with the reciUirements of 8;2.5.9. 8-2.5.10.2' The minimum width of aisles serving seating at tables shall be 44 in.lO 12 cra) where serving an occupant load greater than50, and:36 in. (91 cm) where serving an occupant load of 50 or fewer. 8-2.5.11 Aisles and Aisle Accessways in Grandstands, Bleach- ers, and Folding and Telescopic Seating. 8-2.5.11.1 Aisles shall be provided so that the number of seats between any seat and the nearest aisle shall not exceed the number Shown in Table 8-2.5.11.1. 19cj4 EDITION Table 8-2.5.11.1 Maximum Number of Seats Permitted between Furthest Seat and an Aisle Application Outdoors Indoors Grandstands l 1 6 Bleachers (se~ 8-2.5.11.1 Exception) 20 9 Exception: Aisles shall not be required in bleachers if all of the following are met: (a) Egress from front row is not obstructed by rai~ guard, or other obstruction. (b) Row spacing is 28 in. (71.1 cra) or less: (c) Rise per row, including first row, is 6 ir~ (15.2 cm) or less. (d) Number of rows does not exceed 16. (e) Seat spaces are not physically defined. (f) Seat boards that are also used as stepping surfaces for descent shall have a minimum width of 12 in. (30.5 cm}, and, where there is a depressed footboard, the gap between seat boards of adjacent rows shall not exceed 12 in. (30.5 cra) measured hori- zontally. Leading edges of such surfaces shall be provided with a contrasting marking stripe so that the location of such leading edge is readily apparent, particularly where viewed in descent. Such stripe shall be at least I in. (2.5 cra) wide and ~hall not exceed 2 in~ (5.1 cra) in width. The marking stripe shall not be required where bleacher surfaces and environmental conditions under all condi- tions of use are such that the location of each leading edge is readily apparent, particularly when viewed in descent. 8-2.5.11.2 In grandstand seating, dead ends in vertical aisles shall not exceed a depth of 16 ro~vs. Exception: A longer dead-end aisle shall be permitted where seats served by the dead-end aisle are not more than 24 seats from another 'aisle, measured along a row of seats having a min- imum clear width of 12 in. (30.5 'cra) plu~ 0.6 in. (1 5 cra) for each additional seat over a total of seven in the row. 8-2.5.11.3 Aisles in folding and telescopic seating shall be permitted to be by stepped aisles. 8-2.5.11.4 The riser height of stepped aisles in folding and telescopic seating shall be permitted to be a minimum of 3~/2 in. (8.9 cra) and a maximum of 11 in. (27.9 cra). 8-2.5.11.5 The depth of footboards (footrests) and seat boards in grandstands arid folding and telescopic seating shall not be less than 9 in. (22.9 cm). ~ghere the same level is not used for both seat foundations and footrests, footrests inde- pendent of seats shall be provided~ 8-2.5.11.6 Any opening between the seat board and foot- board located ~ore than 30 in (76 cm) above grade shall be provided w~th mtermedlate constructmn so that a 4-in. (10.2,cm) diameter sphere cannot pass through the opening. 8-2.5.11.7 The back-to-back horizontal distance of seats in folding and telescopic seating shall be not less than 22 in. (55.9 cra) for seats without ba~ks. There shall be a space of not less than 12 in. (30.5 cm) between the back of each seat and the front of each seat imn~ediately behind it. ff seats are of the chair type, the 12-in. (30.5-cm) dimension shall be measured to the front edge of the rear sea. t in its normal unoccupied posi- ~on. All measurements shall be taken between plumb hnes. NEW ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-69 8-2.5.12 Approval of Layouts. authority having jurisdiction, plans drawn to scale showing the arrangement of furnishings or equipment shall be submitted to the authority by the building owner, manager, or authorized agent to substantiate conformance with the provisions of this section and shall constitute the only acceptable arrangement until revised or additional plans are submitted and approved. Exception: Temporary deviations from the specifications of the approved plans shall be permitted provided the occupant load is no't incre[t}ed and the irC'tent of thfs section is maintained. Where iequii'ed~by~ ~h6' '' 8-2~9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be pro- vided in accordance with Section 5-9. 8-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 8-2,6.1 Exits shall be arranged so that the total length of travel from any point to reach an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m) in any assembly occupancy. Exception No. J:i' The travel distance shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m) in assembly occupancies protected throughout by an 'approVe& automatic sprin'kler system in accordance with Sec- t~On 7- Z Exception No. 2~ ~Travel distance in arenas, stadia, and similar facilities in accordance with 8-2.6.2 and its Exception. assembly seating conforming · 8-4.3, the travel distance from each portal or (60 m). The travel dis- portal or from egress con- stair, ramp, or walk at the build- (60 m). Exception: In Outdoor assembly seating facilities providing smoke-protected :assembly seating conforming with the requirements of 8-4.3 and where all portions of the means of egress are essentially open to the ~utside, the d~stance of travel to an approved egress s'tair~, ramp, or wat~ at the building exterior shall n~t exceed 400 ft (122 m). In Outdoor assembty seating facilities of Type I or Type H construction, where all portions of the means of egress are essen- tially Open to ttid Ouiside, the distance shall not be limited. 8-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 8-2.7.1 Exit ~lisCharge shall comply with Section 5-7. 8-2.7.2 The level of exit discharge shall be measured at the point of princiPal entrance to the building. 8-2.7,3 Where the principal entrance to an assembly occu- pancy is via a terrace, either raised or depressed, such terrace shall be permitted to be considered to be the level of exit dis- if: as long parallel to the it serves, but not less than 5 ft and (b) The tergace is at least as wide (measured perpendicu- larly to the building) as the exit(s) it serves, but not less than 10 ff (3 m) Wide, find (c): Required stairs leading from the terrace to grade are protected in a~cordance with 5-2.2.6.3 or are a minimum of 10 ft (3 m) fr°m the building. 8-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. Exception.' private party tents not larger than 1,200 sq ft (111,5 sq m). Exception: Private party tents not larger than 1,200 sq ft (111.5 sq m), 8-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-10. 8-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. 8-2.11.1 Guar~ls and Railings. 8-2.11.1.1 Boxes, Balconies, and Galleries. (a) The fasciae of boxes, balconies, and galleries shall not rise less than 26 in. (66 cm) above the adjacent floor or shall have substantial railings not less than 26 in. (66 em) above the adjacent floor. (b) The height of the rail above footrests on the adjacent floor immediately in front of a row of seats shall be not less than 26 in. (66 cm). Railings at the ends of aisles shall be not less than 36 in. (91 cm) high for the full width of the aisle and shah be not less than 42 in. (107 em) high for the width of the aisle where steps occur. (c) Aisle accessways adjacent to orchestra pits and vomito- ties, and all cross aisles shall be provided with railings not less than 26 in. (66 cm) above the adjacent floor. Exception to (c): Where the backs of seats located at the front of the aisle project 24 in. (61 cm) or more above the adjacent floor of the aisle. (d) Guardrails shall not be required on the audience side of stages, raised platforms, and other raised floor areas such as runways, ramps, and side stages used for entertainment or pre- sentations. (e) Permanent guardrails shall not be required at vertical openings in the performance area of stages. (f) Guardrails shall not be required where the side of an elevated walking surface is required to be open for the normal functioning of special lighting or for access and use of other special equipment. 8-2.11.1.2 Grandstands, Bleachers, and Folding and Tele- scopic Seating. (a) Railings or guards not less than 42 in. (107 cm) above the aisle surface or footrest or 36 in. (91 em) vertically above the cen- ter of the seat or seat board surface, whichever is adjacent, shall be provided along those portions of the backs and ends of all grandstands and folding and. telescopic seating where the seats are more than 4 ft (1.2 m) above the floor or ground. Exception to (a): Where an adjacent wall or fence affords equivalent safeguard. (b) Where the front footrest ofany grandstand or folding or telescopic seating is more than 2 ft (0.6 m) above the floor, railings or guards not less than 33 in. (84 cm) above such foot- rests shall be provided. Exception to (b~: In grandstands, or where the front row of seats includes backrests, the mils shall be not less than 26 ir~ (66 cm) high. 1994 EDITION 101-70 LIFE SAFETY CODE (c) Cross aisles located within the seating area shall be pro- vided with rails not less than 26 in. (66 em) high along the front edge of the cross aisle. Exception to (c): Where the backs of the seats in front of the cross aisle project 24 in. (61 cra) or more above the surface of the cross aJsle, the rail shall not be required. (d) Vertical openings between guardrails and footboards or seat boards shall be provided with iritermediate construction so that a 4-in. (10 2~n)difimeter ~sphere cannot pass through the opening. SECTION 8-3 PROTECTION 8-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings.: Any vertical opening shall be enclosed or'protected in accordance with 6-2.4. Exception No 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not mom than three floors in accordance with 6-2.4.5 shall be permitted Exception No. 2: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4.6 ~hall be permitted. Exception No. 3*: Stairs or ramps shall be permitted to be unenclosed between balconies or mezzanines and main assembly areas located below provided the balcony or mezzanine is open to the main assembly area. 8-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 8-3.2.1 Stages and Platforms. (See 8-1.3.) 8-3.2.1.1 Materials and Design. Materials used in the con- struction of platforms and stages shall conform to the applica- ble requirements of the local building code. 8-3.2.1.2 Platform Construction. Temporary platforms shall be permitted to be constructed of any materials. The space between the floor and the platform above shall not be used for any purpose other than electrical wiring to platform equipment. Permanent platforms shall be _constructed of materials as required for the type of construction of the building in which the permanent platform is located except that the finish floor shah be permitted to be of wood in all types of construction. Where the space beneath the platform is used for storage or any purpose other than equipment wiring or plumbing, the floor construction shall be not less than 1-hour fire resistive. 8-3.2.1.3 Stage Construction. Regular stages and thrust stages shall be constructed of materials as required for the type of c~nstruction of the building in which lhey are located. In all cases, the finish floor shall be permitted to be of wood. Legitimate stages shall be COnstructed of materials required for Type I buildings except that the area extending from the proscenium Opening to tile back wall of the stage, and for a distance of 6 ft (183 cra) beyond the proscenium opening on each side, shall be permitted to be constructed of steel or heavy timber cover.e~t with a wood floor not less than 11/2 in. (3.8 em) in actual thickness. Openings througti stage floors (traPs) shall be equipped' with tight-fitting trap doors of wood ha~ng an actual thickness of not less than 11/2 in. (3.8cm) with apProved safety locks. 8-3.2.1.4 Accessory Rooms. Workshops, storerooms, perma- nent dressing rooms, and other accessory spaces contiguous to stages shall be separated from each other and other building ar~s by i-h0ur fire resistance rated construction and pro- tected openings Exception: A separation shall not be required for stages having a floor area not exceeding 1, 000 sq ft (93 sq m). 8.,3.2.1.5 Ventilators.: 'Regular stages greater than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) in ar~ea and l&giti~nat~ st~es~shali be provided with ~mer~en~y ventilation to'proVide a ~eans of removing smoke and ~)mb~sti°n gases di;~ctly to: the Outside in the event of a fir~e. Ventilati°n ~iaail be by one or a combination of the follow- ihg meth0d~: ~ Section 7-3 6ft seating or above wall (1) activation activation of ventila- near be con- manual from the stage 8-3.2.1.6 s shall be com- er not construc- tion. The 4 ft (122 em) I above the construction. All openings in the .proscenium. gitimate stage shall be protected by a fire assembly pro- tectiOn rating. Exception: The main protscenium ope~inl~ used for viewing per- formances shall be provided w~th 9n au:tomattc-clostng fire- reststtve curtatn as. described tn ~-3 2 by 8-3.2 1 6, the fire curtain or an NFPA 13, required protected bya !complying with Systems. automatic detection shall resist the [ and the stage A fire curtain labeled follows: 1994 EDITION NEW ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101~71 (a) ~dsbestos Fabrics. Where not prohibited by applicable federal, state, or lo~_al [aw, a curtain shall be permitted to be made of one or more thicknesses of a minimum 23/4-1b/sq yd (1.5-kg/sq m) AAA grade wire-inserted asbestos fabric or of another wire-inserted asbestos fabric of greater fire resistance than 2~/4-1b/sq yd (L5rkg/sq m) AAA grade wire-inserted fab- ric. Nonasbestos portions of these fabrics, if any, shall be flame-resistant treated so as not to support combustion. (b) Other Fabrics. Curtains not meeting the above criteria shall be made of one or more thicknesses of a noncombustible fabric or a fabric with a noncombustible base material, which shall be permitted to be given a coaling provided the modified fabric meets the criteria detailed in this section. Curtain fab- rics shall have a minimum weight of 23/8 lb/sq yd (13 kg/sq m). (c) Tensile Strength Requirements. Curtain fabric shall have minimum .tensile strength requirements of 400 lbf/in. (540 N/m) in both the warp and fill directions. (d) Wire,Insertion Reinforcement Requirements. The fabric shall be reinforced with noncorrosive wire intertwined with the base fiber at a minimum rate of one wire per yam. Wire shall not be required and fabric weight shall be ~ermitted to be less than 2~/8 lb/sq yd (1:3 kg/sq hi) if it can be substantiated by aPprOVed tests that it is ~quivalent in strength and durability. with a minimum of two test spec- Tests of Building walls and t minutes. The curtain shall that is appropriate to tain test. (0 of ho 255 and neither flame nor the test period. stream test require- prOScenium fire safety cur- with NFPA Characteristics shall be tested in the shall every proscenium curtain shall and any theatre in which a pro- [ not be open to public perfor- curtain has been a~cepted The curtain dosed position when each day's without the use of shall be capable of manual shall be in the closed position . rehearsals, or similar activities. and Pinraiis. Structural attachment of portable or fixed galleries, and catwalks shall be consistent with the building type of fire resistance rating shall not be required. Exception: Combustible materials shall be permitted for use as the floors of galleries and catwalks of all types of constructior~ 8-3.2.1.9 Fire Protection. Every stage shall be protected by an approved, automatic sprinkler system complying with Sec- tion 7-7. The protection shall be provided throughout the stage and in storerooms, workshops, permanent dressing rooms, and other accessory spaces contiguous to such stages. Exception No. 1: Sprinklers shall not be required for stages 1,000 sq fl (93 sq m) or less in area and 50 ft (15 m) or less in height where curtains, scenery, or other fombustible hangings are not retractable vertically. Combustible hangings shall be limited to a single main curtain, borders, legs, and a single backdrop. Exception .No. 2: Sprinklers shall not be required under stage areas less than ~l ft (1.2 m) in clear height used exclusively for chair or table storage and lined on the inside with ~/8 in. (1.6 cra) Type x gYPsum wa~llboard or the approved equivalent. 8-3.2.1.I0. Flame-Retardant Requirements. Combustible scenery of cloth, fill, vegetation (dry), and similar effects shall meet the requirements of NFPA 70i, Standard Methods of Firc Tests for. Flame-Resistant Textiles and Films. Foamed plastics (see Section 3-2) shall be permitted to be used only by specific approval of the authority having jurisdiction. Scenery and stage properties on thrust stages shall be of either noncombus- tible Jr li~ted;combustible ~aterials. In theatres, motion picture :.theatres, and television stage settings, Mth or without horizontal projections, and simulated caves and i caverns of foamed' Plastic, any single fuel package shall have a maximum heat ~-eleaSe rate of 100 kW where tested in accordance with U~L i975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastic Used for De¢orativ~ Purposes. 8-3.2.1.11 Standpipes, Regular stages over 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) in area and all l~gitimate stages Shall be equipped with a Class III standpipe located at each side of the stage and installed in accor- dance v~ith 7-7.4.2. 8-3.2.2 Projection Booths. 8-3.2.2.1 Fill or video projectors or spotlights utilizing light sources that produCe particulate matter or toxic gases or light sources that produce hazardoUs radiation without protective shielding shall be located within a projeCtion room ~omplying with 8-3.222.2. Where cellulose ni~rhte film is used, the projec- tion room shall comPly with NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellu'lose Nitrate Motion Picture Film: 8-3.2.2.2 Projection Rooms for Safety Film. Projection rooms for safety film shall comply with the following: (a) Every projeCtion room shall be of permanent construc- tion consistent with the construction requirements for the type of building in which the projection roo~n is located. Openings shall not be required to be protected. The room shall have a floor area of n~t les~ than 80 sq ft (7.4 sq m) for a single machine and not less than 40 sq ft (3.7 sq r~) for each addi- tional machine. Each motion picture projector, floodlight, spotlight, or similar piece of ~quipment shall have a clear working space of not less than 30 in. (76 cm) on each side and at its rear, but only one such space shall be required between adjacent Projectors. The projection room and the rooms appurtenant to it shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m). (b) Each projection room shall have at least one out- swinging, self-closing door not less than 30 in. (76 cm) wide and 6 ft 8 in. (2 m).high. 1994 EDITION 101-72 LIFE SAFETY CODE (c) The aggregate of ports and openings for projection equipment shall not exceed 25 ]?ercent of the area of the wall between the projection word and the auditorium. All openings shall be, provide~l with glass or other approved material so as to completely close the opening. (d) Projection room ventilation shall be not less than the following: or permitted to shall termi- a location that the and exhaust it exc The.exhaust tems sys- storage shall be protected rewind for flammable liq- uids of ' and of a non- ection booth. such as rheo- stats be permitted to be located ~. room of equivalent 8-3.2.2.: Unless the projection room is NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage Nitrate Motion Picture 1994 EDITION Film, there shall be posted on the outside of each projection room door, and within the projection room proper, a conspic- Uous sign with 1-in. (2.5-cm) block letters stati,ng, "SAFETY ILM ONLY PERMITTED IN THIS ROOM'. 8-3.2.3 Service Equipment, Hazardous Operations or Pro- cesses, and Storage l~aciliti~s. , refrigerat- large from other 1 hour or shall be in acCOrdance be provided or use accordance building by fire systems air. handling or com- .~ of combusti- by the authority ~ of hazardous in quantities (C) Where automatic to be 8-3.2.4 Special Provision., ~ building by fire : less than 1 hour extinguishing sys- areas: woodworking and or use of corn- having or use of haz- liquids in quan- to meet the permitted safety of occupants NEW ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-73 Exception No. 3: 7-2.2. 8-3.2.4.2 All devices in connection with the preparationTof '.. food shall be of an _app. roved type and shall be installed in an approved manner. 8-3.2.4.3 Food preparation facilities shall be protected in accordance with 7-Z3 and shall not be required to have openings protected between food preparation areas and dining areas. 8-3.2.4.4 Portable Cooking Equipment. Portable cooking equipment that is not flue--connected shall be permitted only as follows: (a) Equipment fueled by small beat sources that can be readily extinguished by water, such as candles or alcohol- burnifig equipment (inCluding "solid alcohol"), shall be per2 mitred to be used provided adequate precautions satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction are taken to prevent igni- tion of any combustible' materials. Co) Candles shall be permitted to be used on tables used for food serVice:if securely supported on substantial noncombusti- ble bases located so as to avoid danger of ignition of combusti- ble materials andn onlY if apprOVed by the authority having jurisdiction..Candle flames shall be protected. (c) '~Flaming sword" or other equipment involving open flames and fla~ed dishes, such as cherries jubilee or cr6pe suzette, shall be permitted to be used provided necessary pre- cautions are taken and subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. (d)* Listed and approved LP-Gas commercial food service appliances as permitted by'NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage a-n~t Handling-of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. 8-3.2.5 Open Flame Devices. No open flame devices or pyro- technic device shall be used in any assembly occupancy. Exception No. 1: Pyrotechnic special effect devices shall be per- mitted to be used on stages before proximate audiences for cere- monial or religious purposes, us part of a demonstration in exhib- its,: or as par~ of a performance, provided adequate precautions satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction are taken to pre- vent ignition of any Combustible material and use of the pyro- technic device complies with 8-3.2.6 Exception No. 2: Open flame devices shall be permitted to be used in. the following situations, provided adequate precautions satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction are taken to,pre- vent ignition of any combustible material or injury to occupants: (a)* Where necessary for ce~monial or religious purposes. (b) On stages and platforms as a necessary part of a perfor- mance. (c) Where candles on tables are securely supported on sub- stantial noncombustible bases and candle flame is protected. Heat-producing equipment complying with Exception No. 4: 8-3.2.4. Food service operations in accordance with Exception No. 5: Gas lights shall be permitted to be used pro- vided adequate precautions satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction are taken to prevent ignition of any combustible materials. 8-3.2.6* Pyrotechnic Devices. Pyrotechnic devices shall be permitted to be used on stages and before proximate audi- ences in accordance with the requiremems of NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics before a Proximate Audi- ence, and the following requirements. (a) Binary materials shall be preweighed, premeasured, prepackaged, and identified by the manufacturer as being suit- able for indoor use. (b) Only pyrotechnic materials specified by the manufac- turer of the pyrotechnic equipment shall be fired from that equipment. See Exceptions Nos. 1 and 2 to Section 1-3 defini- tion of Manufacturer in NFpA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics before a Proximate Audience. (c) Air bursts shall be permitted to be fired above the assembled public subject to the following conditions: (1) The air burst shall be suspended by a minimum 30-gauge metal wire that .is substantially attached to a secure noncombustible support. (2) The air burst shall be at a minimum height of three times the diameter of the effect. (3) Upon request, a walk through and a representative demonstration of the Pyrotechnic special effects shall be given tO the satisfaction of t}ie authority having jurisdiction before a permit shall 'be approved.~ The demonstration shall be sched- uled with enough time allowed to reset/reload the effects before the arrival of the audience. Exception: The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to waive this requirement based on past history, prior knowledge, and other factors, if the authority is confident that the discharge of pyrotechnic devices can be conducted safely. (4) Where the effect is demonstrated, there shall be no burning or glowing particles below the 15 ft (4.6 m) level above the floor. (d) Gerbs shall be specified as to burn time and the height of the effect. There shall be no glowing or flaming particles within 10 ft (3 m) of the audience. Upon request, a wMk through and a representative demonstration of the pyrotech- nic special effects shall be given to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction before a permit shall be approved. The demonstration shall be scheduled with enough time allowed to reset/reload the effects before the arrival of the audience. Exception: The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to waive this requirement based on past history, prior knowledge, and other factors, if the authority is confident that the discharge of pyrotechnic devices can be conducted safely. (e) Flash Pots. Flash pots shall not be loaded beyond the recommendations of the manufacturer of the flash pot, or with any material not recommended for that device. (f) Smoke Control. Where pyrotechnics are fired, the quantity of smoke developed shall not obscure the visibility of exit signs or paths of egress travel. 8'3.2.7 Furnishings, Decorations, and Stage Scenery. 8-3.2.7.1 Fabrics and films used for decorative purposes, all draperies and curtains, and similar furnishings shall be in accordance with tile provisions of 31-1.4.1. 994 EDITION 101-74 LIFE SAFETY CODE 8-3.2.7.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall impose con- trois on the amount and arrangement of combustible contents in assembly occupancies to provide an adequate level of safety to life from fire, 8-3,2.7.3* Exposed foamed plastic materials and unpro- tected materials containing foa~n6d Plastic used for decorative purposes or stage scenery shall have a maximum heat release rate of 100kW where tested in accordance with UL 1975, u arpondard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative se$ Exception: Individual foamed plastic items or items containing foamed PlaStic where, t~ loam'ecl Plastic does not exceed 1 lb (0.45 kg) in weight. 8-3.3 Interior Finish. 8-33~I ~ The interior finish requirements of this section shall be in accordance with SeCtion 1~5. 8-3.3~2 Interior finish in all corridors and lobbies shall be Class Aor Class B and, in enclosed stairways, Class A. 8-3.3.3 assembly areas of Class A Class A or Class B. interior finish shall be Class Exception: In any assembly occupancy, erposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for Type (2HH) construction shall be Permitted. 8-3.3.4 Screens On which pictures are project,ed shall comply with requirements of Class A or Class B inieri0r finish. 8-3.4 Det.ectiOn, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 8-3.4.1 General. Class A and Class B assembly occupancies and all theatres with more than one audienCe-viewing room shall be provided with an approved fire alarm ~YStem in accor- dance with 7-6. t and this s~tion. mErCeption No. 1: ASsembly occupancies that are a part of a ixed occUpancy (see 4~1.!1) shall be permitted to be served by a Common fire alarm system provided the individual require- ments, of each occupancy are met. Exception No. 2: Voice communications or public address sys- tems complying with 8-3.4.3.3 shall not be required to comply with 7-6.1. 8-3.4.2 Initiation. 8-3-4,2.1 Initiation o£ the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means m accordance w~th 7-6.2.1 (a), which shall be provided with an emergency power source. The initiating [levite shall b6 capable ~trans~nitting an alarm to a receivin~ station, located within the building, that is constantly attended when the assembly occupancy is occupied. Exception No. I: Initiation by means of an approved, auto- matic fire detection sys?m in accordance with 7-6.2.1(b) that provid'es fire detecEo'~ throughout the building. Exception No. 2: Initiation by means of an approved, auto- matic sprinkler system in ~ccordance with 7-6.2.1(c) that pro- rides fi~e detection and Protection throughout the building. 1994 EOrrlOl~ 8-3.4.2.2* In all Class A and in all Class B assembly occupan- cies, automatic detection shall be provided in all hazardous areas that are not normally occupied. Exception: Areas that are protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance: ~vith 7-7.1. 8-3.4.3 Notification. 8~3,43,1 The required fire alarm ble alarm in a Constantly.attended an audi- within the 8-3.4.3;2 person in t noise 'a accor- be by means of voice initiated by the an approved fire a is initi- or other with 7-6.3.8 8-3.5 8-1.6, 8-2.6, 8-3.2, and Class A or Class B assembly supervised with Sec- OCCU- the story containing the (c! located below the level ~ intervening the Exception No. 1: Assembly occupancies used primarily for wor- ship with fixed seating and~ not part of a mired occupancy. (See 4-1.11,) Exception No. 2*: Assembly occupancies consisting of a single mul(ip_urpose r.oo. m of less than 12,000isq f~ (1,100 sq m) and not used for exhtbttton or display.- : Exceptton No. 3: Gymnasiums, skatmg nnks, and swtmmtng pools used exclusively for participant.sports with no audience facilities for more th[th 300 pkrso~s. 8-3.6 Corridors. InteriOr corridors and lobbies shall be con- structed in accordance with 5-1.3.5 and 6-2.3. Exception No. 1: Corridor and lobby protection shall not be required where assembly rooms served by the corridor or lobby have at least 50 percent of thek exit capacity discharging directly to the outside, independent of corridors and lobbies. NEW ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-75 Exception No. 2: Corridor and lobby protection shall not be required in buildings ~orotected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer system installed in accordance with Section 7-Z Exception No. 3: Lobbies serving only one assembly area that meet the requirements for intervening rooms (see 5-5.1.7) need not have a fire resistance rating. Exception No. 4: Where the corridor ceiling is an assembly hav- ing a 1-hour fire resistance rating where tested as a wall, the cor- ridor walls shall be permitted to terminate at the corridor ceiling. SECTION 8-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 8-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. 8-4.1.1 Windowless or underground buildings shall comply with this section and Section 30-7. 8-4.1.2 Underground buildings or portions of buildings hav- ing a floor level more than 30 ft (9.1 m) below the level of exit discharge shall comply with the requirements contained in 8-4.1.3 through 8-4.1.5. Exception No. 1: Areas within buildings used only for service to the building, such as boiler/heater rooms, cable vaults, dead stor- ag~ and the like. Exception No. 2: Auditoriums without intervening occupiable levels complying with the requirements of this chapter. 8-4.1.3 Each level more than 30 ft (9.1 m) below the level of exit discharge shah be divided into not less than two smoke compartments by a smoke barrier complying with Section 6-3 and having a .1-hour fire resistance rating. (a) Each smoke compartment shall have access to at least one exit without passing through the other required compart- ment. Any doors connecting required compartments shall be tight-fitting; minimum 1-hour rated fire doors designed and installed to minimize smoke leakage and to close and latch automatically upon detection of smoke. (b) Each smoke compartment shall be provided with a mechanical means of moving people vertically, such as an ele- vator or escalator. (c) Each smOke compartment shall have an independent air supply and exhaust system capable of smoke control or smoke exhaust functions that provides a minimum smoke exhaust rate of six aiLchanges per hour. (d) Each smoke compartment shall be provided with an automatic smoke detection system throughout. The system shall be designed such that the activation of any two detectors shall cause the smoke control system to operate and the build- ing voice alarm to sound. 8-4.1.4 Any required smoke control or exhaust system shah be provided with a standby power system complying with Arti- cle 701 of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. 8-4.1.5 The building shall be. provided with an approved, supervised voice alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. The voice alarm system shall comply with 7-6.3.8. A prere- corded evacuation message shall be provided. 8-4.2 High Rise Buildings. High rise assembly occupancy buildings and high rise mixed occupancy buildings that house assembly occupancies in the high rise portions of the building shall comply with Section 30-8. 8-4.3* Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating. 8-4.3.1 Fire Protection Requirements. To be considered smoke-protected, an assembly seating facility shall comply with the following: (a) All enclosed areas with wails and ceilings in buildings or structures contammg smoke-protected assembly seating shall be protected with an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7. Excepa'on to (a): The floor area used for the contest, perfor- man-ce, or entertainmen~ provided the roof construction ~ more than 50fl (15 m) above the floor level and use is restricted to low fire hazard uses. (b) All means of egress serving a smoke-protected assembly seating area: shall be provided with smoke-actuated ventilation facilities or natural ventilation designed to maintain the level of smoke at least 6 ft (1.8 m) above the floor of the means of egress. 8-4.3.2 Life Safety Evaluation, For facilities to utilize the provisions of smoke-protected assembly seating, a life safety evaluation shall be done in accordance. (vith 8-4.5. 8-4.4 Special Provisons for Exposition Facilities. 8-4.4.1 No display or exhibit shall be installed or operated to interfere in any way with access to any required exit or with visibility of any required exit or any required exit sign; nor shall any display block access to fire-fighting equipment. 8-4.4.2 A storage room having an enclosure consisting of a smoke barrier having a fire resistance rating of 1 hour and pro- tected by an automatic extinguishing system shall be provided for combustible materials not on display, including combustible packing crates Used to ship exhibitors' supplies and products. 8-4.4.3 Exhibits. 8-4.4.3.1 Exhibits shall comply with 8-4.4.3.2 through 8-4.4.3.11. 8-4.4.3.2 The travel distance within the exhibit booth or exhibit enclosure to an exit access aisle shall not be greater than 50 ft (15 m). 8-4.4.3.3 The upper deck of multilevel exhibits greater than 300 sq ft (27.9 sq m) shall have at least two remote means of egress. 8-4.4.3.4 Exhibit booths shall be constructed of: (a) Noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. (b) Wood greater than ~/4 in. (0.6 em) nominal thickness or wood not greater than I/4 in. (0.6 em) nominal thickness that is pressure treated fire-retardant wood meeting the require- ments of NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant Impregnated Wood and Fire Retardant Coatings for Building Materials. 1994 EDITION 101-76 LIFE SAFETY CODE (c)* Flame-retardant materials complying with NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-Resistant Textiles and Films; both small and large scale tests. (d) Textile wall covering such as carpeting having napped, tufted, looped, or similar surface used as wall or ceiling finish complying with 6-5.2.3. (e) Plastic that is limited to a Class A or Class B interior wall ~nd Ceiling: finish in accordance with 6~5.3. (f) Foamed plaStics and materials containing foamed plas- tics having a maximum heat release rate for any single fuel package ~ 100 kw Where te~ted in accordance with IJL 1975, ~Stand[trd for Fire'Tests for Foained HaStiC Used for Decorative purpOSes. (g) Cardboard and other combusti- rate for any sin- gle: 1 UL for 8-4.43.5 Curtains, drapes, and decorations shall comply with the applicable portions of 31-1.4. 8,4.4.3.6 Acousgical and decorative material including, but not limited to, CottOn, hay~ paper, split bamboo, and to the saris- faction of the used. Foamed used as dec- but not lfmited to, mannequins, murals, and sin- accordance with Vests for Foamed Plastic Used for Exception: Where the aggregate area of such materials is less than JO percen~ of the iru~t~i~ual floor or Wall area, such mate- rials shall be perr~itted to be used subject to the approval of the utho~ havLng junsdictton., 8-4.4.3.7 The follOwing shall be protected by automatic extin- guishing Syst6mg: (a) Single,level exhibit booths greater than 300 sq ft (27.9 sq m} and ~overed with a ceilingi (b) Throughout each level of multilevel exhibit booths, including the uppermost level if ihe uppermost level is covered with a ceiling; (c) A single exh~it or group of exhibits with Ceilings that do not require s~rinklers shall be Separated by a minimu~ of 10 ft (3 m) ~here {he aggregate ceiling exceeds 300 sq ft (27.9 sq m). The water supply and piping for the~ sprinkler system shall be permitted to be of approved temporary means taken from an eXisting dOmestic water supply, an eXisting standpipe sys- tem, or ah eXisting sprinkler s~stem. Exception No. 1: Ceilings that are constructed of open grate design or listed dropout ceilings in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, shall not be considered ceilings within the context of this section~ Exception No~ 2: Vehicles, boats, and similar exhibited prod- ucts having over 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) of roofed area shall be pro- vided with smoke detectors acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 1994 EDITION Exception No. 3~ Where fire protection of multilevel exhibit booths is consistent with the criteria developed through a life I safety evaluation of the exhibition hall in accordance with 8-4.5, subject to approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 8-4.4.3.8 Open flame devices Vqthin exhibit booths shall com- ply with 8-3 2 5. 8-4.4.3.9 devices in exhibit foilowing: (a) (1) Natural gas-fired devices shall be installed in accor- dance with :7-1A. Exception to (a) (I): Compressed natural gas shall be permitted to be used where permitted b) the authority h-aving judsdictior~ (2) The use of LP-Gas cylinders shall be prohibited. Exception to (a) (2): Nonrefiliable cylinders shall be permitted to be used whe~ ~;ermated by the au'thority having jurisdiction. (b) Devices shall be isolated from the public by at least 4 ft (1.2 ~) or by a barrier between the devices and the public. (c) Multi-well cooking equipment using combustible oils or solids shall comply with 7-2.3. (d) Single-well cooking equipment using combustible oils or solids shall: (1) Have lids available for immediate use. (2) Be limited to 288 sq in. (0.19sqm) ofcookingsurface. (3) Be placed on noncombustible surface materials. (4) Be separated from each other by a minimum hori- zontal distance of 2 ft (0.6 m). Exception to (d) (4): Multiple single-well cooking equipment where the aggregate cooking surface area does not exceed 288 sq in. (0.~9 sq m). (5) Be kept a minimum horizontal distance of 2 ft (0.6 m) from any combustible material. (e) A 20-B:C fire extinguisher shall be provided within the booth for each device, or an approved, automatic extinguishing system shall be provided. (See 7-Z4.1.) 8-4.4.3.10 Combustible materials within exhibit booths shall be limited to a One-day supply. Storage Of combustible materi- als behind the booth sba'Ii fie prol~ibited. (See 8-3.2.7.2 and 8-4.4.2.) 8-4.4.3.11 Plans for the exposition, in an acceptable form, shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction for approval prior to the move-in of any exhibit. The plan shall show all details of the proposed exposition. No exposition shall occupy any exposition facility without approved plans. 8-4.4.4 Vehicles. Vehicles on display within an exposition facility shall comply with the follOWing: (a) All fuel tank openings shall:be locked and sealed in an apprsved manner to prevent the escaPe of vapors. Fuel tanks shall not be more tfian one:half full or contain more than 10 gal (37.9 L) of fuel, whichever is less. NEW ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-77 (bi At least one battery cable shall be removed from the batteries used to start_the vehicle engine. The disconnected battery cable shall then be taped. (c) Batteries used to power auxiliary equipment shall be pemiitted to be kept in service. (d) Fueling or defueting of vehicles shall be prohibited. (e) Vehicles shall not be moved during show hours. 8-4.4.5 Compressed flammable gases; flammable or combus- tible liquids; hazardous chemicals or materials; and Class II or greater lasers, blasting agents, and explosives shah be prohib- ited within exhibit halls. Exception; The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to allow, the limited use of any of the above items under special circumstances. 8-4.4.6 Alternatives. (See Section 1-5.) 8-4.5 Life Safety Evaluation. 8-4.5.1 Where a life safety evaluation is required by other provisions of the Code, it shall be done by persons acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. The life safety evaluation shall include a written assessment of safety measures for con- ditions listed in 8-4.5.2. The life safety evaluation shall be approved annually by the authority having jurisdiction and shall be updated for special or unusual conditions. 8-4.5.2 Life safety evaluations shall include an assessment of the following conditions and the related appropriate safety measures: (a) Nature of the events and the participants and attendees, (bi Access and egress movement including crowd density problems, (c) Medical emergencies, (d) Fire hazards, (e) Permanent and temporary structural systems, (fi Severe weather conditions, (g) Earthquakes, (hi Civil or other disturbances, (ii Hazardous materials incidents within and near the facil- ity, and (j) Relationships among facility management, event partic- ipants, emergency response agencies, and others having a role in the events accommodated in the facility. 8-4.53 Life safety evaluations shall include assessments of both building systems and management features upon which reliance is placed, for the safety of facility occupants. 8-4.6* Special Amusement Buildings. 8-4.6.1 Special amusement buildings shall meet the require- ments for assembly occupancies in addition to the require- ments of this subsection. Special amusement buildings with an occupant load not greater than 300 persons shall be considered Class C assembly occupancies. 8-4.6.2* Every special amusement building shall be pro- tected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed and maintained in accordance with Section 7-7. Where the special amusement building is movable or portable, sprinkler water supply shall be permitted to be by an approved temporary means. 8-4.6.3 Where the nature of the special amusement building is such that it operates in reduced lighting levels, the building shall be protected throughout by an approved, automatic smoke detection system in accordance with Section 7-6. Actu- ation of any smoke detection system device shall sound an alarm at a constantly attended location on the premises. Actu- ation of the automatic sprinkler system or actuation of a smoke detection system having an approved verification or cross zon- ing operation capability shall: (a) Cause illumination in the means of egress to increase to that required by Section 5'-8, and (bi Stop any conflicting or confusing sounds and visuals. 8-4.6.4 Exit Marking. 8-4.6.4.1 Exit marking shall be in accordance with Section 5-10. 8-4.6.4.2 Exit marking in mobile special amusement build- ings shall be of the luminescent, self-luminous, or electrolumi- nescent type. 8-4.6.4.3 Floor proximity exit signs shall be provided in accordance with 5-10.1.5. 8-4.6.4.4' In special amusement buildings where mazes, mir- rors, or other designs are used to confound the egress path, approved directional exit marking that will become apparent in an emergency shall be provided. 8-4.6.5 Interior Finish. Interior finish shall be Class A throughout in accordance with Section 6-5. 8-4.7 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 8-5 BUILDING SERVICES 8-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 8-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equipment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 8-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, esca- lators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 8-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions_of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION 101-78 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 9 EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31. ) SECTION 9-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 9-1.1 Application. I9-1.1.1 The requirements of this. chapter apply to :existing buildings 0r portions thereof currently occupied as assembly occupancies.: (See 9-1.3for definition ~>f assembly occupancy.) (See also 8-1. i.) Exception: An existing building housing an assembly occupancy established Prior to the effedive date oF this Code shall be pe)- mitted to ~be approved f~r~ continued u~se, if it conforms to Dr is made to conform to the pr°vis:ions of this Code to -the extent that, in the opinion of the atttho'rity, having jurisdiction, reasonable life safety ~gainst t~he ,hazards ~f ffire, explosion' and panic is pro- violent a~td maintained. 9-1.1.2 Additions to existing buildings shall conform to the requirements for new construction. Existing portionS of the struc- ture need not, be modified Provided that the new construction has not diminished the fire Safe~ features of the facility. Exception: Existing portions shall be upgraded if the addition results in a change of assembly subclassification. (See 9-1.4.1.) 9-1.1.3 An assembly occupancy that has an occupant load increase that results in a change of assembly subclassification shall meet the requirements for new assembly occupancies. (See 9-1.4.1. 9-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. (See also 4-1.11.) 9-1.2.1' Any assembly oCCUpancy and its access to exits in buildings of other occupancy, such as ballrooms in hotels, res- tanrants in stores, rooftop assembly occupancies, or assembly rooms in schools, shall be loCated, separated, or protected to avoid any undue danger to the oce,upants of the assembly occu- pancy from a fire originating in the other OCCupancy or smoke therefrom. 9-1.2.2 Occupancy of any room or space for assembly pur- Poses by fewer than 50 persons in a building of other occu- pancy and incidental to such other occupancy shall be classi- fied as part of the other occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions applicable thereto, 9-1.2.3 Assembly occupancies in buildings of other occu- pancy shall be permitted to use exits Common to the assembly occupancy and the other occupancy provided the assembly area and the other occupancy considered separately each have exits sufficient to meet the requirements of this Code. 9-1.2.4 Exits shall be Sufficient for simultaneous occupancy of both the assembly occupancy and other parts of the building. Exception*: Where the authority having ]urisdiction determines that the conditions are such that simultaneous occupancy will not occul;, 9-1.2.5 Combined Assembly and Residential Occupancies. 9-1.2.5.1 No dwelling unit of a residential occupancy shall have its sole means of egress pass through any assembly occu- pancy in the same building. 1994 EDITION 9-1.2,5.2 No multiple-dwelling unit of a residential occu- pancy shall be located above an assembly occupancy. Exception No. 1: Where the dwelling unit of the residential occupancy and exits therefrom are separated fr~m the assembly occupancy by construction having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. Exception No. 2: Where the assembly occupancy is protected throughout by an approved, aUtomatic ~sprink~r system in accor- danc~ with ~ecaOn ~-7. Exception No. 3: ,,Is permitted in9-1.2.5.3. 9-1.2.5.3 A building units of shall be t afl automatic fire ; with Section 7-6. 9-1.3 Special Definitions. Aisle Accessway.* That initial portion of an exit access that leads to an aisle. Assembly Occupancy. Occupancies :that include, but are not limited to, all buildings or l~ortions of buildings used for gatherings of 50 or more persons for such purpose as delibera- tion, worship, entertainment, dining, amusement, or awaiting transportation. Exhibitor. An individual or entity engaged in the display of the products or services offered. Exhibits. A space or portable structure used for the dis- play of products or services. Exposition. An event in which the display of products or services is organized to bring together the provider and user of the products or services. Exposition Facility. A convention center, hotel, or other building at which exposition events are held. Festival Seating.* That form of audience/spectator accommodation in which no seating, other than a floor or ground surface, is provided for the audience/spectators gath- ered to observe some performance. Flow Time. The time during which there is crowd flow past a point in the means of egress s.vstem; flow time is a component of total evacuation time. Fly Gallery. A raised floor area above a stage from which the movement of scenery and operation of other stage effects are controlled. Gridiron. The structural framing over a stage supporting equipment for hanging or flying scenery and other stage effects. Life Safety Evaluation.* A written review dealing with the adequacy of life safety features relative to fire, storm, collapse, crowd behavior, and other related safety considerations. Pinrail. A rail on or above a stage through which belaying pins are inserted and to which lines are fastened. EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-79 Platform.* The raised area within a building used for the presentation of music,'plays, or other entertainment; the head tables for special guests; the raised area for lecturers and speakers; boxing and wrestling rings; theatre-in-the-round; and for similar purposes wherein there are no overhead drops, pieces of scenery, or stage effects other than lighting and a screening valance. Platform, Temporary. A platform erected within an area for not more than 30 days. Proscenium Wall. The wall that separates the stage from the auditorium or house. Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating. (See 9-4.3.) Special Amusement Building. Any building that is tempo- rary, permanent, or mobile that contains a device or system that conveys passengers or provides a walkway along, around, or over a course in any direction as a form of amusement arranged so that the egreSS path is not r~adily apparent due to visual or audio distractions or an intentionally confounded egress path, otis not readily available dge to the mode of con- veyande thrOugh the b~ilding or structure. Included are amusements such as a "haunted house," a "roller coaster" twe rid~ Within a buildin°, a "merry-go,round" within a build- lng, a "Submarine'' ride, .and similar amusements where the occupants are not in the open air. Stage, An area within a building used for the purpose of entertainment ~nd utilizing drops or scenery or other stage effectsi Which shall be claSsified as one Of the following: (a) Stage, Legitimate. A stage wherein scenery is retract- able m¢chanicaily, either horizontally or vertically, or sus- pended overhead. (b) Stage, Regular. A Stage wherein scenery is not retract- able. A valance or light trough, the main curtmn, and a s~ngle backdrop can be retractable without the stage being consid- ered a legitimate stage: (c) Stage, Thrust. A platform extending beyond the pro- scenium a~ch and into the audience. 9-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 4-1.2.) 9-1.4.1 Subclassiflcation of Assembly Occupancies. Each assembly occupancy shall be subclassified according to its occupant load, as follows: Class A, occupant load greater than 1,000 persons; Class, B; occupant load greater than 300 but not greater than 1,000 persons; Class C, occupant load of 50 or Imorc but not greater than 300 persons. The occupant load of a stage area that is part of an assembly occupancy shall be included in determining the subclassification. 9-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Contents of assembly occupancies shall be classified in accordance with the provisions of Section 4-2. 9-1.6 Minimum Construction Requigements. (See 6-2.1.) The location of an assembly occupancy shall be limited as shown in Table 9-1.6. Table 9-1.6 Construction Type Limitations Number of Levels Above LED Type of Below 4 and Construction LED LED 1 2 3 Above I (443)~-?]A?BtC? ABC ABC ABC ABC A'tBC I (332)~'?~.Any number II (222.)??J of Levels II (111)?'~ A'~B?C~' ABC ABC A?BC B?C'~ N.P. One Level Below LED III (211) ] AtB'}'C'~ ABC ABC AJ'B?C BtC'~ N.P. IV(2HH) ~ One Level V (111) J. Below LED II I000) B?C'~ · A'~BC C~' N.P. N.P. N.P. One Level Below LED [II (200) ~ B'~C? A?BC C~ N.P. N.P. N.P. V (000)I One Level 'Below LED -?Permitted if the level of the assembly occupancy and any story intervening between that level and the level of exit discharge are protected throughout by an approved automatic sprlnlder system. If there are any openlng~ between the level of exit discharge and the exits serving the place of assembly, the level of exi! discharge shall also be protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system. (S~.e Section 7~7.) -??Where every part of the structural framework of roofs is Type I or Type II construction Js 20!ft (6.1 m) or more above the floor immediately below, omission of all fire protectibn of the structural members shall be permitted, including pro- tection of trusses,i roof framing, and decking. N.P.: Not Permitted LED: Level of Exit Discharge NOTE: For the purpose of this table, a mezzanine is not counted as a ievel. 9-1.7 Occupant Load. 9-1.7.1' The occupant load permitted in any assembly build- ing, structure, or portion thereof shall be determined on the basis of the following occupant load factors: (a)* An assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats, such as an auditorium, place of worship, dance floor, disco- theque, or lodge hall: one person per 7 net sq ft (0.65 net sq m). (b) An assembly area of less concentrated use, such as a confer- ence room, dining room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasiun~ or lounge: one person per 15 net sq ft (iA net sq m). (c) Bleachers, pews, and similar bench-type seating: one person per 18 linear in. (45.7 linear em). (d) Fixed Seating. The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load. (e) Kitchens. One person per 100 gross sq ft (9.3 gross sq m). (f) Libraries. In stack areas, one person per 100 gross sq ft (9.3 gross sq m); in reading rooms, one person per 50 net sq ft (4.6 net sq m). (g) Sw/mm/ngpoo/s. One person per 50 gross sq ft (4.7 sq m) of water surface. Pooldecks, one person per 30 gross sq ft (2.8 sq m). (h) Stages. One person per 15 net sq ft (1.4 net sq m). (i) Lighting and Access Catwalks, Galleries, and Gridirons. One person per 100 net sq ft (9.3 net sq m). 1994 EDITION 101-80 LIFE SAFETY CODE IException No. 1: Larger occupant loads as permitted by 9-1.7.2. Exception No. 2: The authority having jurisdiction shall be per- mitred to establish the occupant load as the number of perSons for which the misting means of egress is adequate, Prov'id}ng that measures are established to Prevent occupancy by a greater num- ber of persons. 9-1.7.24 permitted in a building or portion ~ that specified in 9-1.7.1 i ' ' the ~ load. In sq m); in areas oad shall not exceed one 9-1.7.3 other assembly occu- allowed son f space is waiting shall be tuditorium arrangement to the Exception: Where approved by the authority having jurisdiction the number of usua[~ seated ~occupants provided with a mini- mum of 15 sq ft (L 4 sq rn) of:lawn surface in outdoor facilities shall be permitted to be eoCcluded in de-terrnining the need for a life safetyl evalui~tion ' i SECTION 9-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 9-2.1 General. All means of egress shall be in accordance w~th Chapter 5 and th~s section. 9-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 9-2.2.1 Components.of means of egress shall be limited to the types desCribe~d in 9-2~Z2 through 9-2.2.10. 9-2.2.2 Doors. 9-2.2.2.1 Mth 5,2.1 shall be permitted. (see to have horizontal or No. 4 to 5-2.1!4.1 9-2.2.2.3 Panic Hardware or Fire Exit Hardware. Any door in a required means of egress from an area having an occupant load of 100 or more per~ns shall be~Permitted to be provided witha latch or lock o~ly if it is panic ~rdware or fire exit hard- ware complying with 5-2.1.7. 1994 EDmON Exception No. I: In assembly occupancies having an occupant load not greater thah 600, where the main exit consists of a sin- gle door or single pair of doors, locking devices complying with 'Exception No. 2 to 5-2.1.5.1 shall be permitted to be used on the maift exit. Any latching device On th~s door(s) shall be released by :panic hare]ware Exception No. 2: Delayed egress locks as permitted in 9-2.2.2. 4. IException No. 3: Access-controlled egress doors as permitted in 9-2.2.2.4 Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted on doors Other than m~i~ er~trance/exit doors. 9-2.2.2.5 to the egress side (See 5-21.1 3 ) requirements devices that installed in any interfere in any lighting and 5-2.2. Z 7 shall be access catwalks, shall not be and grid- irons where a roof is provided. Ladders, be per- mitted in les, and of dress- galler- enclosed. 3.1. 9-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complYing With 5-2.3 shall be Permitted 9-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 9-2.2.6 Ramps. be permitted. 9-2.2.7 Exit with 5-2.6 shah be 9-2.2.8 Escalators and Moving Walks. Escalators and mov- ing walks complying with 5-2.7 shah be permitted. 9-2.2.9 Fire Escape Stairs. Fire escgpe stairs complYing with 5-2.8 shall be per~nitted. 9-2.2.10 Areas of Refuge. A3reas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 ~hall be permitted. EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-81 9-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 9,2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Section 5-3 or, for means of egress serving theatre- type seating or similar seating arranged in rows, in accordance with 9-2.3.2. 9-2.3~2' Minimum dear widths of aisles and other means of egress shall be in accordahce with Table 9-2.3.2(a) or, for buildings providing smoke-protected assembly seating and for which an appoved life safety evaluation in accordance with 9-4.5 is conducted, in accordance with Table 9-2.3.2(b). For Table 9-2.3.2(b), the number of seats specified must be within a single assembly space and interpolation shall be permitted between the specific values show~. For both tables, the mini- mum clear widths shown shall be modified in accordance with all of the following: (a) If risers exceed 7 in. (17.8 em) in height, multiply the stair width in the tables by factor A, where A = ! + .(riser height - 7 in.) 5 (b) Stairs not having a handrail within a 30-in. (76-cm) hor- izontal distance shall be~ 25 Percent wider than otherwise cal- culated; i.e., multiply by factor B = 1.25. (c) Ramps steeper than 1 in 10 slope where used in ascent shall have their width increased by 10 percent; i.e., multiply by factor C = 1.10. Table 9-2.3.2(a) Capacity Factors for Use without Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating Nominal Inch of Clear Width Per Seat Served Flow Time Passageways, Ramps, No. of Seats (sec) Stairs and Doorways Unlimited 200 0.30{3 AB 0.220 C (1 in. = 2.54 cra) Table 9-2.3.2(b) Capacity Factors for Use with Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating Nominal Inch of Clear Width Per Seat Served Flow Time Passageways, Ramps, No. of Seats (sec) Stairs and Doorways 2,000 200 0.300 AB 0.220 C 5,000 260 0.200 AB 0.150 C 10,000 360 0.130 AB 0.100 C 15,000 460 0.096 AB 0.070 C 20,000 560 0.076 AB 0.056 C 25,000 or more 660 0.060 AB 0.044 C (1 in. = 2.54 em) Exception No. 1: The miminum clear width of lighting, and access catwalks and the means of egress from galleries and grid- irons shall be 22 in. (56 cm). Exception No. 2: In seating composed entirelY of bleachers, in which row-to-row dimension is 28 in. (71 cra) or less, and from which front egress is not limited, aisles shall not be required to be more than 66 in. (168 cra) in width. Such aisles shall not be considered as dead-end aisles. %2.33 Main Entrance/Exit. Every assembly occupancy shall be provided with a main entrance/exit. The main entrance/exit shall be of sufficient width to accommodate one half of the total occupant load and shall be at the level of exit discharge or shall connect to a stairway or ramp leading to a street. Where the main entrance/exit from an assembly occupancy is through a lobby or foyer, the aggregate capacity of all exits from the lobby or foyer shall be permitted to provide the required capacity of the main entrance/exit regardless of whether all such exits serve as entrances to the building. Exceptioff No. ~: A bowling establishment shall have a main entrance/exit of sufficient capacity to accommodate 50 percent of the total occupant load without regard to the number of aisles that it serves. Exception No. 2*: In assembly occupancies where there is no well-defined main entrance/exit, exits shall be permitted to be distributed around the perimeter of the building provided the total exit width furnishes a minimum of 100 percent of the width needed to accommodate the permitted occupant load. 9-2.3.4 Other Exits. Each level of an assembly occupancy shall have access to the main entrance/exit and shall be pro- vided with additional exits of sufficient width to accommodate a minimum of one half of the total occupant load served by that level. Such exits shall discharge in accordance with 9-2.7. Such exits shall be located as far apart as practicable and as far from the main entrance/exit as ~r~cticable. Such exits shall be accessible from a cross aisle or;~ side aisle. (See 9-2.3.3.) Exception: In assembly occupancies where there is no well- defined main entrance/exit, exits shall be permitted to be distrib- uted around the perimeter of the building, provided the total exit width ft~rnishes a minimum of 100 percent of the width needed to accommodate the permitted occupant loact 9-2.4' Number of Exits. (See also Section 5-4.) 9-2.4.1 Every Class A assembly occupancy shall have at least four separate means of egress as remotely located from each other as practicable. IException: Fenced outdoor assembly occupancies in accor- dance with 9-2.4.4. 9-2.4.2 Every Class B assembly occupancy shall have at least two separate means of egress as remotely located from each other as practicable and, if of an occupant- load greater than 600, at least three separate means of egress. Exception: Fenced outdoor assembly occupancies in accor- dance with 9-2.4.4. 9-2,4.3 Every Class C assembly occupancy shall have at least two means of egress consisting of separate exits or doors lead- ing to a corridor or other spaces that provide access to two separate and independent exits located in different directions. Exception: Fenced outdoor assembly occupancies in accor- dance with 9-2.4.4. 9-2.4.4 A fenced outdoor assembly occupancy shall have at least two widely separated means of egress from the enclosure. If more than 6,000 persons are to be served by such means of egress, there shah be at least three means of egress; if more than 9,000 persons'are to be served, 'there shall be at least four means of egress. 1994 EDITION 101-82 LIFE SAFETY CODE 9.2.4.5 Balconies or mezzanines having an occupant load not greater than 50 shall be permitted to be served by a single means of egress and such means of egress shall be permitted to lead to the floor below, 9-2.4.6 Balconies or mezzanines.having an occupant load greater than 50 but not greater than 100 shall have at least two remote means of egress, but both Such means of egress shall be permitted to lead tb the floor beloW: Exception: Those portions of aisle accessways where the required width, not including the seat space described by 9-Z5.6.5, does not exceed 12 in. (30.5cm). 9-2.5.6.5* Where nonfixed seating :is located between a table and an aisle accessway or aisle, the measurement of required clear width of the aisle aisle shall be made to a line 19 19-in. t to the 9-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. shall (See also Section 5-5.) ' from each other and :hey might be Exception No. !: Festival seating shall be permitted in Class B and ~CIass C assembly OccUpancies. through kitch- or hazardous areas as 9-2,5.4 (Reserved.) 9-2.5.5 (Reserved.) 9-2.5.6 General Requirements for Access and Egress Routes within Assembly ~as. 9-2.5.6.1' Access and egress routes shall be maintained so that any individual: is able to move without undue hinderance, on personal initiative and at any time, from an occupied posi- tion to exits. 9-2.5.6.2* Access and egress routes shall be maintanined so that crowd management, security, and emergency medical per- sonnel shall be able to move without undue hinderance at any time to any individual. 9-2.5.6.3' The width of aisle accessways and aisles shall pro- vide sufficient egress capacity for the number of persons accommodated l~y the catchn~ent area served by the aisle accessway or aisle in accordance with 9-2.3.1. Where aisle accessways or aisles converge to form a single path of egress travel, the required egress capacity of that path shall not be less th'an the combined required capacity of the converging aisle accessways and aisles. 9-2.5.6.4 Those portions of aisle accessways and aisles where egress is possible in either of two directions shall be uniform in required width. 1994 EDITION shall railS, sured other than nonfixed es, the clear width as walls, guard- and side edges of Ihe vertical width mea- 9-2.5.7' Aisle Aceessways Serving Seating: Not at Tables. 9-2.5.7.1' To :determine the clear width of aisle shall one: Test 1 ment ~, up position. from the back of projection of the entire row consists with ASTM F851, the measure- seats in the 9,2.5.7.2 The aisle accessway between rows of seating shall have a clear width of not les~ than 12 in. (30.5 cm), and this minimum shall be increased as a function of row length in accordance with 9-2.5.7.3 and 9-2.5.7.4. Exceptior~' If used by not more than four persons, there shall be no minimum clear width requirement 'for [he portion of the aisle accessway having a length not exceeding 6 ft (1.8 m) measured from the center of the seat farthest from the aisle. 9-2.5.7.3* Rows of seating served by aisles or doorways at both ends shall have no more ~llan 100 seats per row. The 12-in. (30.5-cm) minimum clear width of aisle accessway between such rows shall be increased by 0.3 in. (0.8 em) for every seat over a total of 14, but need not e-xceed 22 in. (55.9 em). Table 9-2.5.7.3 Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating Total number of seats in the space No. of seats per row permitted to have a minimum 12-in. O0.5..cm) clear width aisle accessway Aisle or doorway at Aisle or doorway at both ends of row one end of row < 4,000 14 7 4,0o0 - 6,999 15 7 7,000 - 9,999 16 8 10,000-12.999 17 8 13,000 - 15,999 18 9 16,000-18,999 19 9 19,000 - 21,999 20 10 _> 22,000 21 11 EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101283 Exception: With smoke-protected assembly seating conforming to the requirements of 9-4.3, for rows of seats served by aisles or doorways at both ends, there shall be no more than 100 seats per row and the minirnur~ clear width of 12 in. (305 cm) for aisle accessways shall be increased by 0.3 in. (0.8 cm) for every addi- tional seat beyond the number stipulated in Table 9-2.5.7.3, but the minimum clear width need n~t exceed 22 in. (55.9cm). 9-2.5.7.4 Rows of seating served by an aisle or doorway at one end only shall have a path of travel not exceeding 30 ft (9.1 m) in length from any seat to an aisle. The 12-in. (30.5-cm) minimum clear width of aisle aceessway between such rows shall be increased by 0.6 in. (1.6 cra) for every seat over a total of seven. Exception No. 1: l~tth smoke.protected assembly seating con- forming with the requirements of 9-4.3, for rows of seats served by an aisle or doorway at one end only, the aisle accesssway minimum clear width of 12 in. (30.5 cm) shall be increased by 0.6 ir~ ~1.6 cm) for every: additional seat beyond the number stipulated in Tab~ 9-2.5. Z3, but the minimum clear width need rt~t exceed 22in. (55.9 cm). ' Exception No. 2: Smoke-protected assembly seating conform- lng with'the requirements of 9-4.3 shall be permitted to have a common path ~f travel of 1~0 ft (15 m)from any seat to a point where~ a ~rson '~ a choice: of two directions of egress travel. 9-2.5;7.5 Where bleacher or grandstand seating without backs is used indoors,! rows of seats shall be spaced not less than 22 in. (55.9 cna) back to back. 9-2~5.7.6 Rows of seating utilizing.tablet-arm chairs shall be permitted only if the clear width of aisle accessways complies th the requirements of 9-2.5.7 where the tablet is in the able positi~n. Exception: Tablet arms shall be permitted to be measured in the stored position where the tablet arm automatically returns to the stored -position when raised manually to a vertical position in one motion and falls to the stored position by force of gravity. 9-2.$.8' Aisle Accessways Serving Seating at Tables. clear width of an aisle cm) where measured in aecor- function of length in 8.2. Exception*: If used by not more than four persons, there shall be no minimum clear width requirement for the portion of aisle a~cessway having a length not exceeding 6 ft (1.8 m) and located farthest from :an aisle. 9-2.$.8.2' The minimum required clear width of an aisle aecessway measu~_e~d in accordance with 9-2.5.6.5 and 9-2.5.6.6 shall be increased beyond the 12-in. (30.5-cm) requirement by 0.5 in. (1.3 em) for each additional 12 in. (30.5 cra) or fraction thereof beyond :12 fr (3.7 m) of aisle accessway length where measured from the.center of the seat farthest fi:om an aisle. I 9,2.$.8.3 The path of travel along the aisle aecessway shall not exceed 36 ft (10.9 m) from any seat to the closest aisle or egress doorway. 9-2.$.9 Aisles Serving Seating Not at Tables. 9-2.5.9.1 Dead-end aisles shall not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m) in length. Exception No. 1: A longer dead-end aisle shall be permitted where seats served by the dead-end aisle are not more than 24 seats from another aisle, measUred along a row of seats having a minimum clear width of 12 in. (30.5 cm) plus 0.6 in. (1.5 cm) for each additional seat over a total of seven in the row. Exception No. 2: A 16-row dead-end aisle shall be permitted in folding and telescopic seating. 9-2.5.9.2 Aisle Termination. For smoke-protected assembly seating conforming to the requirements of 9-4.3, the dead ends in aisle stairs shall not exceed a distance of 21 rows. Exception: ~1 longer dead-end aisle shall be permitted for smoke.protected assembly seating where seats served by the dead-end aisle are no more.[than 40 seats from another aisle, measured along a row of seats having an aisle accessway with a minimum clear width of 12 in. (30.5 cm) plus 0.3 in~ (0.8 cm) for each additional seat above seven in the row. 9-2.5.9.3 The minimum clear width of aisles shall be suffi- cient to provide egress caPaci~ in accordance with 9-2.3.2 but not less than: (a) 42 in. (107 cra)for stairs having seating on each side. Exception to (a): 30 in. (76 cm) for catchment areas having no more than 60 seats. Co) 36 in. (91 em) for stairs having seating on only one side. Exception to (b): 30 in. (76 cm) for catchment areas having no more than 60 seats. (c) 20 in. (51 em) between a handrail and seating or a guardrail where the aisle is subdivided by a handrail. (d) 42 in. (107 em) for level or ramped aisles having seating on both sides. Exception to (d): 30 in. (76 cm) for catchment areas having no more than 60 seats. (e) 36 in. (91 em) for level or ramped aisles having seating on only one side. Exception to (e): 30 in. (76 cm) for catchment areas having no more than 60 seats. (f) 23 in. (58 em) between a handrail or guardrail and seat- ing where aisle does not serve more than five rows on one side. 9-2.5.9.4' Aisle Stairs and Ramps. Aisles having a gradient steeper than 1 in 20, but not steeper than 1 in 8, shall consist of a ramp; Aisles having a gradient steeper than 1 in 8 shall con- sist of an aisle stair. 9-2.$.9.5 Aisle Stair Treads. (a) There shall be no variation exceeding 3/16 in. (0.5 cm) in the depth of adjacent treads. Exception to (a)*: In aisle stairs where a single intermediate tread is provided halfway between seating platforms, such inter- mediate treads shall be permitted to have a relatively smaller but uniform depth, but not less than 13 in. (33 cm). (b)* Treads shall be a minimum of 11 in. (27.9 cm). 1994 EDITION 101-84 LIFE SAFETY CODE 9-2.5.9.6 Aisle Stair Risers. (a) Riser heights shall be-a minimum of 4 in. (10.2 cm) (b) · Riser heights shall not exceed 8 in. (20.3 cra). 9-2.5.10 Aisles Serving Seating at Tables. 9-2;5.10.1' Aisles that ~ such shall to be uniform in each t to be nonuni- ~ a seatingarea in. (0.5 cm) in any flight. $/16 in. (0.5 cm) between ad)acent ~.nonuniformities shall be indi- on each tread at the nosing e nonuniform risers. Ramped: aisles having a gradient shall be provided with hand- the centerline. · the aisle, the hand- at intervals not permit )ther. These gaps or breaks less than 22 in. (55.9 cm) and , and or bends. Where be 1 (30 cna) the number of 9-2.5.11.1 Aisles shall between Indoors 6 9 located approximately 12 in. Exception No. 1: Handmiis shall not be required for ramped aisles having a gradient not steeper than 1 in 8 and having seat- ing on both $id~,s. Exception No. 2:. The requirement for a handrail is satisfied by the use of a guard providing a rail that complies with the graspabil- ity requirements for handrails and is located at a conMstent height between 34 in (86 em) and 42 in. (107 cm) measured vertically from the top of the rail to the leading edge (nosing) of stair trea~s or to the adjacent Walking surface tn the case of a ramp. ception No, 3: Handrails shall not be required where risers do not exceed 7 tn. {1Z8 cra) m height. 9-2.5.9.8' Aisle Marking. A contrasting marking stripe shall be provided on each tread at the nosing or leading edge such that the location Of such tread is readily aPparent, parti~uiarly when viewed in descent. Such stripes shall be at least 1 in. (2.5 em) wide and shall not exceed 2 in. (5 cra) in width. Exception: The marking stripe shail not be required where tread surfaces and environmental conditions under all conditions of use are such that the location of each tread is readily apparent, particularly when viewed in descent. Exception: Aisles shall not be required in bleachers if all the foilo~ving are met: (a) Egress other obstruction. (b) Row spacing is'28 in. [71i (C) Rise per row, /nc/ud/n& (d) Number of rows (e) Seat spaces are not rail, guard, or or less. surfaces for (30.5 cm), and, between seat (30.5 cm) men- shall be pro- the location of where viewed 5 cra) wide and location of when viewed 09 Seat- boards that are descent shall have a where there is a depressed sured vided with in descent. Such stripe shail not exceed not ditions under all conditions each leading in descent. 9-2.5.11.2 In grandstand seating, dead e~ds in vertical aisles shall not exceed a depth of i6 rows.: 'l : '!, r : . Exception: A longer dead-end aisle shall be Permitted where seats served by the dead-end aisle are. not rno~e than 24 seats from another aisle, measured along a ro~v of seats having a min- imum clear width of 12 in. (30~5 cra) plus 0.6 m. (1.5 cm) for each additional seat over a total of s~v~n :tn iihe row. 9-2.5.11.3 Existing Aisle Stairs. placed in aisles to overcorrie differences the gradient exceeds 1 ft the rise of seating platform step 1994 EDITION EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-85 shall be provided the full width of the aisles ~tnd sh~il b~ proc portioned to provi~de_two steps of equal rise per platform. Where the rise of the seating platform exceeds 18 in. (45.7 cra), two intermediate steps the full width of the aisles shall be pro- vided and proportioned to provide three steps of equal rise per platform. The resulting treads shall be uniform and not less than 9 in. (22.9 cm). The full length of the nose of each step in the aisle shall be conspicuously marked. 9-2.5.11.4 Aisles in folding and telescopic seating shall be permitted to be by stepped aisles. 9-2.5.11.5 The riser height of stepped aisles in folding and telescopic seating shall be permitted to be a minimum of 31/2 in. (8.9 cra) and a maximum of 11 in. (27.9 cm). 9-2.5.11.6 The depth of footboards (footrests) and seat boards in grandstands, and folding and telescopic seating shall not be less than 9 in. (22.9 cm). Where the same level is not used for both seat foundations and footrests, footrests inde- pendent of seats shall be. provided. 9-2.5,11.7 The back-to-back horizontal distance of seats in folding: and telescopic seating shall be not less than 22 in. (55.9 cm) for seats without backs. There shall be a space of not less than 12 in. (30.5 cm) between the back of each seat and the front of each seat i~ediately behind it. If seats are of the chair type, the 12-ira (30.5-cm) dimension shall be measured to the front edge of the rear seat in its normal unoccupied posi- tion. All measurements shall be taken between plumb lines. 9-2.5.12 Approval of Layouts. Where required by the authority having jurisdiction, plans drawn to scale showing the arrangement of furnishings or equipment shall be submitted to the authority by the building owner, manager, or authorized agent to substantiate conformance with the provisions of this section and shall constitute the only acceptable arrangement until revised or additional plans are submitted and approved. Exception: Temporary deviations froth the specifications of the approved plans shall be permitted provided the occupant load is not increased and the intent of this section is maintained. 9-2.6 Travel. Distance to Exits. 9-2.6.1 Exits shall be arranged so that the total length of travel from any point to reach an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m) m any assembly occupancy. Exception No. 1: The travel distance shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m) in assemb~ occutxzncies protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinlder system in accordance with Section 7- 7. Exception No. 2: Travel distance in arenas, stadia, and similar facilities in accordance with 9-2.62 and its Exception. 9-2.6.2 For smoke-protected assembly seating conforming with the requirements of 9-4.3, the travel distance from each seat to the nearest entrance to an egress vomitory portal or egress concourse shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). The travel dis- tance from the entrance ~to vomitory portal or from egress con- course to an approved egress stair, ramp, or walk at the build- ing exterior shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). Exception: In outdoor assembly seating facilities providing smoke-protected assembly seating conforming with the require- ments of 9-4.3 and where all portions of the means of egress are essentially open to the outside, the distance of travel ~o an approved egress stair, ramp, or walk at the building exterior shall not exceed 400 ft (122 m). In outdoor assembly seating facilities of Type I or Type II construction where all portions of the means of egress are essentially open to the outside, the distance shall not be limited. 9-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 9-2.7.1 Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7. 9-2.7.2 The level of exit discharge shall be measured at the point of princil~ai entrance to the building. 9-2.7.3 Where the principal entrance to an assembly occu- pancy is via a terrace, either raised or depressed, such terrace shall be considered to be the level of exit discharge for the purposes of 9-1.6 if: (a) The terrace is at least as long (measured parallel to the building) as the total width of the exit(s) it serves, but not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) long, and (b) The terrace is at least as wide (measured perpendicu- larly to the building) as the exit(s) it serves, but not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) wide, and (c) Required stairs leading from the terrace to grade are protected in accordance with 5-2.2.6.3 or are a minimum of 10 ft (3 m) from the building. 9-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. Exception: Private party tents not larger than 1,200 sq ft (111.5 sq m). 9-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be pro- vided in accordance with Section 5-9. Exception No. 1: Private party tents not larger than 1,200 sq ft (111.5 sq m). Exception No. 2: Class C assembly occupancies used exclu- sively for a place of worship shall not be required to have emer- gency lighting. 9-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-10. 9-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. 9-2.11.1 Guards and Railings. 9-2.11.1.1 Boxes, Balconies, and Galleries. (a) The fasciae of boxes, balconies, and galleries shall not rise less than 26 in. (66 cm) above the adjacent floor or shall have substantial railings not less than 26 in. (66 cm) above the adjacent floor. (b) The height of the rail above footrests on the adjacent floor immediately in front of a row of seats shall be not less than 26 in. (66 cm). Railings at the ends of aisles shall be not less than 36 in. (91 cm) high for the full width of the aisle and shall be not less than 42 in. (107 cm) high for the width of the aisle where steps occur. 1994 EDITION 101-86 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception to (b): Existing railings 36 in. (91 cm) high at the E~ception No. 3*: Stairs or ramps shall be permitted to be ends of aisles where steps occur shall be permitted to cOntinue to unenclosed between balcomes or mezzanines and main assembly be used. areas located below provided the balcony or mezzanine is open to the main assembly area (c) Aisle accessways,adjacent to orchestra pits and vomito- ries, and all cross aisles shall be provided with railings not less Exception No, 4: Existing wood lath~ and plaster, existing I/2-in. than 26 in. (66 cm) above the ad'acentj floor. (1.3-cm) gypsum wallboard'd, existing, installations of 1744n'. (0.6-cm) thick wired glass that are, or are rendered, inoperative Exception to (c): Where the backs of seats located at the front and fixed in the Clos~d Position, o~': other existing materials hav- ing similar fire resista~ce capabilities shall be acceptable All of the aisle p~iect 24 in. (61 cm) or .more above the adjacent floor of the aisle (d) Guardrails shall not be required on the audience side of stages, raised platforms, 'and other raised floor areas' such as runways, ramp~, and side stages used for enter/ainment or pre- sentations. (e) Permanent guardrails shall not be required at vertical openings in the pe~'formance area Of stages. (f) Guardrails shall not be required when the side of an ele~ rated Walking surface is required io be Open for the normal functioning of Special lighting or for access and use of other special equipment. 9-2.11.1.2 Grandstands, Bleachers, and Folding and Tele- scopic Seating. (a) Railings or guards not less than 42 in. (107 em) above the aisle surface or footrest or 36 in. (91 em) verticall~ above the center of the seat or seat board surface, whichever is adja- cent, shall be provided along those portions of the backs and ends of all grandstands and folding and telescopic seating where the seats are more than 4 ft (1.2 m) above the floor or ground. Exception to (a): Where an adjacent wall or fence affords equivalent safeguard. (b) Where the front footrest of any grandstand or folding or telescopic seating is more than 2 ft (0.6 m) above the floor, railings or guards not less than 33 in. (84 em) above such foot- rests shall be provided. Exception to (b): In grandstands, or where the ~ront row of seats includes backrests, the rails shall be not lesJ than 26 in. (66 cra) high. (c) Cross aisles located within the seating area shall be pro- vided with rails not less than 26 in. (66 em) high along the front edge of the cross aisle. Exception to (c): Where the backs of the seats in front of the cross aisle project 24 in~ (61 cra) or more above the surface of the cross aisle, the rail shall not be required. SECTION 9-3 PROTECTION 9-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Vertical openings shall b.e enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.4. Exception No. l: Unprotected vera'cal openings connecting not more than three floors in accordance with 6-2.4.5 shall be perrrdtte& Exception No. 2: Atriums tn accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be permitted. such assemblies shall be in good repair and free of any condition that would diminish their ~'riginal-fire resistance Cha'racteristics 9-3.2 Protection from H~zards. 9-3.2.1 Stages and Platforms. (See 9-L3.) 9.3.2.1.1 Materials and Design. (Reserved) 9-3.2.1.2 Platform Construction. ~eserved ) 9-3.2.1.3 Stage Construction. (Reserved) 9.3.2.1.4 Accessory Rooms. (Reserved,) 9-3.2.1.5 Ventilators. Regular sta~es greater than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) in area arid legit[mate stages ~hall be provided with mergency ventilation to prowde a means of remowng smoke and combustion gases dir[ctly tol th~ o~at~ide in the event of a fire Ventilation Shall be by one or a 60~binaiion of the follow- ing methods: (a) Smoke Control. A means compl,. ~g with Section 7-3 shall be provided to maintain the sm6k~ ] r~l not less than 6 ft (183 cm) above the highest level of asset y seating or above the top of the proscenium openingWhe: a proscenium wall and ol~ening p{otection is pr~)vided, iThe ?stem shall be acti- vated independently by each of the fo[lo tng: (1) activation of the sprinkler system in the stage ar a, (2) activation of smoke detectors over the stage area, hnfl; I) b~ manually oper- ated switch at an approved !ocatio~. Th emergency ventila- tion system shall be supplied by b0th~ ormal and standby power. The fan(s) Power: x~iring and duct: shall be located and properly protected to ensure a minimum 20 minutes of opera- tion in the event of activation. (b) Roof Vents. Two or more vents shall be located near the center of and above the highest part of the stage area. They shall be raised above the roof hnd shhll Provide a net-free vent area equal to 5 percent of the stage area. Vents shall be con- structed to open automatically by approved heat-activated devices. Supplemental means ~h~il I~d provided for manual operation an~t periodic testing of the!ventilator from the stage floor. Vents shall be labeled. Exception to (b): Existing vents not labeled shall be permitted to conform to the following requirements. (I) Vents shall open by spring action or force of gravity suffi- cient to overcome the.effects of neglect, rust, din, frost, snow, or expansion by heat or warping of the framework. Glass, if used in vents, mu*t be protected against falling onto the stage A wire screen, if used under the glass, sh~ll be placed So that if clogged, it does not reduce the required venting area or interfere with the operating mechanism or obstruct the 'distribUtion of water from an automatic sprinkler Vents shall bO arranged to o en auto 1994 EDITION EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-87 matically by the use of fusible links. The fusible links "and opek- ~ · ating cable.shall hold each door closed against the minimum 30-lb (133 N) counter force shall be exerted on each door through its entire arc of travel and for a minimum of llS degrees. ,4 manual control shall be provided. (2) Springs, when employed to actuate vent doors, shall be capable of maintaining full required tensiott Springs shall not be stressed more than 50 percent of their rated capacity and shall not be located directly in the air stream nor exposed to the outside. (3) ,4 fusible link shall be placed in the cable control system on the underside:of the vent at or above the roofline or as approved by the bUilding official and shall be located so as not to be affected by the operation of an automatic sprinkler system. Remote, manual, or electric controls shall provide for both open- ing and closing of the vent doors for periodic testing and shall be lo~ated at a point on stage designated by the authority having jurisdictiotr. Where remote control vents are electrica~ power fail- ute shall not affect its. ~nstant ope. ration in the event of fire. Hand winches shall be permitted to be employed to facilitate operation of manually controlled vents. I(c) Other Means. Approved, alternate means of removing smol~e and combustion ~ses shall be permitted. 9-3.2.1.6 (Reserved,) 9-3.2.1.7 Proscenium Curtain. The proscenium opening of every legitimate stage shall be provided with a curtain con- structed and mounted so as to intercept hot gases, flames, and smoke and to prevent flame from a fire on the stage from becoming visible from the auditorium side for a 5-minute period where the curtain is of asbestos. Other materials shall be permitted if they have passed a 30-minute fire test in a small scale 3 ft x 3 ft (0.9 m x 0.9 m) furnace with the sample mounted in the horizontal plane at the top of the furnace and subjected to the standard time-temperature curve. The curtain shall be automatic-closing without the use of applied power. All proscenium curtains, shall be in the closed position except during performances, rehearsals, or similar activities. Exception No. 1: In lieu of the'protection required herein, all the following shall be provided: (a) A noncombustible opaque fabric curtain shall be arranged so that it will close automatically, and (b) An automatic, fixed waterspray deluge system shall be located on the auditorium side of the proscenium opening and shall be arranged so that the entire face of the curtaih wilt be wetted. The system shall be activated by combination of rate-of- rise and fixed-temperature detectors located on the ceiling of the stage. Detectors shall be- Spaced in accordance with their listing. The water supply shall be controlled by a deluge valve and shall be sufficient to keep the curtain completely wet for 30 minutes or until the valve is dlosed by fire department personnel, and (c) The curtain shall be automatically operated in case of fire by a combination of rate-of-rise and fixed-temperature detec- tors that also activates the deluge spray system: Stage sprinklers and vents shall be automatically operated by fusible elements in case of fire, and (d) Operation of the stage- sprinkler system or spray deluge valve shall automatically activate the emergency ventilating sys- tem and close the curtain, and (e) The curtain, vents, and spray deluge system valve shall also be capable of manual operation. Exception No. 2: Proscenium fire curtains or water curtains complying with 8-3. Z1.7. 9-3.2.1.8 Gridirons~ Fly Galleries, and Penrafls. (Reserved.) 9-3.2.1.9 Fire Protection. Every stage shall be protected by an approved, automatic sprinkler system complying with Sec- tion 7-7. The protection shall be provided throughout the stage and in storerooms, workshops, permanent dressing rooms, and other accessory spaces contiguous to such stages. Exception No. 1: Sprinklers shall not be required for stages LO00 sq fl (93 sq m) or less in area where curtains, scenery, or other combustible hangings are not retractable vertically. Com- bustible hangings ghall be limited to a single main curtain, bor- ders, legs, and a single backdrop. Exception No. 2: SprinMers shall not be required under stage areas less than 4 fi (1.2 m) in clear height used exclusively fo~ chair or table storage and lined on the inside with 5/8 in. (1.6 cra) Type X gypsum wallboard or the approved equivalent. 9-3.2.1.10 Flame-Retardant Requirements. Combustible scenery of cloth, film, vegetation (dry), and similar effects shall meet the requirements of NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-Resistant Textiles and Films. Foamed plastics (see Section 3-2) shall be permitted to be used only by specific approval of the authority having jurisdiction. Scenery and stage properties on thrust stages shall be of either noncombus- tible or limited-combustible materials. 9-3.2.1.11 Standpipes. Each legitimate or regular stage over 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) shall be equipped with a Class III stand- pipe located on each side of the stage, installed in accordance with 7-7.4.2. 9-3.2.2 Projection Booths. 9-3.2.2.1 Film or video projectors or spotlights utilizing light sources that produce particulate matter or toxic gases or light sources that produce hazardous radiation without protective shielding shall be located within a projection room complying with 9-3.2.2.2. Where cellulose nitrate film is used, the projec- tion room shall COmply with NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Motion. Picture Film. 9-3.2.2.2 Projection Rooms for Safety Film. Projection rooms for safety film shall comply with the following: (a) Every projection room shall be of permanent construc- tion consistent with the construction requirements for the type of building in which the projection room is located. Openings shall not be required to be protected. The room shall have a floor area of not less than 80 sq ft (7.4 sq m) for a single machine and not less than 40 sq ft (3.7 sq m) for each addi- tional machine. Each motion picture projector, floodlight, spotlight, or similar piece of equipment shall have a clear working space not less than 30 in. (76 cra) on each side and at the rear thereof, but only one such space shall be required between adjacent projectors. The projection .room and the rooms appurtenant to it shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m). 1994 EDITION 101-88 LIFE SAFETY CODE be or i (b) Each projection room shall have at least one out- swinging, self-closing door not less than 30 in. (76 cm) wide and 6 ft 8 in. (2 m) high. (c) The aggregate Of ports and openings for projection equipment sl~all n~t exceed 25 perCen~ of. tl~e area ~f the wall between the projection room and the auditorium. All openings shah be pr°x;ide~t with glass' or other approved material~ so as to completely close the opening. room ventilation shall be not less than the 9-3.2.2.3 Projection Room Posting. Unless the projection room is constructed in accordance with NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Motion Pict~ure Film, there shall be posted on the outside of each projection room doOr, and within ~he projection rOOm proper,,~, c~nspic- uous sign ~vith 1-in. (2.5-c~) I~lock letters s~at?g, SAFETY FILM ~)NLY PERMITTED IN THIS ROOM ...... 9-3.2.3 Service EqUipment, Hazardous Operations or Pro- cesses, and S{orag~ };acilifi~s. ~ boilers, refrigerat- type, large subject to possible under or abutting from other with 6-2.3 1 hour or shall be nate a The lamp with the S there is sufficient supply per- (e) provided with an > and exhaust it be except for projection any be stabilize (2) tern or not by the as uids able (3) stats, locater 1994 EDITION buildings. The exhaust each lamp con- by the I be permitted to opening to ~ys- storage shall be protected For flammable liq- booth. such as rheo- be permitted to be room of equivalent 9-3.2.3.2 Adequate vents lo the oUter air shall be provided in accordance witti Secti6n 6-4.: 9-3.2.3.3 Rooms or spaces for the storage, processing, or use of materials specified bel°W shall be prr~eeted in accordance with the folloxTving: fire : less than 1 hour or systems as Exception to :(!)*: Rooms enclosing only air-handling or com- pressor equipment. (3) ' Rooms or spaces used for the storage of hazardous materials or: flammable or combustible liquids in quantities deemed hazardous by recognized'standardg. (4) Rooms containing fuel. (b) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance :rating of not less than 1 hour and protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing sys- tems as specified in seCtir~n 64 ih the following areas: (1) Laundries. (2) Maintenance shops, .including woodworking and painting areas. (3) :Rooms or spac,es used for processing or use of com- bustil~le supplies d~em~d hazardous by the iauthority having jurisdiction. 4) ROoms or spaces used for processing or use of haz- ardous materials or flammable or con~bust~ble hqmds in quan- tities deemed hazardous by recogmzed standards. (c) Where automatic extinguishing is used to meet the requirements of this section, tll~ proteCtion'shall be permitted to be in aCCordance with 7-7.1.2. EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-89 9-3.2.4 Special Provisions for Food Service Operations. 9-3.2.4.1 Ail devices in connection with the preparation of food shall be installed and operated to avoid hazard to the safety of occupants. 9-3;2,4.2 All devices in connection with the preparation of food shall bc of an approved type and shall be installed in an approved manner. 9-3.2.4.3 Food preparation facilities shall be protected in accordance with 7-2.3 and shall not be required to have open- ings protected between food preparation areas and dining areas. 9-3.2.4.4 Portable Cooking Equipment. Portable cooking equipment that is not flue-connected shall be permitted only as follows: (a) Equipment fueled by small heat sources that can bc readily extinguished by water, such as candies or alcohol- burning equipment (including "solid alcohol"), shall be per- mitted to be used provided adequate precautions satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction are taken to prevent igni- tion of any combustible materials. (b) Candles shall be permitted to be used on tables used for food service if securely supported on substantial noncombusti- ble bases located so as to avoid danger of ignition of combusti- ble materials and only if approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Candle flames shall be protected. (c) "Flaming sword" or other equipment involving open flames and flamed dishes, such as cherries jubilee or cr6pe suzette, shall be permitted provided necessary precautions are taken and subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. ( ) Listed and approved LP-Gas commercial food service appliances as permitted by NFPA 58, S~tandardfor the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. 9-3.2.5 Open Flame Devices. No open flame devices or pyro- technic device shall be used in any assembly occupancy. Exception No. 1: Pyrotechnic special effect devices shall be per- mitred to be used on stages before proximate audiences for cere- rnonial or religious purposes, as part of a demonstration in exhib- its, or as part of a performance, provided adequate precautidns satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction are taken to pre- vent ignition of any combustible material and use of the pyro- technic device complies with 9-3.2.6. Exception No. 2: Open flame devices shall be permitted to be used in the following situations, provided adequate precautions satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction are taken to pre- vent ignition of any combustible material or injury to occupants: (a) * Where necessary for ceremonial or religious purposes. (b) On stages and platforms as a necessary part of a perfor- mance. (c) Where candles on tables are securely supported on sub- stantial noncombustible bases and candle flame is protected. Exception No. 3: Heat-producing equipment complying with 7-2.2. Exception No. 4: Food service operations in accordance with 9-3.2.4. Exception No. 5: Gas lights shall be permitted to be used pro- vided adequate precautions satisfactory ~o the authority having jurisdiction are taken to prevent ignition'of any combustible materials. 9-3.2.6' Pyrotechnic Devices. Pyrotechnic devices shall be permitted to be used on stages and before proximate audi- ences in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics before a Proximate Audi- ence, and the following requirements. (a) Binary materials shall be preweighed, premeasured, prepackaged, and identified by the manufacturer as being suit- able for indoor use. (b) Only pyrotechnic materials specified by the manufac- turer of the pyrotechnic equipment shall be fired from that equipment. See Exception~ Nos. I and 2 to Section 1-3 defini- tion of Manufacturer in NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics before a Proximate Audience. (c) Air bursts shall be permitted to be fired above the assembled public subject to the following conditions: (1) The air burst shall be suspended by a minimum 30-gauge metal wire that is substantially attached to a secure noncombustible support. (2) The air burst shall be at a minimum height of three times the diameter of the effect. (3) Upon request, a walk through and a representative demonstration of the pyrotechnic special effects shall be given to the satisfaction of the aUthority having jurisdiction before a permit shall be approved. The demonstration shall be sched- uled with enough time allowed to reset/reload the effects before the arrival of the audience. Exception: The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to waive this requirement based on past history, prior knowledge, and other factors, if the authority is confident that the discharge of pyrotechnic devices can be conducted safely. (4) Where the effect is demonstrated, there shall be no burning or glowing particleh below the 15ff (4.6 m) level above the floor. (d) Gerbs shall be specified as to burn time and the height of the effect. There shall be no glowing or flaming particles within 10 ft (3 m) of the audience. Upon request, a walk through and a representative demonstration of the pyrotech- nic special effects shall be given to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction before a permit shall be approved. The demonstration shall be scheduled with enough time allowed to reset/reload the effects before the arrival of the audience. Exception: The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to waive this requirement based on past history, prior knowledge, and other .factors, if the authority is confident that the discharge of pyrotechnic devices can be conducted safely. (e) Flash Pots. Flash pots shall not be loaded beyond the recommendations of the manufacturer of the flash pot, or with any material not recommended for that device. 1994 EDITION 101-90 LIFE SAFETY CODE (f) Smoke Control. Where pyrotechnics are fired, the quantity of smoke developed shall not obscure the visibility of exit signs or paths of egress travel. 9-3.2.7 Furnishings, Decorations, and Stage Scenery. 9-3.2.7.1 Fabrics and films used for decorative purposes, all draperies and curtains, and similar furnishings shall be in accordance with the provisions of 31-1.4.i. 9-3.2.7.2 con- to life from fire. 9-3.2.7.3* Exposed foamed plastic materials and unpro- plastic used for decorative release UL 1975, Exception: Individual foamed plastic items or items containing foamed plastic where the foamed plastic does not exceed 1 l~ (0.45 kg')in weight. 9-3.3 Interior Finish. 9-3.3.1 The interior finish requirements of this section shall be in accordance with Se6tion 6-5. 9-3.3.2 Interior finish in all corridors and lobbies shah be Class A or Class B and, ia enclosed stairways, Class A. 9,333 In~terior finish in general assembly areas of Class A or Class B aSSembly ocCupar~ies shall be Class A or Class B, In Class C assembl~ occul~aacies, interior finish shall be Class C1 ': A, ass B, or Class C. Exception: In any assembly occupancy, exposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for Type I~(2HH)'cOnstrUction shail ~e ~ermitted. 9-3.3.4 Screens on which pictures are projected shall comply with requirements of Cla~s A or Class B interior finish. 9-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems, 9-3.4.1 General. Class A and Class B assembly occupancies and all theatres with more than :one audience-viewing room shall be provided with an approved fire alarm system in accor- dance with this section. Exception No. 1: Asse. m_bly Occupanctes that are a pan of a mixed occupancy (_see 4-1.11) shall be permitted to be served by a common fire alarm system provided the individual require- ments of each occupancy are met Exception No. 2: Assembly occupancies where, in the judgment .of the authority having jurisdiction, adequate alternative provi- sions exist or are pro~tc]edl for the discovery of a fire condition and for alerting the occupants promptly. 9-3.4.2 Initiation. 9-3.4.2.1 Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2.1(a), which shall be provided with an emergency power source. The initiating device shall be capable of transmitting an alarm to a receiving station, located within the building, that is constantly attended when the assembly occupancy is occupied. Exception No. 1: Initiation by means of an approved, auto- mate fire detection system in 'accordanc~ with ~-6.2.1(b) that provides fire detection throughou{ the building. Exception No. 2:' Initiation by means of an approved, auto- matic sprinMer system in accordance with 7-6.2.-1(c) that pro- vides fire detection and protection throughout the building. cies, ~ areas that are i Exception: Areas that are protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in acCordance ~ith 7-Z 1. 9-3.4.3 Notification. 9-3.4.3.1 The required fire alarm system shall sound an audi- ble alarm in a constantly attended r~ceiving station within the building when occupied for purposes of i~itiating emergency Iaction. A presignal system in accordance with Exception No 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. PositiVe~ alarm sequence in accor- dance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 9-3.4.3.2 Occupant notification sh~ll be by means of voice announcements, either live or prerecorded, initiated by the person in the constantly attende[l lOcatiom 9-3.4.3.3 The voice communications or above the ~ 9-3.4.3.4 that it is impractical to have fire alarm prerecorded evacuation shah be used. made xaa an approved that is audible occupancy. a is initi- 2..l(a) Or other provides 9-3.5 ExtingUishment Requirements~ (See also 9-1.6, 9-2.6, and 9-3.2.) 9-3.5.1 Fire Suppression Systems. Any assembly occupancy used or capable of being used for exhi}>ition or display pur- poses shall ~e protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance witli Section 7-7 where the exhibition o~ display area exceeds 15,000 sq ft (1,400 sq m). 9-3.6 Corridors. (Reserved:) SECTION 9-4 SPECI~ PROVISIONS 9-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. Windowless or underground buildings shall comply with this chapter and Section 30-7. 9-4.2 High Rise Buildings. Existing high rise buildings that house assembly occupancies in high rise portions of the build- ing shall have the highest level of the assembly occupancy and all levels below protected by an approved, supervised auto- matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7. (See also 9-1.6.) 1994 EDITION EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-91 9-4.3* Smoke-Protected Assembly Seating. 9.4.3.1 Fire Protection Requirements. To be considered smoke-protected, an assembly seating facility shall comply with the following: (a) All enclosed areas with walls and ceilings in buildings or structures containing smoke-protected assembly seating shall be protected with an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7. Exception to (a): The floor area used for the contest, perfor- mance, or entertainment, provided the roof construction is more than 50 fl (15 m) above the floor level and use is restricted to low fire hazard uses. (b) All means of egress serving a smoke-protected assembly seating area shall be provided with smoke-actuated ventilation facilities or natural ventilation designed to maintain the level of smoke at least 6 ft (1.8 m) above the floor of the means of egress. 9-4.3.2 Life Safety Evaluation. For facilities to utilize the provisions of smoke-protected assembly seating, a life safety evaluation shall be done in accordance with 9-4.5. 9-4.3.3* All grandstands, terns, and other places of outdoor assembly shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 102, Stan- dard for Assembly Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures. 9-4.4 Special Provisons for Exposition Facilities. 9-4.4.1 No display or exhibit shall be installed or operated to interfere in any way with access to any required exit or with visibility of any required exit or any required exit sign; nor shall any display block access to fire-fighting equipment. 9-4.4.2 A storage room having an enclosure consisting of a smoke barrier having a fire resistance rating of 1 hour and pro- tected by an automatic extinguishing system shall be provided for combustible materials not on display, including combustible packing crates used to ship exhibitors' supplies and products. 9-4.4.3 Exhibits. 9-4.4.3.1 Exhibits shall comply with 9-4.4.3.2 through 94.4.3.11. 9-4.4.3.2 The travel distance within the exhibit booth or exhibit enclosure to an exit access aisle shall not be greater than 50 ft (15 m). 9-4.4.33 The upper deck of multilevel exhibits greater than 300 sq ft (27.9 sq m) shall have at least two remote means of egress. 9-4.4.3.4 Exhibit booths shall be constructed of: (a) Noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. (b) Wood greater than 1/4 in. (0.6 cm) nominal thickness or wood not greater than 1/4 in. (0.6 cm) nominal thickness that is pressure treated fire-retardant wood meeting the require- ments of NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant Impregnated Wood and Fire Retardant Coatings for Building Materials. (c)* Flame-retardant materials complying with NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-Resistant Textiles and Films; both small and large scale tests. (d) Textile wall covering such as carpeting having napped, tufted, looped, or similar surface used as wall or ceiling finish complying with 6-5.2.3. (e) Plastic that is limited to a Class A or Class B interior wall and ceiling finish in accordance with 6-5.3. (f) Foamed plastics and materials containing foamed plas- tics having a maximum heat release rate for any single fuel package of 100 kW where tested in accordance with UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastic Used for Decorative Purposes. (g) Cardboard, honeycombed paper, and other combusti- ble materials having a maximum heat release rate for any sin- gle fuel package of 150 kW where tested in accordance with UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastic Used for Decorative Purposes. 9-4.4.3.5 Curtains, drapes, and decorations shall comply with the applicable portions of 31-1.4. 9-4.4.3.6 Acoustical and decorative material including, but not limited to, cotton, hay, paper, straw, moss, split bamboo, and wood chips shall be flame-retardant treated to the satis- faction of the authority having jurisdiction. Materials that can- not be treated for flame retardancy shall not be used. Foamed plastics and materials containing foamed plastics used as dec- orative objects such as, but not limited to, mannequins, murals, and signs shall have a max]mum heat release rate for any sin- gle fuel package of 150 kW where tested in accordance with UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastic Used for Decorative Purposes. Exception: Where the aggregate area of such materials is less than I0 percent of the individual floor or wall area, such mate- rials shall be permitted to be used subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 9-4.4.3,7 The following shall be protected by automatic extin- guishing systems: (a) Single-level exhibit booths greater than 300 sq ft (27.9 sq m) and covered with a ceiling. (b) Throughout each level of multilevel exhibit booths, including the uppermost level if the uppermost level is covered with a ceiling. (c) A single exhibit or group of exhibits with ceilings that do not require sprinklers shall be separated by a minimum of 10 ft (3 m) where the aggregate ceiling exceeds 300 sq ft (27.9 sq m). The water supply and piping for the sprinkler system shall be permitted to be of approved temporary means taken from an existing domestic water supply, an existing standpipe sys- tem, or an existing sprinkler system. Exception No. I: Ceilings that are constructed of open grate design or listed dropout ceilings in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, shall not be considered ceilings within the. context of this section. Exception No. 2: Vehicles, boats, and similar exhibited prod- ucts having over 100 sq fi (9.3 sq m) of roofed area shall be pro- vided with smoke detectors acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. - 1994 EDITION 101-92 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 3*: Where fire protection of multilevel exhibit booths is consistent with the criterm developed through a life [ safety evaluation of the exhibition.hall in accordance with 9-4.5, subject to approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 9-4.4.3.8 Open flame devices within exhibit booths shall com- ply with 9-3,2.5. 9-4.4.3,9 ,Cooking and food warming devices in exhibit booths Shali comply with 9-3.2 4.4 and. tt~e following: (a) Gas-fired devices~ ' (1) NatUral gas-fired devices shall be installed in accor- dance With %lA. ' Exception to (a) (1): Compressed natural gas shall be permitted to be used where permitted by the authority having jurisdiction. (2) The use of LP-Gas cylinders shall be prohibited. Exception to (a) (2): Nonrefillable cylinders shall be permitted to be used where permitted by the authority having jurisdiction. (b) Devices shall be iSOlated from the public by at least 4 ft (1.2 m) or by a barrier between the devices and the public. (c) Multi-well cooking equipment using combustible oils or solids shall comply With 7-2.3. (d) Single-well cooking eqmpment using combustible oils or solids shall: (1) Have lids'available for immediate use. (2) Be limited to 288 sq in. (0.19 sq m) of cooking surface. (3) Be placed on noncombustible surface materials. (4) Be separated from each other by a minimum hori- zontal distance of 2 ft (0.6 m), Exception to (d) (4): Multiple single-well cooking equipment where the aggregate cooking surface area does not exceed 288 sq in. (0.19 sq m). (5) Be kept a minimum horizontal distance of 2 ft (0.6 m) from any combustible material. (e) A 20-B:C fire extinguisher shall be provided within the booth for each device, or an approved automatic extinguishing system shall be provided. (Se~ ~-7.4.1 ) 9-4.4.3.10 Combustible materials within exhibit booths shall be limited to a one-day supply. Storage of combustible materi- als behind the booth shall be prohibited. (See 9-3.2. Z2 and 9-4.4.2.) 9-4.4.3.11 Plans for the exposition, in an acceptable form, shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction for approval prior to the move-in of any exhibit. The plan shall show all details of the proposed exposition. No exposition shall occupy any exposition facility without approved plans. 9-4,4.4 Vehicles. Vehicles on display within an exposition facility shall comply with the following: (a) All fuel tank openings shall be locked and sealed in an approved manner to prevent the escape of vapors. Fuel tanks shall not be more than one-half full or contain more than 10 gal (37.9 L) of fuel, whichever is less. 1994 EDITION (b) At least one battery Cable shah be removed from the batteries used to start the vehicle engine. The disconnected battery cable shall then be taped. (c) Batteries used to power auxiliary equipment shall be permitted to be kept in service. (d) Fueling or refueling of vehicles shall be prohibited. (e) Vehicles shall not be movedduring show hours. 9-4.4.5 or combus- tible I and Class II or shall be prohib: Exception: The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to allow the limited use of any of the above items under special circumstances. 9-4.4.6 Alternatives. (See Section t-5.) 9.4.5 Life Safety Evaluation. 9-4.5.1 Where a life safety evaluation: is required by other provisions of the Code, it shall be done: by per~ons acceptable to the authority havin~ jurisdiction. The life safety evaluation shall include a written assessment of safety measures for con- ditions listed in 9-4.5.2. The life safety ~valuation shall be approved annually by the authority h~ng jurisdiction and s~all be updated f~r s~>ecial or unusual conditions. 9-4.5.2 Life safety evaluations shall include an assessment of the following conditions and the related appropriate safety measures: (a) Nature of the events and the participants and attendees, (b) Access and egress mOvement including crowd density problems, (c) Medical emergencies, (d) Fire hazards, (e) Permanent and temporary structural systems, (f) Severe weather conditions, (g) Earthquakes, (h) Civil or other disturbances, (i) Hazardous materials incidents within and near the facil- ity, and (j) Relationships among facility management, event partic- ipants, emergency response agencies, and others having a role in the events accommodated in the facility. 9-4.5.3 Life safety evaluations shall include assessments of both building systems and management features upon which reliance is placed for the safety of facility occupants. 9-4.6' Special Amusement Buildings. 9-4.6.1 Special amusement buildings shall meet the require- ments for assembly occupancies in addition to the require- ments of this subsection. Special amusement buildings with an occupant load not greater than 300 persons shall be considered Class C assembly occupancies.' EXISTING ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 101-93 9-4.6.2* Every special amusement building shall :be pro- tected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed and maihtained in accordance with Section 7-7. Where the special amusement building is movable or portable, sprinkler water supply shall be permitted to be by an approved temporary means. 9-4.6.3 Where the nature of the special amusement building is such that it operates in reduced lighting levels, the building shall be protected throughout by an approved, automatic smoke detection system in accordance with Section 7-6. Actu- ation of any smoke detection system device shall sound an alarm at a constantly attended location on the premises. Actu- ation of the automatic sprinkler system or actuation of a smoke detection system having an approved verification or cross zon- ing operation capability shall: (a) Cause illumination in the means of egress to increase to tha'~ ~equired by Section 5-8, and (b) Stop any conflicting or confusing sounds and visuals. 9-4.6.4 Exit Marking. 9-4.6.4.1 Exit marking shall be in accordance with Section 5-10. 9-4.6.4.2 Exit marking in mobile special amusement build- ings shall be of the luminescent, self-luminous, or electrolumi- nescent type. 9-4.6.4.3 Floor proximity exit signs shall be provided in accordance with 5-10.1.5. 9-4.6.4.4* In special amusement buildings where mazes, mir- rors, or other designs are used to confound the egress path, approved directional exit marking that will become apparent in an emergency shall be provided. 9-4.6.5 Interior Finish. Interior finish shall be Class A throughout in accordance with Section 6-5. 9-4.7 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 9-5 BUILDING SERVICES 9-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 9-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equipment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 9-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, esca- lators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Sec- tion 7-4. 9-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION 101-94 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 10 NEW EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 10.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 10.1.1 Application. 10-1.1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to: (a) New buildings or portions thereof used as educational occupancies (see Section 1-4), and (b) Additions made to, or used as, an educational occu- pancy (see 1~4.5); and (c) Alterations, modernizations, or renovations of existing educational occupancies (see 1-4.6); and (d) Existing buildings or portions thereof upon change of occupancy to an edUcational ~)ccUpancy (see 1-t~3). 10-1.1.2 Educational facilities that do not meet the definition of an educational Occupancy need not comply with this chapter but shall comply With'ihe ft~llowing requiren~ents: (a) Instructional building--Business occupancy. (b) Classrooms under 50 persons--Business occupancy. (c) Classrooms 50 persons and over--Assembly occupancy. (d) Laboratories, instructional--Business occupancy. (e) Laboratories, noninstructional--Industrial. 10-L2 Mixed Occupancies. (See also 10-1.4.) 10-1.2.1 Where other types of occupancy occur in the same building as an educational occupancy, the requirements of 4-1.11 of this Code shall be applicable. Exception.- As otherwise specified in this chapter. 10-1.2.2 Assembly and Educational. Spaces subject to assembly occupancy shall comply with Chapter 8, including 8-1.2, which provides that where auditorium and gymnasium egress lead through corridors or stairways also serving as egress for other parts of the building, the egress capacity shall be sufficient to permit simultaneous egress from auditorium and classroom sections. Exception: In the case of an assembly occupancy of a type suitable only for use by the school occupant load (and therefore not subject to simultaneous occupancy), the same egress capac- ity shall be permitted to serve both sections. 10.1:23 Dormitory and Classrooms. Any building used for both classroom and dormitory purposes shall comply with the applicable provisions of Chapter 16 in addition to complying with Chapter 10. Where classroom and dormitory sections are not subject to simultaneous occupancy, the same egress capac- ity shall be permitted to serve both sections. 10-1.3 Special Definitions. Common Atmosphere. The atmosphere that exists between rooms, spaces, or areas within a building that are not separated by an approved smoke barrier. 1994 EDITION Flexible Plan and Open Plan Educational Buildings. These include every building or portion of a building designed for multiple teaching stations. (a) Flexible plan buildings have movable corridor walls and mo~bie partiti~)ns of' full-height construction with doors lead- ing from rooms to corridors. (b) Open plan buildings have rooms and corridors delin- eate~ by tabl~s~ chairs, desks, bookcases; Counters, low-height [maximum 5-ft (1.5-m)] partitions, Or similar furnishings atmosphere that exists that are separated by an separated in of egress as to contamina- .) 10.1.4 Classification 0f OccupanCY-' (See 4-1.3.) 10-1.4.1 Educational occupancies shall include all buildings used for educational purpose, s through the twelfth grade by six or more persons for ~ou~ or more ho~rs Per day or more than 12 hours per week. 10-1.4:2 Educational occupancies include part-day preschools~ kindergartens, and other schools whose purpose is primarily edu- cational even though the children are of preschool age. 10-1.4.3 In cases where instruction is incidental to some other occupancy, the section of this Code governing such other occupancy shall apply. 10-1.4.4 Day-care facilities, whether for adults or children, shall meet the requirements of Sections 10-7 or 10-8, as appropriate. Exception: Day-care facili~es whose purpose is primarily edu- cationa~ as indicated in 10-1.4.2. 10-1.4.5 Adult day care shall include any building or portion thereof used for nonsleeping purposes for less than 24 hours per day to house four or more adults requiring care, mainte- nance, and supervision by other than their relative(s). Clients shall be ambulatory or semiambulatory and shall not be bed- ridden. They shall not exhibit behavior that is harmful to them- selves or others. 10-1.4.6 Other occupancies associated with educational insti- tutions shall be in accordance with the appropriate parts of this Code. (See Chapters 12, 16, 18, 20, 28, and 29 and 4-1.11.) 10-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Contents of educational occupancies shall be classified in accordance with the provisions of Section 4-2. 10.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No require- ments.) 10.1.7 Occupant Load. 10-1.7.1 The occupant load in number of persons for whom means of egress and other requirements are to be provided shall be determined on the basis of the following occupant load factors or the maximum probable population of any room or section under consideration, whichever is greater: NEW EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-95 (a) Classrooms: one person per 20 net sq ft (1.9 net sq m): (b) Shops, laboratories, and similar vocational rooms: one person for each 50 net sq ft (4.6 net sq m). (c) Day-care centers: one person per 35 net sq ft (33 net sq m). 10-1.7.2 The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed-seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load. 10.L7.3 The occupant load of an educational occupancy or a portion thereof shall be permitted to be modified from that spec- ified above if the necessary aisles and exits are provided. An approved aisle or seating diagram shall be required by the authority having jurisdiction to substantiate such a modification. 10-1.7.4 The occupant load for determining egress require- ments of indMdual lecture rooms, gynmasiums, or cafeterias used for assembly purposes by more than 50 persons shall be determined in accordance with 8-1.7 of this Code. SECTION 10-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 10-2.1 General. 10-2.1.1 Means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this section. 10-2.1.2 Rooms normally occupied by preschool, kindergar- ten, or first-grade pupils shall not be located above or below the level of exit discharge. Rooms normally occupied by second-grade pupils shall not be located more than one story above the level of exit discharge. 10-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 10-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 10-2.2.2 through 10-2.2.8. 10-2.2.2 Doors. 10-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 10-2.2.2.2 Panic Hardware or Fire Exit Hardware. Any door in a required means of egress from an area having an occupant load of 100 or more persons shall be permitted to be provided with a latch or lock only if it is panic hardware or fire exit hardware complying with 5-2.1.7. 10-2.2.2.3 Special locking arrangements complying with 5-2.1.6 shall be permitted. 10-2.2.2.4 Door Closure. Any exit door that is designed to normally be kept closed shall conform with 5-2.1.8. 10-2.2.2.5 Only one locking or latching device shall be per- mired on a door or on one leaf of a pair of doors. 10-2.23' Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 10-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 10-22.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 10-2.2.6 Ramps. Rampscomplyingwith5-2.5shallbe permitted. 10-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 10-2.2.8 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 10-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 10-23.1 Capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-3. 10-2.3.2 Minimum Corridor Width. 10-2.3.2.1 Exit access corridors shall be not less than 6 ft (1.8 m) clear width. 10-2.3.2.2 Drinking fountains or other equipment, fixed or movable, shall not be placed so to obstruct the required mini- mum 6-ft (1.8-m) corridor width. 10-2.4 Number of Exits. There shall be at least two exits available from every floor area. (See Section 5-4.) 10-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. (See also Section 5-5.) 10-2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. No common path of travel shall exceed 75 ft (23 m); no dead end shall exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). 10-2.5.2 Every room that is normally occupied shall have an exit access door leading directly to an exit access corridor or exit. Exception No. 1: If there is an exit door opening directly to the outside or to an exterior balcony or corridor as described in 10-2.5.6. Exception No. 2: One room shall be permitted to intervene between a normally occupied student room and an exit access corridor provided: (1) The total travel from a room served by an intervening room to the corridor door or exit shall not exceed 75 fl (23 m), and (2) Clothing personal effects, or other materials deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction shall be stored in metal lockers provided they do not obstruct the exit access; or the intervening room shall be sprinklered in accordance with Section 7- 7, and either (3) The intervening room shall have installed approved fire detection that will activate the building alarm, or (4) The building shall be protected by an approved, auto- matic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7-7. 10-2.53 Every room or space with a capacity of more than 50 persons or an area of more than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) shall have at least two exit access doorways as remotely located from each other as practicable. Such doorways shall provide access to separate exits but, where egress is through corridors, they shall be permitted to open upon a common corridor leading to sep- arate exits located'in opposite directions. - 1994 EDITION 101-96 LIFE SAFETY CODE 10-2.5.4 Doors that swing into an exit access corridor shall be recessed to prevent interference with corridor traffic; any doors not recessed shall open 180 degrees to stop against the wall. DOors in any position shall~nofreduce the required corri- dor width by more than one half. 10-2.5.5 Aisles. aisle shall ! Where there are more than 60 seats, every where serving seats 7 cm) wide where aisles allel row., six 10-2.5.6' Exterior Corridors or' Balconies. 10-2.5.6.1 Exterior exit access shall comply with 5-5.3. 10-2.5.6.2' Where exterior corridors or balconies are pro- vided as means of egress, they shall open to the outside air except for railings or balustrades, with stairs or exits level to grade not over tl~ allOWable travel distance apart and located so that an exit will be availabie in either direction from the door to any individual room or space, with dead ends not to exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). If balconies are enclosed by glass or in any other manner, they shall be treated as interior corridors. 10-2.5.6.3 The floors of balconies (exterior corridors and stairs shall be Solid, WithOut 'openings, and shall comply with requirements for outside stairs with respect to balustrades or railings, width and pitch Of stairs, and other details. However, they sh~ll nOt be r~quired to be ~hielded from fire within the building by blank Wails, wired glaSs windows, Or the like where the stairs are located on the. side of the balcony or corridor away from the building and ale separated from the building by the Full reqUired widt~ Of the balcony or corridor. Regardless of other prbvisions of this Code, exteri~or~ balconies and stairs shall be i~ermitted to be of the same type of C°nstruction'as the building that' they serve. 10-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. Travel distance to an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m) from any point in a building. (See also Section 5-6.) Exception: Travel distance shall not exceed 200 fl (60 m) in edu- cational occupancies protected throughout by an approved, auto- matic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7-Z 10-2.7 Discharge from Exits. Discharge from exits shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-7. Exception: Every classroom or room used for educational pur- poses or student occupancy below the floor of exit discharge shall have access to at least one exit that leads directly to the exterior at level of discharge without entering the floor above. 10-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 10-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided in ac~.ordance with Section 5-9 in the following areas: (a) Interior stairs and corridors. (b) Normally occupied spaces. 1994 EDITION Exception to (b): Administrative areas, general classrooms, and mechanical rooms and storage areas. (c) Flexible and open plan buildings. (d) Interior or windowless portions of buildings. I (e) Shops and laboratories. 10-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in acCOrdance with S~tion 540. Exception: Signs shall nbt be required in situations where loca- th?ns of exits are otherwise obviou~ and familiar to all occupants, such as in small elementary school bui~ldings. 10-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. 10-2.11 Every room ~ t m) used for class- tO stu- dent { for a clear (61 cm) in I of the floor. provide in width, 24 in. in area. The bottom (112 cm) above the oper- above the finished solid, with the required depth of 20 in. Such windows shall open into Exception No. 1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance With Section 7-Z Exception No. 2: Where the room or space has a door leading directly to the outside of the building. Exception No. 3: In rooms located higher than three stories above grade, the openable clear height, ~vidth, and area of the window shall be permitted to be modified to the dimensions nec- essary for ventilation. SECTION 10-3 PROTECTION 10-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical open- ing shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.4. Exception No. 1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7-7, unprotected vertical openings con- necting not more than three floors shall be permitted in accor- dance with 6-2.4.5. Exception No. 2: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be permitted. Exception No. 3: Stairway enclosures shall not be required for a stairway that serves only one adjacent floor (other than a base- ment), is not connected with st. airways serving other floors, and ts not connected to corridors; NEW EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-97 10-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 10-3.2.1 Rooms 6r slSaces for the storage, processing, or use of materials specified below shall be protected in accordance with the following: (a) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers'having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour or protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing systems as specified in Section 6-4 in the following areas: (1) Boiler and furnace rooms. Exception to (1): Rooms enclosing only air-handling equipmenz (2) Rooms or spaces used for the storage of combusti- ble supplies in quantities deemed hazardous by the authority havin~ jurisdiction. (3) Rooms or spaces used for the storage of hazardous materials or flammable Or combustible liquids in quantities deemed hazardous by recognized standards. (4) Rooms containing fuel. (b) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour and protection of such rOOms by automatic extinguishing sys- tems as specified in Section 6-4 in the following areas: (1) Laundries. (2) Maintenance shops, including woodworking and painting areas. (3) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of eom- bustil~le supplies deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction. (4) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of haz- ardous materials or flammable or combustible liquids in quan- tities deemed hazardous by recognized standards. (c) Where automatic extinguishing is used to meet the requirements of this section, the protedtion shall be permitted in accordance with 7-7.1.2. 10-3.2.2 Food preparation facilities shall be protected in accordance with ;7-2.3 and shah not be required to have open- ings protected between food preparation areas and dining areas. 10-3.2.3 Janitor closets shall be protected by an automatic sprinkler system, which shah be permitted to be in accordance with 7-7.1.2. Doors to janitor closets shah be permitted to have ventilating louvers. 10-3.2.4 Laboratories that use chemicals shall comply with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. 10-3.2.5 Stages shall be protected in accordance with Chap- ter 8. 10-3.3 Interior Finish. 10-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish requirements, in accordance with Section 6-5, shall be as follows: (a) Exits--Class Pu (b) Other than exits--Class A or Class B. Exception to (b): Fixtures and low-height partitions not over 5 fl (152 cm) high shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C Exception*: The exposed portions of structural members com- plying with the requirements for Type IV(2HH) construction shall be permitted. 10-33.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 10-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 10-3.4.1 General. Educational occupancies shall be pro- vided with a fi~e alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception: A building with a maximum area of 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) that contains a single Classroom. and is located no closer than 50 ft (15.2 m) from another building. 10-3.4.2 Initiation. 10-3.4.2.1 Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in accordance With 7-6.2.1(a). Exception: In buildings where all normally occupied spaces are provided with a two-way communication system between such spaces and a constantly attended receiving station from where a general evacuation alarm can be sounded, the manual pull sta- tions shall not be required except in locations specifically desig- nated by the authority having jurisdiction. 10-3.4.2.2 In buildings provided with automatic sprinkler protection, the operation of the sprinkler system shall auto- matically activate the fire alarm system in addition to the initi: ation means required in 10-3.4.2.1. 10-3.4.3 Notification. 10-3.4.3;1 Occupant notification shall be by means of an audible alarm in accordance with 7-6.3. 10-3.4.3.2 Where acceptable to the authority having jurisdic- tion, the fire alarm system shall be permitted to be used to des- iguate class change, provided the fire alarm is distinctive in sig- nal and overrides all other use. 10-3,4.33 Wherever any of the school authorities determine that an actual fire exists, they shall immediately call the local fire department using the public fire alarm system or other 'available facilities. 10-3.4.3.4 Ail fire exit drill alarms shall be sounded on the fire alarm system. 10-3.4.3.5 In order to prevent pupils from being returned to a building that is burning, the recall signal shall be one that is separate and distinct from, and cannot be mistaken for, any other signals. Such signal shall be permitted to be given by use of distinctively colored flags or banners. If the recall signal is electrical, the push buttons or other controls shall be kept under lock, the key for which shah be in the possession of the principal or some other designated person in order to prevent a recall at a time when there is an actual fire. Regardless of the method of recall, .the means of giving the signal shall be kept under a lock. 1994 EDITION 101-98 LIFE SAFETY CODE 10-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. Every portion of edu- cational buildings below the level of exit discharge shall be protected throughout by an appr6ved, automatic sprinkler sys- ~em in accordance with Secti6n 7-7. 10-3.6 Interior Corridors. Every interior corridor shall be constructed of fire barriers having not less than a l-hour fire resistance rating in accordar~ce with 6-213. Corridors shall com- ply with 6-2.2.2. Exception No. 1: Corridor protection shall not be required where all spaces normally sub)ect to student occupancy have at least one ~or opening directly to the outside or to an exterior exit access balcony or corridor in accordance with 10-2.5.6. ExceptiO~ :No. 2: In 'bUildings protected throughout by an apP /oVe d, supervised aut°m atic . 'sprinkler system installed in a~c-~ordanCe ~;ith Section 7-7, corri~lo~ walls s/tall not be required to be rated, provided Such walls, in :conjUnction with openings therein and ~eillngs at which they terminate, resist the passage ~f smoke. Exception No. 3: Where :the corridor ceiling is an assembly hav- ing a 1-hour fire resistance rating where tested as a wall, the cor- ridor walls shall be permitted to terminate at the corridor ceiling. Exception No. 4: Lavatories need not be separated from corri- dorsl prOvided they are Separated from all other spaces by fire barrie-rs having n~t less tf~an a 1-'hour fire resistance rat~n~ in accordance width 6-2.3. 10-3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. 10-3.7.1 1 be subdivided into compart- t l-hour fire resistance rating and t 6-3 where: (a) The maximum area of a compartment, including the aggregate area of all floors having a common atmosphere, exceeds 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m); or (b) The length or width of the building exceeds 300 ft (91 m). Exception No. l: Where all spaces normally subject to student occupancy have at least one door opening directly to the outside or to an eXterior or exit access balcony or corridor in accordance with 10-2.5.6. . Exception No. 2: Buildings that consist of only one story and are protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system ins-tailed in accordance with Section 7- 7. 10-3.7.2 The maximum area of a smoke compartment shall not exceed 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) with no dimension exceed- ing 300 ft (91 m), Exception: In buildings protected throughout by a supervised, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7- 7, there is no maximum sized smoke compartment, provided that the floor is divided into a minimum of two smoke compartments. SECTION 10-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 10-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. 10-4.1.1 Windowless or underground buildings shall comply with this section and SectiOn 30-7. 10-4.1.2 Underground. buildings or portions of buildings hav- ing a floor level more than 30 ft (9.1 m) below the level of exit discharge shall comply with the requirements contained in 10-4.1.5 through lO-g. L6. Exception No. 1: Areas within buildings used only for service to the building such as boiler/heater r°orrfs, cable vaults, dead stor- age, and tf~e like. Exception No. 2: Auditoriums without intervening occupiable level~ complying with the requirements of Chapter 8. 10.4.1.3 level of Smoke i-3 (a) Each smoke to at least be designed and and latch (b) with a such as an ele- vator (c) air or smoke exhaust ~ minimum smoke with an shall cause the the build- 10-4.1.4 with emergency light- 10-4~1.-~ be cie 701 The shall with Arti- an approved, Section 7-6. 7-6.3.8. A prere- 10-4.3 Flexible Buildings. 10-43.1 Flexible plan shall comply with the requirements by 10-4.3.2 through 10-4.3.4. 10-4.3.2 Each room occupied by more than 300 persons shall have two or more means of egress entering into separate atmo- spheres. Where three or mor~ me~ of egress are required, not more than two of them shall enter into the same atmosphere. 10-4.3.3 Flexible plan schools shall be permitted to have walls and partitions rearranged ~ef~Od~cally only ff rewsed plans or diagrams have been a~pr~ved by th~ authority having jurisdiction. 1994 EDITION NEW EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-99 10-4.3.4 Flexible plan buildings shall be evaluated while all folding walls are extended and in use as well as when they are in the retracted posilfion. 10-4.4 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 10.5 BUILDING SERVICES 10-5.1 Utilities. Utilities ~hall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 10-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- ment. 10-5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2, 10-5.2.2 Unvented fuel-fired heating equipment shall be pro- hibitcd. 10-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shah comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 10.5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. SECTION 10-6 (RESERVED.) SECTION 10-7 DAY-CARE CENTERS 10-7.1 General Requirements. 10-7.1.1' Application. 10-7.1.1.1 This section establishes life safety requirements for day-care centers in which more than 12 clients receive care, maintenance, and supervision by other than their relative(s) or legal guardian(s) for less than 24 hours per day. The provisions of Sections 10-2 through 10-5 shall not apply to this section unless a specific requirement is referenced by this section. 10-7.1.1.2 Where a facility houses more than one age group of self-preservation capability, the strictest requirements applicable to any group present shall apply throughout the day-care center or building, as applicable, unless the area housing that group-is maintained as a separate fire area. 10-7.LI.3 Plac-e-S-ofre~igious worship shall not be required to meet the provisiiSns {if this section in order to operate a nurs- ery while services are being held in the building. 10-7.1.2 Mixed Occupancies. (a) General Where centers are located in a building con- taining mixed occupancies, the occupancies shall be separated by minimum 1-hour rated fire barriers constructed in accor- dance with 6-2.3. Exception to (a): Centers in assembly occupancies used pnrna- rily for worship. (b) Centers in Apartment Buildings. (1) If the two exit accesses from the center enter the same corridor as the apartment occupancy, the exit accesses shall be separated in the corridor by a smoke barrier having not less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating constructed in accordance with Section 6-3. The smoke barrier shall be located so that it has an exit on each side. (2) The door in the smoke barrier shah be not less than 36 in. (91 em) wide. 10-7.1.3 .Special Definitions. (None.) 10-7.1.4 Classffication of Occupancy. (No special require- ments.) 10-7.1.5 Classifcafion of Hazard of Contents. The contents shall be classified as ordinary hazard in accordance with Sec- tion 4-2- 10-7.1.6 Location and Construction. 10.7.1.6.1 Day-care centers shah be limited to the locations/ construction types specified in Table 10-7.1.6.1. INOTICE: Following the issuance of this edition, an appeal was filed with respect to Table 10-7.1.6.1-- refer to page 101-1. Table 10-7.1.6.1 Location/Construction Type Limitations Sprinklered Construction Location of Day Care Building Type Permitted 1 story below LED Yes Any type other than 111(200) & V(000) Story of exit discharge No Any type 1 story above LED Yes Any type No I(443), I(332), 11(222) 2 or 3 stories above LED Yes Any type other than III(200), [V(2HH), & V(000) > 3 stories above LED Yes I(443), I(332), 11(222) or 11(111) but not high rise High rise Yes I(0A3), I(332), or11(222) 10-7.1.6.2 Where day-care centers with clients 24 months or less in age or incapable of self-preservation are located one or more stories above the level of exit discharge or where day- care centers are located two or more stories above the level of exit discharge, smoke barriers shall be provided to divide such stories into a minimum of two smoke compartments. The smoke barriers shall be constructed in accordance with Section 6-3 but shall not be required to have a fire resistance rating. 10-7.1.7 Occupant Load. The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that floor but not less than the number calculated on the basis of one person for each 35 sq ft (3.3 sq m) of net floor area used by the clients. 10.7.2 Means of Egress Requirements. 10-7.2.1 General. Means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this section. 1994 EDmON 101-100 LIFE SAFETY CODE 10-7.2.2 Means of Egress Components. 10-7.2.2.1 ComponentS of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 10-7.2.2.2 through 10-7.2.2.8. 10-7.2.2.2 Doors. (a) General. Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. (b) Panic. Hardware or Fire Exit Hardware. Any door in a required:means of egress from an area having an occupant load of 100 or more persons shall be permitted to be provided with a Iatch or lock only if it is panic hardware'or fire exit hardware. (C) Door Closure. AnY exit door designed to normally be kept closed shall comply with 5-2 1 8. (d) Locks and LatChes. :Only One locking or latching dex;ice shall be permitted on a doc~- or on one IEaf of a pair of doors. S locking (f)* Closet Doors. Every closet door latch shall be such that children can open the door from inside the closet. (g) Bathroom Doors. : Every bathroom door lock shall be door from the out- readily 10-7.2.2.3' Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 10-7.2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying With 5-2.3 shall be Permitted. 10-7.2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 10-7.2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 10-7.2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2;6 shall be pen~itted. ,10-7.2.2.8 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 10-7.23 Capacity of Means of Egress. Capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-3. 10-7.2.4 Number of Exits. Each floor occupied by clients shall have not less than two remotely located exits in accor- dance with Chapter 5. 10-7.2.5 Arrangement ofMenns of Egress. (See also 10-Z1.6.2.) 10-7.2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. Dead ends shall not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). 10-7.2.5.2 Every room or space with an occupant load of more than 50 persons or an area of more than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m.) shall have at least two exit access doorways as remotely located from each Other as practicable. Such doorways shall pro- vide access to seParate exits, but where egress is though corri- dorsi they' shall be permitted to open onto a common corridor leading to separate exits located in opposite directions. 10-7.2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 10-7.2.6.1 Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 5-6. 1994 EDITION 10-7.2.6.2 Travel Distance. (a) The travel distance between any room door intended as an exit access and an exit shall not: ex~eed 100 ft (30 m); and (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall.not exceed 150 ft (45 m); and (c) The travel distance between any point in a sleeping room and an exit access door in that room shall not ex~eed 50 ft (15 m), Exception: The travel distance in (a) and (b) above shall be permitted to be increased by 50 fl (15 m) in b~ldings protected throughout by an: apProVe~, su~e~ised [tUtomatic sprinkler sys- tem in accordance with Sectio~ 7-7. 10-7.2.7 Discharge from Exits. Discharge from exits shall be arranged in accOrdance with Section 5-7 10-7.2.8 Illumination of Means: of Egress. Illumination of the means of egress shall be provided i~ accordance with Sec- tion 5-8. 10-7.2.9 Emergency Lighting Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance with 10-2.9. 10;7~2.10 Marking of Means of' Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in aCCordance:with: ~ection 5-10. 10-7.2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. 10-7.2.11.1 Windows for Rescue and Ventilation. Every room or space normally subject to client occupancy, other than bath- rooms, shall have at least one outside window for emergency res- cue and ventilation. Such window shall be openable from the inside without the use of tools and shall provide a clear opening of not less than 20 in.~ (50 8 em) in width, ~4 in. (61 em) in height, and 5.7 sq ft (0.53 sq m) in area. The bottom of the opening shall be not more than 44 in. (112 cra) above the floor. Exception No. 1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinlder system in accordance with Section 7-Z Exception No. 2: Where the room or space has a door leading directly to the outside of the building. Exception No. 3: In rooms lOCated higher than three stories above grade, the openable clear he~ghg ~vidth, and area of the window shall be, permitted to be modified to the dimensions nec- essary for ventilation. 10-7.3 Protection. 10-7.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical opening shall be enclosed and protected in aCC°i'dance ~th Section 6-2. 10-7.3.2 Protection from Hazards. 10-73.2.1 Rooms or spaces for the storage, processing, or use of materials specified below:shall be protected in accor- dance with the following: (a) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour or protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing systems as specified in Section 6-4 in th.e following areas: (1) Boiler and furnace rooms. NEW EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-101 Exception to (1): Rooms enclosing only air-handling equipmem. (2) Rooms or spaces used for the storage of combusti- ble supplies in quantities deemed hazardous by the 'authority having jurisdiction. (3) Rooms or spaces used for the storage of hazardous materials or flammable or combustible liquids in quantities deemed hazardous by recognized standards. (4) Rooms containiffg fuel. (b) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour and protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing sys- tems as specified in Section 6-4 in'the following areas: (1) Laundries. (2) Maintenance shops, including woodworking and painting areas. (3) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of com- bnstil~l~ supplies deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction. (4) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of haz- ardous materials or flammable or combustible liquids in quan- tities deemed hazardous by recognized standards. (c) Where automatic extinguishing is used to meet the requirements of this section, the protection shall be permitted in accordance with 7-7.1.2. ~w Ception: Eood preparation facilities protected in accordance ith 7-2.3 shall not be required to have openings protected between food preparation areas and dining areas. Where domes- tic cooking equipment is used for food warming or limited cook- ing, protection or segregation of food preparation facilities shall not be required :if approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 10-7.3.2.2 JanRor closets shall be protected:by an automatic sprinkler system, which shall be permitted to be in accordance with 7-7.1.2. Doors to janitor closets shall be permitted to have ventilating louvers:. 10-7.3.3 Interior Finish. 10-7.3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling-Finish. Interior finish for all walls and ceilings shall be Class A or Class B in accor- dance with Section 6-5. Interior finish in stairways, corridors, and lobbies shall be Class A. 10-7.3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish within corridors and exits~-sha~l be Class I or Class II in accordance with Section 6-5. 10-7.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 10-7.3.4.1 General. Day-care centers shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception: Day-care centers housed in one room. 10-7.3.4.2'Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means and by operation of any required smoke detectors. (See 10-7.3.4.5.) Exception: Single-station smoke detectors. 10-7.3.4.3 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be by means of an audible alarm in accordance with 7-6.3. 10-7.3.4.4 Emergency Forces Notification, Fire department notification shall be accomplished in accordance with 7-6.4. 10-7.3.4.5 Detection. A smoke detection system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-6, with placement of detectors in each story in front of doors to the stairways and in the corridors of all floors occupied by the day-care center. Detectors also shall be installed in lot/hges, recreation areas, and sleeping rooms in the day-care center. Exception: Day-care centers housed in one room. 10-7.3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. Any required sprin- kler systems shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-7. 10-7.3.6 Corridors. Exit access corridors within day-care centers shall comply with 10-3.6. (See lO-Z1.2.) 10-7.4 Special Provisions. 10-7.4.1 W'mdowless or Underground Buildings. Window- less or underground buildings shall comply with Section 30-7. 10-7.4.2 High Rise Buildings. High rise buildings that house day-care centers on floors more than 75 ft (23 m) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access shall comply with Section 30-8. 10-7.4.3 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 10-7.5 Building Services. 10-7.5.1 Utilities. 10-7.5.1.1 Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Sec- tion 7-1: 10-7.5.1.2 Special protective covers for all electrical recepta- cles shall be installed in all areas occupied by children under six years of age. 10-7.5.2 Heating~ Ventilating, and Air Condilioning Equipment. 10-7.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-2. 10-7.5.2.2 Unvented fuel-fired room heaters shall not be permitted. 10-7.5.2.3 Any heating equipment in spaces occupied by chil- dren shall be provided with partitions, screens, or other means to protect children under six years of age from hot surfaces and open flames. If solid partitions are used to provide such pro- tection, provisions shall be made to ensure adequate air for combustion and ventilation for the heating equipment. 10-7.5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with th~ provisions of Section 74. 10-7.5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION 101-102 LIFE SAFETY CODE SECTION 10-8 DAY-CARE HOMES 10-8.1 General Requirements. 10-8.1.1' Application. r (See also 10-8.1.4.) This section establishes life safety requirements for day-care homes in Which more than thr~e but not more than 12 clients receive care, maintenance, and Supervision'by other than their rela- tive(s) or legal gUardian(s) ~or less thai 24 hours per day (gen- eraliy wlthi~ a dwelling ~hi0. The proViSions of ~ections 10-2 through i0-5 Shall noi appl~ t° :th{S section unless a specific reqdi~ment is referenced :b~ thi~'Seeti0m : Exception:: Facilitied that supervise children on a temporary basis with parent or guardian in close proximity. 10-8;1.2 Mixed Occupancies. (a) General. Where a day-care home is located in a build- ing con!raining ~mixcd~oceupancies, thc occupancies shall be separated by 1,hour fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 6-2.3, Exception to (a)~ Day-care homes in assembly occupancies used primarily 'f~r! wors[zip. (b) GrOup Day-Care Homes in Apartment BuiMings. If the two exit acCeSseS from the group day-care home enter the same corridor as: the apartment occupancy, the emt accesses shall be separated in the corridor by a smoke barrier having not less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating constructed in accordance with SectiOn 6-3. The smoke barrier shall be located so that it has an exit on each side. The door in the smoke barrier shall be not less than 32 in. I8I cra) wide. 10.8.13. Special Definitions. (None.) 10-8.1.4' Classification of Occupancy. 10-8.1.4.1 Subclassification of Day-Care Homes. (a) Family Day-Care Homes. A family day-care home is a day-care home in which mOre than three but fewer than seven clients receive care, maintenance, and supervision by other than their relative(s)or legal gUardian(s) for less than 24 hours per day(generally within a dwelling unit). R~quircments for family day-care homes are based on a minimU~n staff-to-client ratio of o~e staff for up to six clients, including the caretaker's own children under age six, with no more than ~two clients inca- pable of self-preservation. (b) Group Day-Care Homes. A group day-care home is a day-care home in which at least seven but not more than 12 eli- ents receive care, maintenance, and supervision by other than their relative(s) or legal gUardian(s) £o~ less than 24 hours per day (generally Within a dwelling unit). Requirements for group day-care homes are based on a minimum staff-to-client ratio of two staff for up to 12 clients, with no more than three clients incapable of self-preservation. This staff-to-client ratio shall be permitted to be modified by the authority[having jurisdic- tion where ~afeguards in addition to those specified by this sec- tion are provided, 10-8.1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents~ The contents shall be classified as ordinary hazard in accordance with Sec- tion 4-2. 1994 EDITION 10-8.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (None.) 10-8,1.7 Occupant Load. (No special requirements.) 10-8.2 Means of Egress Requirements. 10-8,2.1 General, (None.) 10-8.2.2 Types of Exits. (See 10-8.2.4.) 10-8.2.4 Number of Exits. 10-8.2.4.1 In group dayzcare :homes, every story occupied by clients shall have n~t le~s than two remotely located means of escape. 10-8.2.4.2 Every room used for poses shall have at least two me which shall be a door or structed travel to the outside of window in accordance witt accessible only by a ladder o pur- at least one of means of unob- at street or ground or space that is through a trap 10-8.2.4,3 above the story outside. The: a window in accordance With 10-8.2.4.4 second means or ~ accordance with J than one story stairway to the taining and equipped with a on the story clients, at least r to the to be (basement) and the ver- (244 cra). The be a window in more fire barrier con- 10-8.2.5 Arrangement of Means 10.82.5.1 Where level of exit dis- charge is used, see 10-8.2.5.2 For group day-care homes, means of egress shall be arranged in ~ccori:tam~e With Section 5-5. Dead ends shall not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). 10.8.2.6 Travel Distance. (a) The travel distance between any room door intended as an exit access and an exit shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m); and (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m); and (c) The travel distance betWeen any point in a sleeping room and an exit access to that room shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). Exception: The travel distance in (a) and (b) above shall be permitted to be increased by so ft (15 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, SUl~erV ised automdtic sprinkler sys- tem in accordance with Section 7-7. NEW EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-103 10-8.2.7 Discharge from Exits. (See 10-8.2.4.) 10-8.2.8 Illumination'of Means of Egress. Illumination of the means of egress shall be provided in accordance with Sec- tion 5-8. 10-8.2.9 Emergency Lighting. (No requirements.) 10-8.2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. (No requirements.) 10-8.2.11 Special Means of Escape Requirements. 10-8.2.11.1' Every closet door latch shall be such that chil- dren can open the door from the inside the closet. 10-8.2.11;2 Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit opening of the locked door from the outside in an ~mergen~y. The opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff. 10-8.3 Protection. 10-8.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. For group day- care homes, the doorway between the level of exit discharge and any story below shall be equipped with a door assembly having a 20-minute fire protection rating. Where the story above the story of exit discharge is used for sleeping purposes, there shall be a door assembly having a 20-minute fire protec- tion rating at the top or bottoin of each stairway. 10-8.3.2 Protection from Hazards. (No requirements.) 10-8.3.3 Interior Finish. 10-8.3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. In group day- care homes, the interior finish in corridors, stairways, lobbies, and exits shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Sec- tion 6-5. In family day-care homes, the interior finish in exits shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. 10-83.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. Interior finish in occupied spaces in the home shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accordance with Section 6-5. 10-8.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 10-8.3.4.1 Smoke detectors shall be installed within day-care homes in accordance with 7-6.2.9. Exception: Day-care homes that house clients six years of age or older if no sleeping facilities are provided. 10-8.3.4.2 Where the day-care home is located within a building of another occupancy, such as in an apartment build- ing or office building, any corridors serving the day-care home shall be provided with a smoke detection system in accordance with Section 7-6. 10-8.3.4.3 Single-station smoke detectors in accordance with 7-6.2.9 powered by the building electrical system or system detectors with integral sounding devices in accordance with 7-6.1.4 shall be provided in all rooms used for sleeping. 10-8.4 Special Provisions. 10-8.4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. Window- less or underground buildings shall comply with Section 30-7. 10-8.4.2 HighRise Buildings. (See Table 10-7.1.6.1.) 10-8.4.3 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 10-8.5 Building Services. 10-8.5.1 Electrical Services. 10-8.5.1.1 Electrical wiring shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-1. 10-8.5.1.2 Special protective covers for electrical receptacles shall be installed in all areas occupied by children under six years of age. 10-8.5.2 Heating, Veaffiafiug, and Air Conditioning Equipment. 10-8.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-2. 10-8.5.2.2 Unvented fuel-fired room heaters shall not be per- mitted. 10-8.5.2.3 Any heating equipment in spaces occupied by chil- dren shall be provided with partitions, screens, or other means to protect children under six years of age from hot surfaces and open flames. If partitions are used to provide such protection, provisions shall be made to ensure adequate air for combus- tion and ventilation for the heating equipment. 1994 EDITION 101-104 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 11 EXISTING EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 310 SECTION 11-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 11-1.1 Application. 11-1.1.I The requirements of this chapter apply to existing buildings :or portions ~thereOf currently occupied as educa- tional (~cupancies '(See also 10-'1 1 ) 11-1.1.2 Educational facilities that do not meet the definition of an educational occupancy need not complyWith this chapter but shalI comply with ihe f(~llowing requirements: InstrUctiOnal (a) building--BUsiness occupancy. (b) ClaSSrooms under 50 persons--Business occupancy. (c) Classrooms 50 pemons and over--Assembly occupancy. (d) Laboratories, instructional--Business occupancy. (e) Laboratories, noninstructional--Industrial. 11-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. (See also 11-1.4.) 11-1.2.1 Where other types of occupancy occur in the same building as an educational occupancy, the requirements of 4-iAI of this Code shall be applicable. Exception: As otherwise specified in this chapter. 11-1.2.2 Assembly and Educational. Spaces subject to assembly occupancy shall comply with Chapger 9, including 9-1.2, which provides that where auditorium 4nd gymnasium egress lead through corridors or stairways ~lso serving as egress for other pa~ts Of the building, the e~re~s capacity shall be sufficient to permit simultaneous egress from auditorium and classroom sections. Exception: In the case of an assembly occupancy of a type suita~ble only for use by the school occupant load (and therefore not subject to simultaneous occupancy), the same egress capac- ity shall be permitted to serve both sections. 11-1.2.3 Dormitory and Classrooms. Any building used for both classroom and dormitory purposes shall ~mply with the applicable provisions of Chapter 17 in addition to complying with Chapter 11. Where classroom and dormitory sections are not subject to simultaneous'occupancy, the same egress capac- ity shall be permitted to serve both sections. 11-1.3 Special Definitions, Common Atmosphere. The atmosphere that exists between rooms, spaces, or areas within a building that are not separated by an approved smoke barrier. Flexible Plan and Open Plan Educational Buildings· These include every building or portion of a building designed for multiple teaching stations. (a) Ftexible plan buildings have movable corridor walls and movable partitions of full-height construction with doors lead- ing from rooms to corridors. 1994 EDITION (b) Open plan buildings have rooms and corridors delin- eated by tables, chairs, desks, bookcases, counters, low-height [maximum 5-ft (1.5-m)] partitions, or similar furnishings. Separate Atmosphere. The atmosphere that exists between rooms, s. paces, or areas that are separated by an approved smoke barrier. Separate Means of Egress. A means of egress separated in such a manner from other required means of egress to pro- vide an atmospheric separation ~hat precludes contamination of both mean~ or egres~ by the ~ame fire. (See Section 6-3.) Story of Exit Discharge~ That story o~ stories from which the exits are primarily do~)rs dischargin~ directly outside essen- tially at grade level (level of exit riiseharge)~ ;Where no such st0r~ eXists, :the story of eJit: discha~ge~h~]l ~e :that stoE~ with the ~mallest elevatir~n, chaffge needed.t0 ~eaeh the level of exit discharge. 11-1.4 Classification of Occupancy, (See 4-1.3.) 11-1.4.1 Educational occupancies shall include all buildings used for educational pUrposes through th6 twelfth grade by 6 or more persons for f-our or more h0~]rs p6r day or more than 12 hours per week. 11-1:.4,2 Educational occupancies'includepart~day preschools, kindergartens, and other scl~;~ols Whose pu~e is primarily edu- catiOnal even though the children are Of preschOOl age. 11-1.4.3 In cases where instruction is incidental to some other occupancy, the section of this Code governing such other occupancy shall apply. 11-1.4.4 Day-care facilities, whether for adults or children, shall meet the requirements of SeCtions 11-7, 11-8, or 11-9, as appropriate Exception: Day-care facilities whose purpose iS primarily edu- cational, as indicated in 11-I.4.2. ll-l.4J Adult day care shall include any building or portion thereof used for n6nsleeping purposes for less than 24 hours per day to house four or more adults requmng care, mainte- nance, and supervision by other than their relative(s). Clients shall be ambulatory or semiambulatory and shall not be bed- ridden. They shall not exhibit behavior that is harmful to them- selves or others. 11-1.4.6 Other occupancies associated with educational insti- tutions shall be in accordance with the appropriate parts of this Code. (See Chapters 13, 17, 19,: 20, 28, 'a'nd 29 and 4-1.11.) 11-1·5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Contents of educational occupancies shall be classified in accordance with the provisions of Section 4-2. 11-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No require- ments.) 11-1.7 Occupant Load. 11-1.7.1 The occupant load in number of persons for whom means of egress and other requirements are to be provided shall be determined on the basis of the following occupant load factors or the maximum probable population of any room or section under consideration, whichever is greater: EXISTING EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-105 (a) Classrooms: one person per 20 net sq ft (1.9 net sq m). (b) Shops, labofato'ries, and similar vocational rooms: one person for each 50 net sq ft (4.6 net sq m). (c) Day-care centers: one person per 35 net sq ft (3.3 net sq m). 11-1.7.2 The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed, seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load. 11-1.7.3 The occupant load of an educational occupancy or a portion thereof shall be permitted to be modified from that spec- ified abOVe if the ngce~sary aisl6s and exits are provided. An approved aisle or seating diagram shall be required by the authority having jurisdiction to substantiate such a modification. 11-1.7.4 The occupant load for determining egress require- ments of individual lecture rooms, gymnasiums, or cafeterias used for assembly purposes by more than 50 persons shall be determined in ac~(~rda~ce!with 9-1.7 of this Code. SECTION 11-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 11-2.1 General. 11-2.1.1 Means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this section. 11-2.1.2 Rooms normally occupied by preschool, kindergar- ten, or first-grade pupils shall not be located above or below the story of exit discharge. Rooms normally occupied by second-grade pupils shall not be located more than one story above tl~e sto~ o~ exit discharge. 11-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 11-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 11-2.2.2 through. Il-2.2.8. 11-2.2.2 Doors. 11-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 11-2.2.2.2 Panic Hardware or Fire Exit Hardware. Any required exit door subject to use by 100 or more persons shall be permitted to be provided with a latch or lock only if it is panic hardware or fire exit hardware complying with 5-2.1.7. 11.2.2.2.3 Special locking arrangements complying with 5-2.1.6 shall be permitted. 11-2.2.2.4 Door Closure. Any exit door that is designed to normally be kept closed shall conform with 5-2.1.8. 11-2.2.2.5 Only one locking or latching device shall be per- mitted on a door or on one leaf of a pair of doors. 11-2.2.3' Stairs. 11-2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 11-2.2.3.2 Stairs shall be Class A. Exception: Class B stairs shall be permitted where not used for student access. 11.2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 11-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. I1-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps ,complying with 5-2.5 shall be per- mitted. 11-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. 5-2.6 shah be permitted. 11.2.2.8 Areas' of Refuge. 5-2.12 shall be permitted. Exit passageways complying with Areas of refuge complying with 11-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 11.2.3.1 Capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-3. 11-2.3.2 Minimum CorridOr Width. 11-23.2.1 Exit access coxridors shall be not less than 6 fi (1.8 m) clear width. 11-2.3.2.2 Drinking fountains or other equipment, fixed or movable, shall not be placed so to obstruct the required mini- mum 6-ff (1.8-m) corridor width. 11-2.4 Number of Exits. There shall be at least two exits available from every floor area. (See Section 5-4.) 11-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. (See also Section 5-5.) 11-2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. No common path of travel shall exceed 75 fi (23 m); no dead end shall exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). 11-2.5.2 Every room that is normally occupied shall have an exit access door leading directly to an exit access corridor or exit. Exception No. 1: If there is an exit door opening directly to the outside or to an exterior balcony or corridor as described in' 11-2.5~6. Exception No. 2: One room shah be permitted to intervene between a noPrnally occupied student room and an exit access corridor provided: (1) The total travel from a room served by an intervening room to the corridor door or exit shall not exceed 75 fi (23 m), and (2) Clothing, personal effects, or other materials deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction shall be stored in metal lockers provided they do not obstruct the exit access; or the intervening room shall be sprinklered in accordance with Section 7-Z and either (3) The intervening room shall have installed approved fire detection that will activate the building alarm, or (4) The building shall be protected by an approved, auto- matic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7-7, Exception No. 3: Previously approved arrangements shall be permitted to continue to be used with the approval of the author- ity having jurisdiction. 1994 EDITION 101-106 LIFE SAFETY CODE 11-2.5.3 Every room or space with a capacity of more than 50 persons or an area of more than.l,000 sq ft (93 sq m) shall have at least two exit access doorways as remotely located from each other as practicable. Such doorways shall provide access to separate exits but, where egress is through corridors, they shall be permitted to open upon a common corridor leading to sep- arate exits located in opposite directions. 11-2.5.4 into an exit access corridor shall be recessed traffic; any doors the 11-2.5.5 aisle s on one side not less than 30 in. 11-2.5.6' Exterior Corridors or Balconies. 11-2.5.6.1 Exterior exit access shall comply with 5-5.3. 11-2.5.6.2' Where exterior corridors or balconies are pro- vided as means of egress, they shall open to the outside air except for railings or balustrades, with stairs ~or exits level to grade not over the allowable travel distance apart and located so that an exit will be availabl~ 4n either direction from the door to any iindividuai room or space, with dead ends not to exceed 20 f~t (6.1 m). If balcOnieS are enclosed by glass or'in any other mann~r, they shall be treated as interior corridors. 11-2.5.6.3 and stairs shall balustrades or However, the~ the or the like where the ~, or corridor the building by the full corridor. Regardless of other ;tairs shall be the distance to an exit shall not exceed I in a building. (See also Section 5-6.) Exception No. j: Travel distance shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m) in educational occupancies protected throughout by an approved, automatic ~prinkler system installed in accordance ~ith Section 7-Z Exception No. 2: Previously approved travel distances. 11-2.7 Discharge from Exits. :Discharge from exits shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-7. Exception: Every classroom or room used for educational pur- poses or student occupancy below the floor of exit discharge shall have access to at least one exit that leads directly to the exterior at level of discharge without entering the floor above. 1994 EDITION 11-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 11-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance With Section 5-9 in the ~ollowing areas: (a) Interior stairs and corridors. (b) Normally occupied spaces. Exception to (b): Administrative areas, general classrooms, and mechanical rooms and storage qreas, (c) Flexible and open plan buildings. (d) Interior or windowless portions of buildings (e) Shops. and laboratories. 11-2.10 Marking of Means of Egre~ss. Means of egress shall have signs in aC~rdance with s~tion 5-10 Exception: Signs shall not be required in situations where loca- tion~ of exits are otherwise obviotfs and familiar to all occupants, such ds in small elementary school bui'Idings. 11-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features.: 11-2.11.1' Windows for ] Ventilation. Every room or space greater than m) used for class- room or other educational ~ct to stu- dent occupanc3 outside window for emergency rescue open- able from the provide a clear opening of not less cm) in width, 24 in. (61 em) in height, and 5.7 sq ft in area. The bottom (112 cm) above the solid, with a the required 5.7 sq fr depth of 20 in, (50.8 cm), to nmg. Ex~tion No. l: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, autornattc sprinkler system tn accordance m~h Section 7-7. Exception No. 2: Where the room or space has a door leading directly to the outside of the building, : ~ ExcePtion No. 3: In rooms loca~d highe~ than three stories above grade, the openable clear height, ~vidth, and area of the window shall be permitted to be modified to the dimensions nec- essary for ventilation. Exception No. 4: Awning or hopperrtype windows that are hinged or subdivided to provide ira Clea!r :opening not less than 600 sq in (3,900 sq cra) in area nor any dimension less than 22 tn. (55.9 cm) shall be permttted to be continued tn use. Screen walls or devtces tn front of reqtured ~wtndows shall not interfere with normal rescue requir~me/tt& Exception No. 5: Where the room or space complies with the following: (a) Doors exist that allow travel between adjacent class- rooms and, when Used to travel from classroom to classroom, provide direct access to exits in both directions or direct access to an exit in one direction and to a separate smoke compartment that provides access to another exit in the other direction, and EXISTING EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-107 (b) The corridor is separated from the classrooms by a wall that resists the passage_ of smoke, and alt doors between the classrooms and the conidor are self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 5-Z1.8, and (c) The length of travel to exits along such paths shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m), and (d) Each communicating door shall be marked in accor- dance with Section 5-10. and (e) No locking device shall be allowed on the communicat- ing doors. SECTION 11-3 PROTECTION 11-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical open- ing shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.4. Exception No. 1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7-7, unprotected vertical openings con- necting not more than three floors shall be permitted in accor- dance with 6-Z4.5. Exception No. 2: Atriums m accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be permitted. Exception No. 3: Stairway enclosures shall not be required for a stairway that serves only one adjacentfloor (other than a base- ment), is not connected with stairways serving other floors, and is not connected with corridors serving other than the two floors involved. 11-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 11-3.2.1 Rooms or spaces for the storage, processing, or use of materials specified below shall be protected in accordance with the,following: (a) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not tess than lhour or protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing systems as specified in Section 6-4 in the following areas: (1) Boiler and furnace rooms. Exception to (1): Rooms enclosing only air-handling equtpmen~ ~ (2) Rooms or spaces used for the storage of combt~sti- ble supplies in quantities deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction. (3) Rooms'or spaces used for the storage of hazardous materials or flammable or combustible Iiquids in quantities deemed hazardOus by recognized standards. (4) Rooms containing fuel. (b) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour and protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing sys- tems as specified in Section 6-4 in the following areas: (1) Laundries. (2) Maintenance shops, including woodworking and painting areas. (3) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of com- bustible supplies deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction. (4) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of haz- ardous materials or flammable or combustible liquids in quan- tities deemed hazardous by recognized standards. (c) Where automatic extinguishing is used to meet the requirements of this section, the protection shall be permitted ~n accordance with 7-7.1.2. 11-3.2.2 . Food preparation facilities shall be protected in accor- dance with 7-2.3 and shall not be required to have openings pro- tected between food preparation areas and dining areas. 11-3.2.3 Janitor closets Shall be protected by an automatic sprinkler system, which shall be permitted to be in accordance with 7-7.1.2. Doors to janitor closets shall be permitted to have ventilating louvers. 11-3.2.4 Laboratories that use chemicals shall comply with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. 11-3.2.5 Stages shall be protected in accordance with Chap- ter:9. 11-3.3 Interior Finish. 11-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish requirements, in accordance with Section 6-5, shall be as follows: (a) Exits -- Class (b) Corridors and lobbies -- ClassA or Class B. Exception to (b): Fixtures and Iow-height partitions not over 5 ft (1.5 m) high shall be Class A, ClassB, or Class C. (c) All other locations -- Class A, Class B, or Class C. Exception*: The exposed portions of structural members com- plying with the requirements for Type IV(2HH) construction Shall be permitted. ' 11-3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 11-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 11-3.4,1 General Educational occupancies shall be pro- vided with a fire alarm system in accordancO with Section 7-6. Exception: A building with a maximum area of 1,000 sq fl (93 sq m) that contains a single classroom and is located no closer than 50 ft (15.2 m) from another building. 11-3.4.2 Initiation. 11.3.4.2,1 Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in accordance with 7,6.2.1(a). Exception: In buildings where all normally occupied spaces are provided with a two-way communication system between such spaces and a constantly attended receiving station from where a general evacuation alarm can be sounded, the manual pull sta- tions shall not be required except in locations specifically desig- nated by the authority having jurisdiction. 1994 101-108 LIFE SAFETY CODE I1-3,4.2.2 In buildings provided with automatic sprinkler protection, the operation of the sprinkler system shall auto- matically activate the fire alarm system in addition to the initi- ation means required in 11-3.4.2.1. 11-3.4.3 Notification. 11-3,4.3.1 Occupant notification shall be by means of an audible alarm in ~cco~dance with 7-6.3. urisdic- is distinctive in sig- that fire i facilities. the school authorities determine , shall immediately call the local ystem or other 11-3~4.3,4 All' fire exit: drill alarms shall be sounded on the fire alarm system. 11-3~4.3,$ In order to prevent pupils from being returned to a building that is burning, the recall signal shall be one that is separate and distinct from, and cannot be mistaken for, any other signals. Such signal shall be permitted to be given by use of distinctively colored flags or banners. If the recall signal is electrical, th~ PUsh butt0ns'or other controls shall be kept under lock, the key forwhich shall be in the possession of the principal or some other designated person in order to prevent a reCall at a time when there ls an actual fire. Regardless of the method of recall, the means of giving the signal shall be kept under a lock. 11-3~5 Extinguishment Requirements. Wherever student occuPancy occurs be!°w the story of exit discharge, ever/por- tion of such floor shall be protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec- tioh 17~7. Where Stud6~t occup~mcy does not occur on floors below the Story of exit discharge, SUCh floors shall be separated from the rest of the building by 1-h0ur fire resistance rated construction or shall be protected throughout by an approved, automatic Sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7. Exception: Where student occupancy occurs below the story of exit discharge, automa:tic sprinkler protection shall not be required, su~ect to the approval of the authority having jurisdic- tion, if windows for rescue and ventilation are provided in accor- danve with ll-Zll. L Every interior corridor shall be having not less than a 20-minute fire resistance rating in accordance with 6-2.3. Corridors shall comply with 6-2.2.2. Exception No. 1: . Corridor protection shall not be required where ~all spaces normally subject to StUdent occupancy have at least one door opening directly to the outside or to an exterior exit access balcony or courior in accordance with 11-2.5.6. Exception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system with valve supervision installed in~ aecordance with Section 7-7, corridor walls shall not be required to be rated, provided such walls, in conjunction with openings therein and ceilings at which they terminate, resist the passage of smoke. Exception No. 3: Existing doors shall be:permitted to be 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core doors or the equivalent. Exception No. 4: Lavatoriqs need not be separated from corri- dors, provided they are separated from all other spaces by fire barrie'rs having not less thftn a 20-minute fire resistance rating in accordance With 6-2.3. 11-3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. 11-3.7.1 School buildings shall be subdivided into compart- ments by smoke barriers complying With Section 6-3 where (a) The maximum area of: a compartment, including the aggregate area of all floors having a 'common atmosphere, exceeds 30,000 sq ft (2,800 Sq m); or (b) The length or width oftbe building exceeds 300 ft (91 m). Exception No. 1: Where all classrooms have exterior exit access in accordance with 5-5.3. Exception No. 2: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-Z 11-3.7.2 The maximum area of a smoke compartment shall not exceed 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) with no dimension exceed- ing 300 ft (91 m). 11-3.7.3 Doors in smoke barriers shall be self-latching. SECTION 11-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 11-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. Windowless buildings and underground structures shall comply with Sec- tion 30-7. 11-4.2 High Rise Buildings. (ReserVed.) 11-4.3 Flexible Plan and Open Plan Buildings. 114.3.1 Flexible plan and open plan buildings shall comply with the requirements of this chapter as modified by 11-4.3.2 through 114.3.4. 11-4.3.2 Each room occupied by more than 300 persons shall have two or more means of egress entering into separate atmo- spheres. Where three or more means of egress are required, not more than two of them shall enter into the same atmosphere. 11-4.3.3 Flexible plan schools shall be permitted to have walls and partitions rearranged periodically only if revised plans or diagrams have been approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 11-4.3.4 Flexible plan buildings shall be evaluated while all folding walls are extended and in use as well as when they are in the retracted position. 11-4.4 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) EXISTING EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-109 SECTION 11-5 BUILDING SERVICES 11-5.1 Utilities. Utili[ies shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 11-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equipment. 11-5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 11-5.2.2 Unvcnted fuel-fired heating equipment shall be prohibited. 11.5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 11-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chute~ shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. SECTION 11-6 (RESERVED) SECTION 11-7 DAY-CARE CENTERS 11-7.1 General Requirements. 11-7.1.1 Application. 11-7.1.1.1' Thc requirements detailed in Section 11-7 (day- care centers with more than 12 clients) are based on the fol- lowing minimum staff-to-client ratios: Staff Ratio Age 1:3 0to2 1:5 2 to 3 1:10 3to5 1:12 5 to 7 1:15 7 and over The staff-to-client ratios shall be permitted to be modified by the authority having jurisdiction where safeguards in ac[di-, tion to those specified by this section are provided. 11-7.1.1,2' This section establishes life safety requirements fo~"' day-care centers in which more than 12 clients receive care, main- tenance, and supervision by other than their relative(s) or legal guardian(s) for less than 24 hours per day. The provisions of Sec- tions 11-2 through tl-5 shall not apply to this section unless a specific requirement, is referenced by this section. An existing day-care centerfllat meets the requirements of Section 10-7 shall be judged as meeting the requirements of Section I 1-7. 11.7.1.1.3 Centers housing children six years of age and older shall conform to the requirements for educational occupan- cies, except as noted herein. 11-7.1.1.4 Where a facility houses more than one age group, the requirements for the younger group shall apply, unless the area housing the younger group is maintained as a separate fire area. Exception*: Staff-to-client ratios listed in 11-7.1.1.1 shall be based on the number of clients in each age category. 11-7.L1.5 Places of religious worship shall not be required to meet the provisions of this section in order to operate a nurs- ery while services are being held in the building. 11-7.1.2 Mixed Occupancies. (a) General. Where centers are located in a building con- raining mixed occupancies, the occupancies shall be separated by minimum I-hour rated fire barriers constructed in accor- dance with 6-2.3. Exception. to (a}.: Centers in assembly occupancies used prima- ri~y for worship. (b) Centers in Apartment BuiMings. (1) If two exit accesses from the center enter the same corridor as the apartment occupancy, the exit accesses shall be separated in the corridor by a smoke barrier having not less than a I-hour fire resistance rating constructed in accordance with Section 6-3. The smoke barrier shall be located so that it has an exit on each side. (2) The door in the smoke barrier shall be not less than 36 in. (91 em) wide. Exception to (b)(2): Existing doors not less than 32 in. (81 cra) wide. 11-7.1.3 Special Definitions. (None.) 11-7.1.4 Classification of Occupancy. For the purposes of this section, clients are classified in age groups as follows: cli- ents under six years of age and clients six years of age and older. 11-7.1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents shall be classified as ordinary hazard in accordance with Sec- tion 4-2. 11-7.1.6 Location and Construction. I11-7.1.6.1 The location of a center within a building shall be based on construction type and automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with Table 11-7.1.6.1. (See 6-2.1.) 11-7.1.6.2 Location, The story below the level of exit dis- charge shall be permitted to be used in buildings of any con- struction type other than Type II(000), Type III(200), and Type V(000). (See 11-Z2.4.2.) 11-7.1.7 Occupant Load. The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that floor but not less than one person for each 35 sq ft (3.3 sq m) of net floor area used by the clients. 11-7.2 Means of Egress Requirements. 11-7.2.1 General. Means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this section. 11-7.2.2 Means of Egress Components. 11-7.2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 11-7.2.2.2 through 11-7.2.2.8. 1994 EDITION 101-110 LIFE SAFETY CODE Table 11-7.1.6.1 Location/Construction Type Limitations Number of Stories (Stories are counted starting at floor of exit discharge) Type of 4 and Construction Age Group I 2 3 Over I(443) ~ I(332) ~ II(222) J II(111) ] III(211) ~ vtm)) IV(2HH) II(000) X: Permitted N.P.: Not Permitted 0 through 5 X - X X X 6 and older X X X X 0 through 5 X X~' N.P. N.P. 6 and older X X X~' N.P. 0 through 5 X X~' N.P. N.P. 6 and oTder X X~' N.P. N.P. X X~' N.P. N.P. X Xt N.P. N.P. X~' X']' N.P. N.P. X X~' N.P; N.P. Xt: Permitted if entire building is protected throughout by an approved auto- matic sprinkler system 11-7.2.2.2 Doors. (a) General Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. (b) Panic Hardware or Fire Exit Hardware. Any door in a required means of egress from an area having an occupant load of 100 or more persons shall be permitted to be provided with a latch or lock only if it is panic hardware or fire exit hardware. (c) Door Closure. Any exit door designed to normfilly be kept closed shall comply with 5-2.1.8. (d) Locks and Latches. Only one locking or latching device shall be permitted on a door or on one leaf of a pair of doors. (e) Special Locking Arrangements. Special locking arrangements complying with 5-2.1.6 shall be permitted. (f)* Closet Doors. Every closet door latch shall be such that children can open the door from inside the closet. (g) Bathroom Doors. Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit opening of the locked door from the out- -side in an emergency. The opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff, 11-7.2.2.3' Stairs. (a) Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. (b) Stairs shall be Class A. Exception to (b): Class B stairs shall be permitted where not used by clients. 11-7.2.2.4 Smokeproof Enelusures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 1994 EDmON 11-7.2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. (a) Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shah be permitted. (b) Areas of refuge shall be provided by horizontal exits for occupants of day-care centers located above the fifth story. Exception to (b): Buildings provided with smok~roof enclosures. 11-7.2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 11-7.2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be'pert~itte~l 11,7.2.2.8 Areas of Refuge. Areas ~of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 11-7.2.3 CaPacity of Means of Egress. Capacity of means of egress shall be ir~ acCOrdance wit~ Section 5-3. 11-7.2.4 Number of Exits. 11-7.2.4.1 Each floor occupied by clients shall have not less than two remotely lOCated e~its in accordance with Chapter 5. 11-7.2.4.2 Where the story below the level of exit discharge is occupied as a day-care center, the following shall apply: (a) One means of egress shall be an outside or interior stair in accordance with 5-2.2. An interior stair, if used, shall serve only the story below the level of exit discharge. The interior stair shall be permitted to communicate with the level of exit discharge; ho~vever, lhe exit roUte from the level of exit dis- charge shall not pass:through the stair enclosure, and (b) The second means of egress shall be permitted to be via an unenclosed stairWay seParhted from th~ level of exit dis- charge in acCOrdance v~ith ~-2.4.4. The path of egress travel on the level of exit discharge shall be pt:otected in accordance with 5-1.3.5. Exception to (b): The path of travel on the level of exit dis- charge shall be permitted to be unprotected if the level of exit dis- charge, and the level below the level of exit discharge are pro- tectea throughout by a smoke detection system or an approved automatic spd~nkler system. 11-7.2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. Where the story below the level of exit discharge is used, see 11-7.2.4.2. 11-7.2.5.1 Means of egress :shall be arranged in accordance ~th Section 5-5. Dead ends shall not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). 11-7.2.5.2 Every room or space with an occupant load of more than 50 persons or an area of more than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) shall have at least two exit access doorways as remotely located from each other as practicable. SUch doorways shall provide access to separate exits, but where egress is through corridors, they shall be permitted to Open onto a ~oram°n corridor leading to separate exits located in opposite directions.. 11-7.2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 11-7.2.6.1 Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 5-6. 11-7.2.6.2 Travel Distance. (a) The travel distance between any room door intended as an exit access and an exit shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m); and EXISTING EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-111 (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed 15_0 ft (45 m); and (c) The travel distance between any point in a sleeping room and an exit access door of that room shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). Exception: The travel distance in (a) and (b) above shall be permitted to be increased by 50-ft (15 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-Z 11-7.2.7 Discharge from Exits. Discharge from exits shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-7. Exception: As provided in 11-7. 2.4.2 11-7.2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Illumination of the meaus of egress shall be provided in accordance with Sec- tion 5-8. 11-7.2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance with 11-2.9. 11-7.2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in.accordance with Section 5-10. 11-7.2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. I11.7.2.11.1 Windows for Rescue and Ventilation. Windows for rescue and ventilation shall be provided as required by 11-2.11.1. 11-7.3 Protection. 11-73.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical open- ing shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Sec- tion 6-2. 11-7.3.2 Protection from Hazards. 11-7.3.2.1 Rooms or spaces for the storage, processing, or use of materials specified below shall be protected in accor- dance with the following: (a) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour or protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing systems as specified in Section 6-4 in the following areas: (1) Boiler and furnace rooms. Exception to (1): RoomS enclosing only air-handling equ~oment. (2) Rooms~or spaces used for the storage of combusti- ble supplies in quantifies deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction. (3) Rooms or spaces used for the storage of hazardous materials or flammable or combustible liquids in quantities deemed hazardous by recognized standards. (4) Rooms containing fuel. (b) Separation from the remainder of the building by fire'- barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hou~ and protection of such rooms by automatic extinguishing sys- tems as specified in Section 64 in the following areas: (1) Laundries. (2) Maintenance shops, including woodworking and painting areas. (3) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of com- bustible supplies deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction. (4) Rooms or spaces used for processing or use of haz- ardous materials or flammable or combustible liquids in quan- tities deemed hazardous by recognized standards. (c) Where automatic extinguishing is used to meet the requirements oI this section, the protection shall be permitted in accordance with 7-7.1.2. Exception: Food preparation facilities protected in accordance with 7-2.3 shall not be required to have openings protected between food preparation areas and dining areas. Where domes- tic cooking equtpment is used for food warming or limited cook- ing protection or segregation of food preparation facilities shall not be required if approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 11-7.3.2.2 Janitor closets shall be protected by an automatic sprinkler system, which shall be permitted to be in accordance with 7-7.1.2. Doors to ianitor closets shall be permitted to have ventilating louvers. 11-7.3.3 Interior Finish. Interior finish for all walls and ceil- ings shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. 11-7.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 11-7.3.4.1 General. Day-care centem shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception No. 1: Day-care centers housed in one room. Exception No. 2: Day-care centers with a required staff of fewer than four persons based on l l-Z I.I.L 11-7.3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means and by operation of any required smoke detectors. (See 11-Z3.4.5.) Exception: Single-station smoke detectors. 11-7.3.4.3 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be by means of an audible alarm in accordance with 7-6.3. 11-7.3.4.4 Emergency Forces Notification. Fire department notification shall be accomplished in accordance with 7-6.4. Exception: Day-care centers with not more than 100 clients. 11-7.3.4.$ Detectiom A smoke detection system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-6, with placement of detectors in each story in front of doors to the stainvays and in the corridors of all floors occupied by the day-care center. Detectors also shall be installed in lounges, recreation areas, and sleeping rooms in the day-care center. Exception No. 1: Day-care centers housed in one room. Exception No. 2: Day-care centers housing clients six years of age or older if no sleeping facilities are provided. 11-7.33 Extinguishment Requirements. (None.) 1994 EDITION 101-112 LIFE SAFETY CODE 11-7.3.6 Corridors. Exit access corridors within day-care centers shall comply with 11:3.6.. (See Il-Z1.2.) 11-7.4 Special Provisions. 11-7.4.1 Windowless or :Underground Buildings. Window- less or underground buildings shall comply with Section 30-7. 11-7.4.2 High Rise Buildings. (Re_served.) 11,7.4.3 OPerating FeatUres. (See Chapter 31.) 11-7.5 Building Services. 11-7.5.1 Utilities. 11-7.5.1.1 Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Sec. tion 7-1. 11-7.5.1.2 Special protective covers for all electrical recepta- cles shall be installed in all areas occupied by children under six years of age. 11-752 Heating, Ventilati~ and Air Conditioning Equipment. 11-7.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-2. 11-7.5.2.2 Unrented fuel-fired room heaters shall not be permitted. 11-7.5.2.3 Any heating equipment in spaces occupied by chil- dren shall be provided with partitions, screens, or other means to protect children under six years of age from hot surfaces and open flames. If solid partitions are used to provide such pro- tection, provisions shall be made to ensure adequate air for combustion and ventilation for the heating equipment. 11-7.5.3 Elevators, EsCalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 11-7.5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of S~ction 7-5. SECTION 11-8 GROUP DAY-CARE HOMES 11-8.1 General Requirements. 11-8.1.1 Application. 11-8.1.1.1' This section establishes life safety requirements for group day-care homes in which at least seven but not more than 12 clients receive care, maintenance, and supervision by other than their relative(s) or legal guardian(s) for less than 24 hours per day (generally within a dwelling unit). The provi- sions of Sections 11-2 through 11-5 shall not apply to this sec- tion unless a specific requirement is referenced by this section. An existing group day-care home that meets the requirements of Section 10-8 shall be jUdged as meeting the requirements of Section 11-8. Exception: Facilities that supervise children on a temporary basis with parent or guardian in close proximity. 1994 EDITION 11-8.1.1.2 The requirements detailed in Section 11-8 are based on a minimum staff-to-client ratio of two staff for up to 12 clients, with no more than three clients under age 2. This staff-to-client ratio shall ~be permitted to be modified by the authority having jurlsdietidn Where Safeguards in addition to those specified by this section are provided. I1-8.1~ Mixed Occupancies. with Exception to (a): cies used (b), exit GroUp G-care homes in assembly occupan- If two : enter the same accesses shall be not less with has an ~ barrier shall be Exception than 32 in~ (81 cm) wide. 11.8.13 Special Definitions. (None.) 11.8.1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (No requirements.) 11-8.1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents shall be classified as ordinary hazard in accordance with Sec- tion 4-2. 11-8.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (None.) 11-8.1.7 Occupant Load. (No special requirements.) 11.8.2 Means of Egress Requirements. 11.8.2.1 General. (None.) 11-8.2.2 Types of Exits. (See 11-8. Z4.) 11-8.23 Capacity of Means of Egress. Capacity of means of egress shall 'be in accordance with Section 5-3. 11-8.2.4 Number of Exits. 11-8.2.4.1 Every story occupied by clients shall have not less than two remotely located means of escape. 11-8.2.4.2 Every room used for sleeping, living, or dining pur- poses shall have at least two means of escape, at least one of which shall be a door or stairway providing a means of unob- structed travel to the outside of th~ building at street or ground level. The second means of escape shall be permitted to be a window in accordance with 11-2.11.1. No room or space that is accessible only by a ladder or folding stairs or through a trap door shall be occupied for living or sl[eping purposes. 11-8.2.4.3 Where spaces in the story above the story of exit discharge are used by clients, at least one means of escape shall be an exit discharging di?ectly to the outside. The second means of escape shall be pe~nitted to be a window in accor- dance with 11-2.11.1. EXISTING EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-113 11.8.2.4.4 Where clients are occupying a story (basement) below the level of _exit discharge, at least one means of escape shall be an exit discharging directly to the outside, and the ver- tical travel to ground level shall not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m). The second means of escape shall be permitted to be a window in accordance with 11-2.11.1. No facility shall be located more than one story below the ground. Any stainvay to the story above shall be cut offby a fire barrier containing a door having at least a 20-minute fire protection rating and equipped with a self-closing device. 11-8.2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 11-8.2.5A Where a story above or below the level of exit dis- charge i~ used, see 11~8.2.4. 11-8.2.5.2 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. Dead ends shah not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). 11-8.2.6 Travel Distance. (a) The trav~el distance between any room door intended as an exit access and: an exit shall not exceed 100 fi (30 m); and (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall not eXceed 150 fi (45 m); and (e) The travel distance between any point in a sleeping room and an exit access to that room shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). in (a) and (b) above shall be m) in buildings protected throughout to automatic sprinkler sys- tem in 7- Z 11-8.2.7 below the exit Where the story above or used, see 11-8.2.4. 11-8.2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Illumination of the means of egress shall bc provided in accordance with Sec- tion 5-8. 11-8;2.9 Emergency Lighting. (No requirements.) 11-8.2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. (No requirements.) 11-8.2.11 Special Means of Escape Requirements. 11-8.2.11.1' Every closet door latch shall be such that chil- dren can open the door from the inside the closet. 11-8.2.11.2 Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to per- mit opening of the locked door from outside in an emergency. The opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff. 11-8.3 Protection. 11-8.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. The doorway between the level of exit discharge and any story below shall be equipped with a door assembly having a 20-minute fire protec- tion rating. Where the story above the story of exit discharge is used for sleeping purposes, there shall be a door assembly hav- ing a 20-minute fire protection rating at the top or bottom of each stairway. Exception: Existing self-closing 15/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core doors without rated frames shall be permitted to be accepted by the authority having jurisdiction. 11-8.3.2 Protection from Hazards. (No requirements.) 11-8.3~ Interior Finish. 11-8.3.3.1 The interior finish in exits shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. 11-8.33~ The interior finish in occupied spaces in the group day-care home shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accor- dance with Section 6-5. ll-8.3.4'Deteetion, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 11-8.3.4.1 Within the group day-care home, smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with 7-6.2.9. Exception: Group day-care homes that house clients six years of age or older if'no sleeping facilities are provided. 11-8.3.4.2 Where the group day-care home is located within a building of another occupancy, such as in an apartment or office building, any corridors serving the group day-care home shall be provided with a smoke detection system in accordance with Section 7-6. 11-8.3.4.3 Single-station or multiple-station smoke detectors in accordance with 7-6.2.9 powered by the building electrical system or system detectors with integral sounding devices in accordance with 7-6.1.4 shall be provided in all rooms used for sleeping. Exception: Existing battery-powered detectors rather than house electrical service-powered detectors shall be accepted where, in the opinion of the authority having jurisdiction, the facility has demonstrated testing maintenance, and battery replacement pro- grams that ensure reliabdity of power to the detectors. 11-8.4 Special Provisions. 11-8.4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. Window- less or underground buildings shall comply with Section 30-7. 11-8.4.2 High Rise Buildings. (Reserved.) 11-8.43 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 11-8.5 Building Services. 11-8.5.1 Electrical Services. 11-8.5.1.1 Electrical wiring shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-1. 11-8.5.1.2 Special protective covers for electrical receptacles shall be installed in all areas occupied by children under six years of age. 11-8.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equipment. 11-8.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-2. 11-8.5.2.2 Unvented fuel-fired room heaters shall not be permitted. 1994 EDITION 101-114 LIFE SAFETY CODE 11-8.5.2.3 Any heating equipment in spaces occupied by chib structed travel to the outside of the building at street or ground dren shall be provided with partitions, screens, or other means level. The second means of escape shall be permitted to be a to protect children under slx years of age from hot.surfaces and window in accordance with 11-2.11.1. No room or space that is open flames. If solid partitions are used to provide such pro- . accessible only'by a ladder or folding stairs or through a trap t~ction, provisions shall be made t° ensur~ adequate 'air for door shall be occupied for living or sleeping purPOses. combUstion and ventilation for ithe heating equipment 11-9.2.4.2 Where clients are located on a story (basement) below the level of exit, . at least one means of escape SECTION 11.9 FAMILY DAY-CARE HOMES 11-9.1 General Requirements. 11-9.1.1 Application. 11-9.1.1.1' This section establishes life safety requirements for family day-care homes in which more than [hree but fewer than seven clients receive care, maintenance, and supervision by other than their relative(Z) or legal guardian(s) for less than 24 hou?s pbr day (generall~ ~ithin a d~velling unit). The provi- sions of SectiOns 11-2 through 11-5 shall not apply to this sec- tion unless a sPecific requir~nent is referenced by this section. An existing fa~ly daY-~hre hOme that meets the requirements of Section }0-8 sl~all I~e judged as meeting the requirements of Section 1:1-9. shall the ver- tical . The more 11-9;2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress, (See 11-9. Z4.) an exit access (C) The and an exit (30 m); and ~ in a room and an room Exception: Facilities that supervise children on a temporary basis With parent or guar~dian in close proximity. 11-9.1.1.2 The requirements detailed in Section 11-9 are based on a minimum staff-to-client ratio of one staff for up to slx clients, including the caretaker's own children under age slx, with no more than two children under age two. 11-9.1.2 Mixed Occupancies.: Where family day-care homes are located in a building containing mixed occupancies, the occupancies shall be separated by 1-hour fire barriers. Exception: Family day-care homes in assembly occupancies used primarily for worship. 11-9.1.3 Special Definitions. (None.) 11-9.1.4 Classification of Occupancies. (No requirements.)- 11-9.1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents shall be classified as ordinary hazard in accordance with Sec- tion 4-2. 11-9.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (None.) 11-9.1.7 Occupant Load. (No special requirements.) 11-9.2 Means of Egress Requirements. 11-9.2.1 General. (None.) 11-9.2.2 Types of Exits. (See 11-9. Z4.) 11-9.2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. Capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-3. 11-9.2;4 Number of Exits. 11-9.2.4.1 Every room used for sleeping, living, or dining pur- poses shall have at least two means of escape, at least one of which shall be a door or stairway Providing a means of unob- rem in (b) above shall be sys- Illumination of Sec- 11-9.2.9 11-9.2.10 Marking (No requirements.) 11-9.2.11 Special Means of Escape Requirements. 11-9.2.11.1 Every door in a means of egress shall not be less than 28 in. (71 cra) wide. Exception: Bathroom doors shall be not less than 24 in. (64 cm) wide. 11-9.2.11.2' Every closet door latch shall be such that chil- dren can open the door from inside the closet. 11-9.2.113 Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit the opening of :the locked dOOr ~from the outside in an emergency. The opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff. 11-9.3 Protection. 11-93.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. (No special provi- sions.) 11-9.3.2 Protection from Hazards. (No requirements.) 11-9.3.3 Interior Finish. 11-933.1 The interior finish in exits shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. 1994 EDITION EXISTING EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-115 11-9.3.3.2 The interior finish in occupied spaces in the home shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accordance with Sec- tion 6-5. 11-9.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 11-9.3.4.1 Within the family day-care home, smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with 7-6.2.9. Exception: Family day-ca-re homes that house clients six years of age or older if no sleeping facilities are provided. 11-93.4.2 Where the family day-care home is located within a building of another occupancy, such as in an apartment or office building, any corridors serving the family day-care home shall be provided with a smoke detection system in accordance with Section 7-6. 11.9.3.43 Single-station smoke detectors in accordance with 7-6.2.9 powered by the building electrical system or system detectors with integral sounding devices in accordance with 7-6,1.4 shall be provided in all moms used for sleeping. Exception: Existing battery-powered detectors rather than house electric service-powered detectors;shall be accepted where, in the opinion of the authority having jurisdiction, the facility has dem- onstrated testing, maintenance, and battery replacement pro- grams that ensure reliability of power to the detectors. 11-9.4 Special Provisions. 11-9.4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. Window- less or underground buildings shah comply with Section 30-7. 11-9.4.2 High Rise Buildings. (Reserved.) 11-9.5 Building Services. 11-9.5.1 Electrical Services. 11-9.5.1.1 Electrical wiring shah be installed in accordance with Section 7-1. 11-9.5.1;2 Special protective covers for electrical receptacles shall be installed in all areas occupied by children under six years of age. 11-9.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equipment 11.9.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-2. 11-9.5.2.2 Unvented fuel-fired room heaters shall not be permitted. 11-9.5.2.3 Any heating equipment in spaces occupied by chil- dren shall be provided with partitions, screens, or other means to protect children under six years of age from hot surfaces and open flames. If solid partitions are used to provide such pro- tection, provisions shall be made to ensure adequate air for combustion and ventilation for the heating equipment. 1994 EDITION 101-116 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 12 NEW HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 12-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 12-1.1 Application. (See also Section 1-4.) 12-1.1.1 General. 12-1.1.1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to: (a) New buildings or portions thereof used as health care occupancies (see Section 1-4); and (b) Additions made to, or used as, a health care occupancy (see 1-4.5 and 12-1.1.4); and Exception to (b): Additions classified as occupancies other than health care that are properly separated from the health care occu- pancy in accordance with 12-1.2.1 and conform to the requirements for the specific occupancy in accordance with Chapters 8 through 11 and Chapters 14 through 29, as appropriat~ (c) Alteiations, modernizations, or renovations of existing health care occupancies (see 1-4.6 and 12-1 1 4); and (dj Existing buildings or portions thereof upon change of occupancy to a heaith ~are o~cupancy (see 1-6.3). Exception*: Facilities where the authority having jhrisdiction has determined equivalent safety has been provided in accor- dance with Section l-5. 12-1.1.1.2 This chapter establishes life safety requirements for the design of all new hospitals, nursing homes, and limited care facilities. Where requirements vary, the specific subclass of health care occupancy is named in the paragraph pertaining thereto. Section 12-6 establishes life safety requirements for all new ambulatory health cave centers. 12-1.1.1.3 Health care occupancies shall be those that pro- vide medical care and treatment of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease, or infirmity, including infants, convalescents, or infirm aged persons. 12-1.1.1.4 Health care facilities provide sleeping accommo- dations for their occupants and are occupied by persons who are mostly incapable of self-preservation because of age, phys- ical or mental disability, or because of security measures not under the occupants' control. 12-1.1.1.5 This chapter also covers ambulatory health care centers as defined in 12-1.3. (See Section 12-6for requirements.) 12-1.1.1.6 Buildings or sections of buildings that primarily house patients who, in the opinion of the governing body of the facility and the governmental agency having jurisdiction, are capable of judgment and appropriate physical action for self- preservation under emergency conditions shall be permitted to comply with chapters of the Code other than Chapter 12. 12-1.1.1.7 It shall be recognized that, in buildings housing certain types of patients or having detention rooms or a secu- rity section, it might be necessary to lock doors and bar win- dows to confine and protect building inhabitants. In such 1994 EDITION instances, the authority having jurisdiction shall make appro- priate modifications to those sections of this Code that would othen~ise require means of egress to be kept unlocked. 12-1.1.1.8 Buildings or sections of buildings that house older persons and that provide activities that foster continued inde- pendence but do not include services distinctive to health care ~acilities (as defined in 12-1.3) shall be permitted to comply with the requirements of other sections of this Code, such as Chapters 18 or 22. or include all buildings t in 12-1.3. facili- for their shall be are based on occupied as required in pro- the probability of r lim- iting to the room of fire ~or occupant evacu- ation, 12-1.1.3 Total Concept. All health care facilities shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated to minimize the possibility of a fire emergency requiring the evacuation of occupants. B~cause the safet~ of health care occupants cannot be ensured adequately by d~pendence on evacuation of the building, their px:otecti~n fron~ fire shall be provided by appro- priate arrangement of facilities, adequate staffing, and devel- opment of operating and maintenance procedures composed of the following: (a) Design, construction, and compartmentation; and (b) Provision for detection, alai:m, and extinguishment; and (c) Fire prevention and the planning, training, and drilling in programs for the isolation of fire, transfer of occupants to areas of refuge, or evacuation of the building. 12-1.1.4 Additions, Conversions, Modernization, Renovation, and Construction Operations. (See also 1-4.5 and 1-4.6.) 12-1.1.4.1 Additions. Additions shall be separated from any existing structure not conforming to the provisions within Chapter 13 by a fire barrier having at least a 2-hour fire resis- tance rating and constructed of materials as required for thc addition. 12-1.1.4.2 Communicating openings in dividing fire barriers rexluired by 12-1.1.4.1 shall occur only in corridors and shall bc pro- tected by approved self-closing fire doors. (See also Section 6-2.) 12-1.1.4.3 Doors in barriers required by 12-1.1.4.1 shall nor- really be kept closed. Exception: Doors shall be permitted to be held open if they meet the requirements of 12-2.2.2.6. NEW HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-117 12-1.1.4.4 Conversions. Conversions shall comply with 1-6.3. A conversion from a hospital to a nursing home or from a nurs- ing home to a hospital shall not be considered a change in occupancy or occupancy subelassification. 12-1.1.4.$* Renovations, Alterations, and Modernizations. Renovations, alterations, and modernizations shall comply, to the extent practical, with requirements for new construction in accor- dance with 1-4.6. Where renovations, alterations, or moderniza- tions are done in a nonsp~inidered facility, the automatic sprin- kler requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply to the smoke compartment undergoing the renovation, alteration, or modern- ization. However, in cases where the building is not protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system, the qeqUirements of 13~1.6 and 13-2.3.2. shall also apply. Exception ~ 2 to !2-3.7.3 shall be Permitted only where ~tdjacent smoke compartments are prOtected throughout by an approved, super- vised autOmatic sprinkler system in accordance with 12-3.5.2. Where minOr renovations, alterations, modernizations, or repairs are done in a nOnsprinldered facility, the requirements of 12-3.5~1 shall not apply, bUt, in such cases; the.renovations, alterations, modernizatiOnS, or repairs shall not reduce life Safety bel°w that which existed before, nor below the requirements of Chapter 13 for nonsprinklered buildings: See 1-6.2 and Chapter during construction. 12-1.2 Mixed Occnpancies. (See also 4-1.11.) 12-1.2,1' Sections of health care facilities shall be permitted tobe classified as: other occupancies if they meet all of the fol- lowing conditions: (a) TheY are not intended to serve health care occupants for pUrposeS of housing, treatment, or customary access by patient~ incapable of sci'-preservation. (b) They are adequately separated from areas of health care occupancies by construction having a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours. 12-1.2.2 Ambulatory care centers, medical clinics, and simi- lar facilities lhat are contiguous to health care occupancies but are primarily intended to provide outpatient services shall be per~nitted i0 be Classified as business occupancies or ambula- tory health care OCcupancies, provided the facilities are sepa- rated from the health care occupancy by not less than 2-hour fire resistance,rated construction and the facility is not intended to provide services simUltaneously for four or more health care patients who are litter-borne. 12-1.2.3 Healthl care OCcupancies in buildings housing other OCcupancies shall be completely separated from them by con- struction having a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours as provided for additions in 12-1.1.4. 12-1.2.4 All means of egress from health care occupancies that traverse non-health care spaces shall conform to require- ments of this Code for.health c~re occupancies. Exception: It shall be permissible to ~dt through a horizontal exit [nto other contiguous occupancies that do not conform with health care egress provisions but that do comply with require- ments set forth in the appropriate occupancy chapter of this Code, provided the occupancy does not contain high hazard con- tents. The horizontal exit shall comply with the requirements of 12-2.2.5. 12-1.2.5 Auditoriums, chapels, staff residential areas, or other occupancies provided in connection with health care facilities shall have means of egress provided in accordance with other applicable sections of the Code. 12-1.2.6 Any area with a hazard of contents classified higher than that of the health care occupancy and located in the same building shall be protected as required in ].2-3.2. 12-1.2.7 Non-health care related occupancies classified as comaining high hazard contents shah not be permitted in buildings housing health care occupancies. 12-13' Speciai Definitions. Ambulatory Health Care Centers. A building or part of a building used to provide services or treatment to four or more patients at the same time that meets the criteria of either (a) or (b) below. (a) Facilities that provide, on an outpatient basis, treat- ment for patients incapable of taking action for self- preservation under emergency conditions without assistance from others. (b) Facilities that provide, on an outpatient basis, surgi- cal treatment requiring general anesthesia. Hospital. A building or part thereof used on a 24-hour basis for the medical, psychiatric, obstetrical, or surgical care of four or more inpatients. The term hospital, wherever used in this Code, shall include general hospitals, psychiatric hospi- tals, and specialty hospitals. Limited Care Facility. A building or part of a building used on a 24-hour basis for the housing of four or more per- sons who are incapable of self-preservation because of age, physical limitations due to accident or illness, or mental limita- tions such as mental retardation/developmental disability, mental illness, ~or chemical dependency. Nursing Home. A building or part of a building used on a 24-hour basis for the housing and nursing care of four or more persons who, because of mental or physical incapacity, might be unable to provide for their own needs and safe~y without the assistance of another person. The tena~ "nursing home," wherever used in this Code, shall include nursing and convales- cent homes, skilled nursing facilities, intern~ediate care facili- ties, and infirmaries in homes for the aged. 12-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 12-1.3.) 12-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The classifica- tion of hazard of contents shall be as defined in Section 4-2. 12-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. 12-1.6.1 For the purpose Of 12-1.6, the number of stories shall be counted starting with the primary level of exit dis- charge and ending with the highest occupiable level. For the purposes of this section, the primary level of exit discharge of a building shall be the lowest story whose Qoor is level with or above finished grade on the exterior wall line for 50 percent or more of its perimeter. Building levels below the primary level shall not be counted as a story. 12-1.6.2 Health care occupancies shall be limited to the types of building construction permitted by Table 12-1.6.2 (see 6-2.~). 199~ EDITION 101-118 LIFE SAFETY CODE Table 12-1.6.2 Construction Type Limitations I Stories Construction Type 1 2 3 4 or More ] 443) ] 332) } X X X X II 222) J II(111) x x x N.P. II 900)~ X N.P. N.P. N.P. III 200) N.P. N.P. N.P. N.P. IV~ ~-HH) X N.P. N.P. N.P~ V~ }001 N.P. N.P. N.P. N.P; X: permitted type of construction N. P2 :Not Permitted Exception: Any building of Type I, Type H(222), II(111) construction shall be permitted to include roofing systems involving combustible suppo~s, decking, or roofing, ~r~viJled: (a) The roof covering meets Class .4 requirements in accor- dance with NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, and (b) The roof is separated from all occupied portions of the building by a noncombustible floor assembly having at least a 2-hour fire resistance rating that includes at least 21/2 ir~ (6.4 cra) I~ concrete or g~psum fill Structural elements Supporting the 2-hour ~J~ resistance rated floor assembly shall be~required to have only the ftre resistance rating required of the building. 12-L6.3 All interior wails and partitions in buildings of Type I or Type' II construction shall be of noncombustible or limited'combUstible materials. 12-1.C4 Openings for the passage of pipes or conduit in walls or partitions that are required to Have f~re-resisting or smoke- resisting Capability shall be protected in accordance with 12-1.C5 For construction requirements of enclosures of ver- cal openings between floors, see 12-3,1. 12-L6+6 All buildings with mo~e than one level below the level of exit discharge shall have ~all such lower levels separated from the level of exit discharge by at least Type II(111) construction. 12-1.7 Occupant Load. The occupant load for which means of gress shall be prowded for any floor shah be the maxamum number of perSOns intended to occuPY that floor but not less than one per- mn fog each 120 sq ft (iL1 sqm) of gross floor area in health care sleeping dePartments ~and not Iess than one person for each 240 sqft (22.3 sq m) of gross floor area of inpatient health care treatmgnt deP~ents~ Cjmss flOOr areas shall be measured within the exterior building walls with n° deductions (See Chapter 3 ) SECTION 12-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 12-2.1 ~;eneral. Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit dis- charge, exit location, mad access shall be in accordance with Chapter 5. Exception: As modified by 12-2.2 through 12-2.11. 1994 EDITION 12-2.2' Means of Egress Components. 12-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 12-2.2.2 through 12-2.2.8. 12-2.2.2 Doors. 12-2,2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 12-2.2.2.2' Locks shall not be permitted on patient sleeping ro°m doors. ~ restrict to the only by staff from devices shall not shall be permitted care occttparl- · specialized are carried by s of egress shall be 12-2.2 be of a tool Exception No. 1: Door lockingarr..angements shall be permitted in health care occupancies orp' brtion~ . ~ot* health care occuvan_ - cies where the clinicalneedsofthe! Patients require specialized security measures for their~ saf~ty, p[ovided keys are carried by staff at all ames, (See ]2-Zl.~.~ a~g ~2~2.2.Z5.) Exception No. 2*: Delayed egressi locks complying with 5~2./.6.1 shall be :permitte~ proV~¢d not more than one such device is located if~ any egr~ path, Exception No. 3: Access-c6ntrolled!e 'ess doors corn in with 5-2.1.6.2 shall be permitted. ~ ~ly g that are per- of this chapter shall have ~ removal of occu- locks or by ~ ' one Exception: Locks installed [in accordance with Exceptions No. 2 and 3 to 12-2.2.2.4. enclo- sure s, and mechanical ,~ held open only by an au 5-2.1.8. The the sys- tems to initiate the throughout the ~, are held open by an initiation of a all doors at all lev- els in ~ NEW HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-119 12-2.2.2.8 High rise health care occupancies shall comply with the reentry provisions of 5-2.1.5.2. Selected doors on stairways shall be permitted to be equipped with hardware that prevents reentry in accordance with Exception No. 1 to 5-2.1.5.2. 12.2.2.2.9 Horizontal sliding doors, as permitted by 5-2.1.14, that are not automatic-closing shall be limited to a single leaf and shall have a latch or other mechanism that will ensure that doors will not rebound into a partially open position if force- fully closed in an emergency. 12-2.2,3 Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 12-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 12-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 and the modifications that follow shall be permitted: (a) At least 30 net sq ft (2.8 net sq m) per patient in a hos- home or 15 net sq ft (1,4 net sq m) per resident pital or nursing in a limited care facility shall be provided within the aggre- gated area of corridors, patient rooms, treatment rooms, lounge or dining areas' a~d other low hazard areas on each side of the horizontal exit. On stories not housing bed or litter patients, at least 6 net sql ft (0.56 net sq m) per occupant shall be provided on each side of the horizontal exit for the total number of occupants in adjmmng compartments. (b) A single door shall be permitted in a horizontal exit if the exit serves one directiononly. Such door shall be a swinging door or a horizontal sliding doo3 cOmPlying with 5-2.1.14: The door I shall be a minimum of 41.5 in. (105 cm) in clear width. (c) A horizontal exit involving a corridor 8 ft (2.4 m) or more in width serving asa means of egress from both sides of the doorway shall have ithe opening protected by a pair of swinging do'rs arrangedi to swing in opposite directions from leach other, with each door having a dear width of at least 41.5 in. (105 cm), or a horizOntal sliding doorcOmplying with 5-2.1.14 and pro;Ading a clear width of at least 83 in. (211 cna). (d) ft (1.8 m) or more m of the by a pair of directions from a clear width of at least door complying with least 64 in. (163 cna). iz(e)o~ial required in each hot- the of the other exits (stairs, 1ding) shall not be entire area of 12-2.2.6 Ramps. 12-2.2.6.1 Ramps complying with the requirements of 5-2.5 for Class A ramps shall be permitted. Exception: A Class B ramp shall be permitted where the height of the ramp is 1 ft (30.5 cra) or less. 12-2.2.6.2 Ramps enclosed as exits shall be of sufficient width to provide egress capacity in accordance with 12-2.3.2. 12-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. I12-2.2.8 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge used as part of a required accessible means of egress shall comply with 5-2.12. 12-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 12-23.1 The capacity of any required means of egress shall be based on its width, as defined in Section 5-3. 12-2.3.2 The capacity of means of egress providing travel by means of stair~ shall be 0.3 in. (0.8 em) per person, and the capacity of means of egress providing horizontal travel (with- out stairs) by means such as doors, ramps, or horizontal exits shall be 0.2 in. (0.5 em) per person. 12-2.3.3 Aisles, corridors, and ramps required for exit access in a hospital or nursing home shall be at least 8 ft (2.4 m) in clear and unobstructed width. Where ramps are used as exits, see 12-2.2.6. Exception No. l*: Aisles, corridors, and ramps in adjunct areas not intended for the housing treatmeng or use of inpatients shall be a minimum of 44 in. (112 cra) in clear and unobstructed width. Exception No. 2*: Exit access within a room or suite of rooms complying with the requirements of 12-2.5. 12-23.4 Aisles, corridors, and ramps required for exit access in a limited care facility or hospital for psychiatric care shall be at least 6 ft (1.8 m) in clear and unobstructed width. Where ramps are used as exits, see 12-2.2.6. Exception No. 1': Aisles, corridors, and ramps in adjunct areas not intended for the housing treatment, or use of inpatients shall be a minimum of 44 in. (112 cm) in clear and unobstructed width. Exception No. 2*: Exit access within a room or suite of rooms complying with the requirements of 12-2.5. 12-23.5 The minimum clear width for doors in the means of egress from sleeping rooms; diagnostic and treatment areas, such as X-ray, surgery, or physical therapy; and nursery rooms shall be as follows: (a) Hospitals and nursing homes: 41.5 in. (105 em). (b) Psychiatric hospitals and limited care facilities: 32 in. (81 em). Exception No. 1: Doors that are located so as not to be subject to use by any health care occupant shall be not less than 32 in. (81 cra) in clear width. Exception No. 2: Doors in exit stair enclosures shall be not less than 32 in. (81 cra) in clear width. Exception No. 3: Doors serving newborn nurseries shall be not less than 32 in. (81 cra) in clear width. Exception No. 4: Where a pair of doors is provided, at least one of the doors shall provide a minimum 32-in. (81-cm) clear width opening and a rabbet, bevel, or astragal shall be provided at the meeting edge. The inactive leaf shall have an automatic flush bolt to provide positive latching. 1994 EDITION 101-120 LIFE SAFETY CODE 12-2.4 Number of Exits. 12-2.4.1 At least two exits of the types described in 12-2.2.2 through 12-2.2.8, remotely located from each other~ shall be provk]ed for each floor or fire section of the buildingi 12.2.4.2 At least one exit from each floor or fire section shall be one of the following: (a) A door leading directly outside the building, or (b) A stair, or (c) A sm0keproof enclosure, or (d) A ramp, or (e) An exit passageway. Any fire section not meeting these requirements shah be considered part of an adjoining zone. Egress shall not require return through the Zone bf fire origin 12-2.4.3' At least two exits of the types described in 12-2,2.2 through 12-2.2.8 shall be accessible from each smoke compart- ment. Egress shall .be permitted through adjacent compart- ment(s), but shall not require return through the compartment of fire origin. 12-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 12-2.5.1 Every habitable room shall have an exit access door leading directly to 'an exit access corridor. Exception No. 1: If there is an exit door Opening directly to the outside of the room at ground level. Exception No. 2: Patient sleeping rooms shall be permitted to have one intervening room if the intervening room is not used as an exit access for more than eight patient sleeping beds. Exception No. 3: Special nursing suites shall be permitted to have one intervening room where the arrangement allows for direct and constant visual supervision by nursing pebsonnel. Exception No. 4: For rooms other than patients' sleeping rooms, one or more adjacent rooms shall be permitted to inter- vene in accordance with 12-2.5. 7. 12-2.5.2 Any patient sleeping room, or any suite that includes patient sleeping rooms, of more than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m)shall have at least two exit access doors remotely located from each other. Any room or any suite of rooms, other than patient sleeping rooms, of more than 2,500 sq ft (230 sq m) shall have at least two exit access doom remotely located from each other, 12-2.53 Any suite of rooms ~that complies with the require- ments of 12-2.5 shall be permitted to be subdivided with non- fire-rated, noncombustibie or limited-combustible partitions. 12-2.5,4 Intervening rooms shall not be hazardous areas as defined by 12-3.2. 12-2.5.5 Suites of sleeping rooms shall not exceed 5,000 sq ft (460 sq m). 12-2.5.6 Suites of rooms, other than patient sleeping rooms, shall not exceed 10,000 sq ft (930 sq m). 1994 EDITION 12-2.5.7 Suites of rooms, other than patient sleeping rooms, shall be permitted to have one intervening room if the travel distance within the suite to the exit access door is not greater than 100 ft (30 rn) and shall be Peimitted to have two interven- ing rooms where the travel distance within the suite to the exit access door is not greater than 50 ft (15 m). 12-2.5,8 Every corridor least two ~ and 5-5 without spaces other than so that no 12-2.6 Travel with Section 5r6. be measured in accordance exit shall' not door required as ft (45 m); and in a health care room shall not exceed (d) in a suite of access door of that~ the exits shall be Means of egress 12-2.9 I provided in accordance 12-2.9~2 the use Health~ shall have emer- branch of Standardfor 12-2.10 12-2.10.1 Section 5-10. signs .in accordance with 12-2.10.2 Buildings equipped with of in which patients require the use of life-suppo[t Systems (see 12-5.1.3) shall have illumination of the required 6xi~ and directional siens surmlied by the hfe safety branch of the electrical system as described in NFPA 99, Standard for HeaIth Care Facilities , · Exception: Self-luminous exit signs ~ permitted by Exception No. 2 to 5-10.3.3. 12.-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) NEW HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-121 SECTION 12-3 PROTECTION 12-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 12-3.1.1 Any stairway, ramp, elevator hoistway, light or ven- tilation shaft, chute, or other Vertical opening between stories shall be enclosed in accordance with 6-2.4 with construction havin the following minimum fire resistance ratings: One hour in buildings required to be of 1-hour construction. ) One hour for enclosures connecting not more than thl ,' floors. :) Two hours for enclosures connecting more than three floors. Ex ~tion No. 1: Vertical openings that are not concealed witl t the building constructiot~ do not connect to a corridor, do not 9nnect more than two levels, and do not serve as a means of ~gress need not comply with these regulations. Exception No. 2: Duct penetrations of floor assemblies that are pro ~ected in accordance with NFP, d 90,4, Standard for the lnsi allation of `4ir Conditioning and Ventilating Systems. Exx eption No. 3: Floor and ceiling openings for pipes or con- dui s where the opening around the pipes or conduits is sealed in an ~pproved manner. ~(See 6-2.3.6.5.) Ex~ ,.ption No. 4: ,4n atrium: shall be permitted in accordance wit~ 6-2.4.6. Exception No. l to 6-2.4.6(g) shall not apply to pat mt sleeping and treatment rooms. 12- 5.1.2 A door in a stair enclosure shall be self-closing and sh~ 11 normally be kept in a clOsed position. Ex~ ~eption: Doors in stair enclosures held open under the con- diti ~ specified by 12-Z2. Z6 and 12-2.2.2. Z 12-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 12. 3.2.1' Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be pr{ ,tected in accordance with Section 6-4. The following areas sh~ .ll be protected as indicated. Hazardous Area Description Separation/Protection Boiler and fuel-fired heater rooms EmPloyee locker rooms .G.i~[/retail shops Hapdicraft shops Lalmratories employing flammable or com- bustible materials in quantities less than t_hat which would be considered severe Laboratories that use hazardous materials that would cause classification as severe ~azard in accordance with NFPA 99, Stan- dard for Health Care Facilities Central/bulk laundries more than 100 sq ft .3 sq m) in area Paint shops employing hazardous substances find materials in quantities less than that vhich would causb classification as severe lazard PI ~,sical plant maintenance shops So led linen rooms St~ ~rage rooms more than 50 sq ft(4.6 sq m) n area but not more thanl00 scl ft (9.3 sq n) in area storing combustible material S1 ~rage rooms more than 100 sq ft(9.3 sq m) ;toring combustible material Tr ~sh collection rooms 1-hr See 12-3.6.3.3 See 12-3.6.3.3 See 12-3.6.3.3 See 12-3.6.3.3 1-hr 1 -hr 1-hr 1 -hr 1-hr ~e12-3.6.3.3 1-hr 1-hr 12-3.2.2' Laboratories. Laboratories employing quantities of flammable, combustible, or hazardous materials that are considered as severe hazard shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 99; Standard for Health Care Facilities. 12-3.2.3 Anesthetizing Locations. Anesthetizing locations shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard fo~ Health Care Facilities. 12-3.2.4 Medical Gas. Medical gas storage and administra- tion areas shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. 12-3.2.5 Gift Shops. Gift shops shall be protected as hazard- ous areas where used for the storage or display of combustibles in quantities considered hazardous. Gift shops not considered hazardous and having separately protected storage shall be permitted to be: (a) Open to a lobby or corridor if the gift shop is not greater than 500 sq ft (46.5 sq m), or (b) Separated from a lobby or corridor with non-fire-rated walls. 12-3.2.6 Cooking Facilities. Cooking facilities shall be pro- tected in accordance with 7-2.3. Exception*: Where domestic cooking equipment is used for food warming or limited cooking, protection or segregation of food preparation fac'dities shall not be required. 12-3.3 Interior Finish. 12-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish of walls and ceilings throughout shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. The provisions of 6-5.7.1 shall not apply. Exception No. I: Walls and ceilings shall be permitted to have Class A, Class B, or Class C interior finish in individual rooms having a capacity of not more than four persons. Exception No. Z Corridor wall finish up to 4 fi (1.2 m) in height that is restricted to the lower half of the wall shall be per- mitred to be Class ~1, Class B, or Class C. 12-3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 12-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 12-3.4.1 General. 12-3.4.1.1 Health care occupancies shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. 12-3.4.1.2 All required fire alarm systems and detection sys- tems shall be provided with a secondary power supply in accor- dance with -7-6.1.4. 12-3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- tems shall be bymanual means in accordance with 7-6.2 and by means of any required sprinkler system water flow alarms, detection devices, or detection systems. Exception: Fire alarm pull stations in patient sleeping areas shall not be required at exits if located at all nurses' control sta- tions or other continuously attended staff location, provided such pull stations are visible and continuously accessible and that travel distances required by 7-6.2.4 are not exceeded. 1994 EDITION 101-12,2 LIFE SAFETY CODE 12-3.4.3 Notification. 12-3.4.3..1 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be accomPlished automati~ally inaccordance with 7-6.3. Presignal systems shall be prohibited. .Ex~_ ePtion *: In lieu. of.audible :a~arm signals; visible ~ alarrn- indicating appliances shah be perrnitted to be used in critical care areas. Exception: ~ Smoke detection :devices ot smoke detection systems equipped:with reconfirmation features need not, autOmatically notify the fire depar~men:t unless the .alarm condition is reco~, firmed: after a ~maximum :120-SecOnd time pedod~ .. 12-3.4.3.3 Alarm annunciation shall be provided in accor- dance ~vith 7-6.7. ' ...... ~" ~ ~'" ' : Exception: The alarm zone shall be permitted, to coincide with the allowable area of smoke compartments. 12-3.4,4 Emergency Control. Operation of: any activating device in the req~fired fire alarm system sh0!..1 be arranged to accomplish automatically any contro! fflnctiorrs to be per- formed by that devige. (See'7-~5.5) -" ~' 12-3.4.5 Detection.1 12-3.4.5.1 Detection systems, where required, shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-6. 12-3.4.5.2 Detecti6n in Spades Open to Corridot-s. (See ~2-S. al.) 12-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 12-3.5.1' Buildings containing health care facilities.shall be protected throughout by. an approved, supervised 'automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with .Section 7-7. Exception: In Type I and Type H cofistruction, where approved by the authority having j'uri~diction, ~altemative protection, mea- sures shah be permitted to be substituted for ~pkinMer protection in specified areas where the authority haying jurisdiction has prohibited sprinklers, without cdusing a b~dlding robe classified as nonspdnklered. 12-3.5.2' Listed quick response or listed residential sprin- klers shall b~ used thro~ugfi~'t smoke c0~partments cor~tain- lng patient sleeping r°o~ms. Exception No. 1: Standard response.sprinklers shah be permit- ted for use in areas Where quick response and residential sprin- klers are prohibited from being installed by their listing. Exception NoJ 2: Standard response spdnklePs' shah be permit- ted for use in 'hazardous areas protected 'in accordance with 12-3.2.1. 12-3.5.3' Spr!nklers in areas where cubicle curtains are installed shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Stan- dard for the InStallation of S~dnkler Systems. 12-3.5.4 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all health care occupancies in accordance with 7-7.4A. 1994 EDITION 12-3.6 Corridors. 12-3.6.1 Corridors shall be separated from all other areas by partitions complying with 12-3.6:2 through 12:3 6.5 (See also 12-2.5.8.) Exceptibn No. 1: Spaces shall be permitted to be unlimited in area and open to th~ cOrridor provi'ded: · (a ) The spaces are not used for patient sleepmg rooms, treat- ment rooms, or haZardous areas, and (b) ~paces same 12-3~ 4 is (c) 12-3.4, or direct (d) The space does not obstruct access to required exits. Exception No. 2: Waiting areax shall be permitted to be open to: the corridor provided: '(a) The aggregate waiting area in each smoke compartment does not exceed 600 sq ft (5~. 7 sq m), and . ~ (b) Each area is protected by an electrically supervised, automatic smoke detection system installed in accordance with 12-3.4, or each area is arranged and located to permit direct supervision by the facility staff from a nursing stat[on[or similar space, and (c) The area does not obstruct access to required exits. Exception No. 3*: Space for nurses' stations. Exception No. 4: Gift shops open to the corridor where pro- tected in accordance with 12-3.2.5. Exception No..5: In a limited care facility, group meeting or multipurpose therapeutic spaces shall be permitted to open to the corridor provided: (a) The space is not a hazardous area, and (b) The space is protected by an electrically supervised, auto- matic smoke detection system installed in accordance with 12-3.4, or the space is arranged and located to permit direct supervision by the facility staff from the nurses' station or similar location, and (c) The area does not obstruct access to required exits. 12-3.6.2' Construction of Corridor Walls. Corridor Walls shall form a barrier to limit the transfer of smoke. Such walls shall be permitted to terminate at the ceiling where the ceiling is constructed to limit the transfer of smoke. No fire resistance rating is required for corridor walls. 12-3.625' Corridor Doors. 12-3.6.3.1 Doors protecting corridor openings shall be con- structed to resist the .passage of smoke. NEW HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-123 Exception: Doors to toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms, sink closets, and similar auxiliary spaces that do not contain flammable or combustible materials. 12-3.6.3.2 Doors shall be provided with positive latching haldware. Roller latches shall be prohibited. Exception: Doors to toilet rooms,~ bathrooms, shower rooms, sink closets, and similar auxiliary spaces that do not contain flammable Or cOmbustible materials. not be required on :hose serving exits, or hazardous 12 fo~ let ed as' ar, 12 pr E~ s# fl~ ta sl, th P Cl al r£ 3,6.3.4 Dutch doors shall be permitted where they con- a~ to 12-3.6.3, and, in addition, both upper leaf and lower [ shall be equipped with a.latching device, and the meeting ges of the ul~p~r and lower leaves shall be equipped with an ~agal, rabb~, or bevel. Dutch doors protecting openings in enclosures around haz- tous areas shall comply with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire ~rs and Fire Windows. 3.6.4 Transfer Grilles. Transfer grilles; whether or not ~tected by fusible link-operated dampers, shall not be used these walls or doors. ception: Doors to toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms, .k closets, and similar auxiliary spaces that do not contain tamable or combustible materials. -3.6.5 Openings. In other than smoke compartments con- tning.patient bedrooms, miscellaneous openings such as mail ~ts, pharmacy pass-through windows, laboratory pass- rough windows, and cashier pass-through windows shall be .rmitted to be installed in vision panels or doors without spe- fl protection, provided the aggregate area of openings per om does not exceed 80 sq in. (520 sq em) and the openings e installed at or below half the distance from the floor to the om c~iling. ,-3.7' Subdivision of Building Spaces, ;-3.7.1 Smoke barriers shall be provided as follows: (a) To divide every story used by inpatients for sleeping or :atment into at least two smoke compartments, and (b) To divide every story having an occupant load of 50 or ore persons, regardless of use, into at least two smoke c0m- ~rtments, and (c) To limit the size of each smoke compartment required by ) and (b) to an area not eXceeding 22,500 sq ft (2,100 sq m), and · ception to (c): The area of an atrium separated in accor- tnce with 6-2.4.6 shall not be limited in size. (d) To limit the travel distance from any point to reach a 3or in the required smoke barrier to 200 ft (60 m). ~.-3.7.2 Smoke barriers shall be provided on stories that are ~ble but unoccupied. 12-3.7.3 Any required smoke barrier shall be' constructed in accordance with Section' 6-3 and shall have a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. Exception No. I: Where an atrium is used, smoke barriers shall be permitted to terminate at an atdum wall constructed in accor- dance with Exception No. 2 to 6-Z 4.6(g). A minimum of two separate smoke compartments shall be provided on each floor. Exception No. 2*: Dampers shall not be requiredin duct pen- etrations of smoke barriers in fully ducted heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems. 12-3.7.4 At least 30 net sq ft (2.8 net sq m) per patient in a hospital or nursing home or 15 net sq ft (1.4 net sq m) per res- ident in a limited care facility..shall be provided within the aggregate area of corridors, patient rooms, treatment rooms, lounge or dining areas, and other low hazard areas on each side of the smoke barrier. On stories not housing bed or litter patients, at least 6 ~net sq ft (0.56 net sq m) per occupant shall be provided on each side of the smoke b~rrier for the total number of occupants in adjoining compartments. 12-3.7.5' Doors in smoke barriers shall be substantial doors, such as 13/n-in. (4.4-cm) thick, solid bonded wood core or con- struction that will resist:fire for' at least 20 minutes. Cross cor- ridor openings in smoke barriers shall be protected by a pair of swinging doors or a horizontal sliding door complying with 5-2.1.14. Swinging doors shall be arranged so tha~ each door will swing in a direction opposite from the other. The minimum clear width for swinging doors shall be as follows: (a) Hospitals and nursing homes: 41.5 in. (105 em). (b) Psychiatric hospitals and limited care facilities: 32 in. (81 cm). The minimum clear width opening for horizontal sliding doors shall be as follows: (a) Hospitals and nursing homes: 83 in. (211 em). (b) Psychiatric hospitals and limited care facilities: 64 in. (163 em). 12-3.7.6' Doors in smoke barriers shall comply with 6-3.4 and shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 12-2.2.2.6. 12-3.7.7 Vision panels consisting of a fixed fire window assembly in accordance with 6-2.3.4 shall be provided in each cross corridor swinging door and at each cross corridor hori- zontal sliding door in a smoke barrier. 12-3.7.8 Rabbets, bevels, or astragals shall be required at the meeting edges, and stops shall be required at the head and sides of door frames in smoke barriers. Positive latching hardware shall not be required. Center mullions shall be prohibited. 12-3.8 Special Protection Features. 12-3.8.1' Outside Window or Door. Every patient sleeping room shall have an outside window or outside door. The max- imum allowable sill height shall not exceed 36 in. (91 em) above the floor. 1994 EDITION 101-124 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 1: The window sill in special nursing care areas, such as those housing ICU, CCU, hemodialysis, and neonatal patients, shall not exceed 60 in. (152 cra) ab[~ve the floor. Exception No. 2: Newborn nurseries and rooms intended for occupancy for less than 24 hours, such as those hoUSing obstet- rical labo'r ~eds, rec°very beds, and obskrvation beds in t~e emer- gency department. Exception No. 3: Windows in atdum walls shall be considered outs[de windows for .the purposes of this irequirement,: Exception No. 4: The window sill in limited care faeilities shall not exceed 44 in. (112 cra) aboVe the floor. SECTION 12-4 SPECIAL :PROVISIONS s or win- dowless be' used for patient sleeping ~ windowless portions 12-4.2 High Rise Buildings. High rise buildings shall comply with 30-8.2. 12-4.3 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 12-5 BUILDING SERVICES 12-5.1 Utilities. 12-5.1.1 Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 12-5.1.2 Power for alarms, emergency communications sys- tems, and the illumination of generator set locations shall be in accordance with the life safety branch requirements of NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. 12-5.1.3 Any health care occupancy, as indicated in 12-1.1.1.2, that normally utilizes life-support devices shall have electrical systems designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 99, ~Standard for Health Care Facilities. Exception: This requirement shall not apply to a facility that uses life-support equipment for emergency purposes only 12-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 12-5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning shall com- ply with the provisions of Section 7-2 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. Exception: As modified in 12-5.Z2. 12-5.2.2' Any heating device other than a central heating plant shall be designed and installed so that combustible mate- rial will not be ignited by:it or its appurtenances. If fuel-fired, such heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly from outside, and shall be designed and installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere of the occupied area. ;Any heating device Shall have safety features to immedi- ately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in case of either excessive temperatures or ignition failure. 1994 EDITION Exception No. 1: Approved, suspended unit heaters shall be permitted in locations other than means of egress and patient sleeping areas, provMed such heaters are located high enough to be out they Exception No. 2: ~sed only in areas age a lock be per- Section 7-4. 12-5.4 RUbbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. 12-5.4.1 Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 12-5.4.2 Any rubbish chute or linen chute; inclUding pneu- matic, rubbish, and linen systems, shall be: p' r°Vid~d with aUto- matra extinguishing protection installed in accordance with Section 7-7. (See Sec[ion 7-5.) 12-5.4.3 Any trash chute shall discharge lng room used for no other purpose and dance with Section 6-4. in accor~ 12-5.4.4 Any incinerator shall not shall any floor charging chute bustion chamber. nor SECTION 12-6 NEW AMBULATORY HEALTH CARE CENTERS 12-6.1 General Requirements. 12-6.1.1 Application. 12-6.1.1.1 Ambulatory health care centers shall comply with the provisions of Chapter 26 and this section, whichever is more stringent. The provisions of Sections 12-2 through 12-5 shall not apply to this section unless a specific requirement is referenced by this section. 12-6.1.1.2 This section establishes life safety requirements, in addition to those required in Chapter 26, for the design of all ambulatory health care centers and outpatient surgical centers that meet the requirements of 12-1.3. 12-6.1.2 (Reserved.) 12-6.1.3 Special Definitions. (See 12-1.3.) 12-6.1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 12-1.3.) NEW HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-125 12-6.1.5 (Reserved.) 12-6.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. 12-6.1.6.1 For purposes of 12-6.1.6, the number of stories shall be counted starting with the primary level of exit dis- charge and ending with the highest-occupiable level. For the purposes of this section, the primary level of exit discharge of a bu[lding shall be that fl~or that is l~vel with or above fihished gn tde of the exterior wall line for 5{} percent or more of its pe dmeter. 12.6.1.6.2 Buildings of one story in height housing ambula- tO] y heal[h care centers shall be of Type I, Type II, Type III, ~[ pe IV, or Type V constrUction. (Se~ ~-2.1.) 4.1.6.3 Buildings of two or more stories in height housing an tbulatory health care centers shall be of Type I(443), Type I(:~32), Type II(222), Type II(lll)/TYpe III(211), Type I'v (2HH), or Type V(!ll) Construction. (See 6-2.1.) E~ception: Buildings constructed of Type H(O00), Type IL'(~O0), or Type 12(O00); if protected ihroughout by an a£ oroved, supe~v-ised automatic ~prinMer system in accordance wi'h Section 7-7. 12.6.1;6.4 Any level below the level of exit discharge shall be se ~arated from the level of exit discharge by at least Type II~ii1I),~ Type III(211), or Type V(lll) construction. (See 6-:.1.) EJ ception: Separation shall not be required .for. such levels if ti, ,~y are under the control of the ambulatory health care center ar d any hazardous spaces are protected in accordance with Sec- tirn 6-4. H-6.1.6.5 Where new ambulatory health care centers are 1o :ated in existing buildings, the authority having jurisdiction s~ all be permitted to accept construction systems of lesser fire re sistance than required above if it can be demonstrated to the at thority's satisfaction that prompt evacuation of the Center cz n be achieved in case of fire or that the exposing occupancies m d materials of construction present no threat of fire penetra- tb ~n from such occupancy to the ambulatory health care center o~ to the collapse of the structure. 1~.-6.1.7 Occupant Load. (See 26-1.7.) 1: cl C -6.2 Means of Egress Requirements. -6.2.1 General. Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit dis- ~arge, exit location, and access shall be in accordance with aapter 5. cception: As modified by 12-6.2.2 through 12-6. Z 11. E :-6.2.2 Means of Egress Components. E',-6.2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to t~ e types described in 26-2.2: 12-6-2.2.2 Special locking arrangements complying with 5-2.1.6 shall be permitted on exterior doors. / 12-6.2.2.3 Any door in an exit pasSageway, horizontal exit, smoke barrier, stairway enclosure, or hazardous area enclo- stlre shall.be permitted to be held open only by an automatic release device that complies with 5-2.1.8. The required manual fire alarm system and the systems required by 5-2.1.8(c) shall be arranged to initiate the dosing action of all such doors by zone or throughout the entire facility. 12-6.2.2.4 Where doors in a stair enclosure are held open by an automatic device as permitted in 12-6.2.2.3, initiation of a door closing action on any level shall cause all doors at all lev- els in the stair enclosure to close. 12-6.2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 12-6.2.3.1 The capacity of any required means of egress shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of 26-2.3 and shall be based on its width as defined in Section 5-3. 12-6.2.3.2 The minimum width of any corridor or passageway required for exit access shall be44 in. (112 em) in clear width. 12-6.2.3.3 Doors ih the means of egress from diagnostic or treatment areas, such as X-ray, surgical, or physical therapy, shall provide a minimum clear width of 32 in. (81 em). 12-6.2.4 Number of Exits. 12-6.2.4.1 At least two exits of the types described in 26-2.2 that are remotely located from each othershall be provided for each floor or fire section of the building. 12-6.2.4.2 Any room and any suite of rooms of more than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m)shall have at least two exit.access doors remotely located from each other. 12-6.2.4.3 At least two exits of the types described in 26-2.2 shall be accessible from each smoke compartment. Egress shall be permitted through adjacent compartments, but shall not require return through the compartment of fire origin. 12-6.2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. (See 26-2.5.) 12-6.2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 12-6.2.6.1 Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 5-6. 12-6.2.6.2 Travel Distance. (a) The travel distance between any room door required as an exit access and an exit shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m); and (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m). Exception: The maximum travel distance permitted in (a) or (b) above shall be increased by 50 fi (15 m) in buildings pro- tected throughout by an approved, automatic spdnlder system. 12-6.2.7 Discharge from Exits. (See 26-2.7.) 12-6.2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8~ 12-6.2.9 .Emergency Lighting and Essential Electrical Sys- tems. 12-6.2.9.1 Emergency lighting shall be provided in accor- dance with Section 5-9. 1994 EDITION 101-126 LIFE SAFETY CODE 12-6.2.9.2 Where general anesthesia or life-support equip- ment is used, each ambulatory health care center shall be pro- vided with an essential electrical system in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. Exception: Where battery-operated equipment is provided and acceptable to the authoritY h-aving juri~diction. 12-6.2.10 Marking of Means: of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance With:~ection 5-~0. 12-6.2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) 12-6.3 Protection. 12-6.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. (See 26-3.1.) 12~6.3.2 Protection from Hazards. (See 26-3.2,) 12-6.3.2.1 Laboratories employing quantities of flammable, combustible, or hazardous ~ia~erlals that are considered as severe haZar~t shall be protected: in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard f°r Health C~re FaCilities. 12-6.3.2.2 Anesthetizing locations shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. 12-6.3.3 Interior Finish. (See 26-3.3.) 12-6.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 12-6.3.4.1 General. Ambulatory health care facilities shall be provided with fire alarm systems in accordance with Section 7-6, except as modified by 12-6.3.4.2 through 12-6.3.4.5. 12-6.3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation Of the required fire alarm systems shall be by manual, means in aCCordance with 7-6.2 and by means of any detection devices or: detection systems required. 12-6.3.4.3 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be accomplished automatically, without delay, upon operation of any fire alarm activating device by means of an internal audible alarm in accordance with 7-6.3. Exception: The presignal system allowed by Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall not be permitted 12-6.3.4.4 Emergency Forces Notification. Fire department notification shall be accomplished in accordance with 7-6.4. 12-6.3.4.5 Emergency Control. Operation of any activa.ting device in the required fire alarm system shall be arranged to accomplish automatically, without delay, any control functions required to be performed by that device. (See 7-65.) 12-63.5 Extinguishment ReqUirements. (See 26-3.5.) 12-6.3.5.1 Isolated hazardous areas shall be permitted to be protected in accordance with 7-7.1.2. Where more than two sprinklers are installed in a single area, water flow detection shall be provided to sound the building fire alarm or notify by a signal any constantly attended location, such as PBX, secu- rity, or emergency room, whereby necessary corrective action shall be directed. 12-6.3.5.2 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in ambulatory health care occupancies in accordance with 7-7.4.1. 1994 EDITION 12-6.3.6 Corridors. (See 26-3.6.) 12-6.3.6.1 Openings. In other than smoke compartments ~ openings such as ciall ;pe- room ceiling. 7, the aggregate area 80 sq in. (520 sq cra) 12-6.3.7 Subdivision of Building Space. 12-6.3.7.1 Ambulatory health care occupancies shall be sepa- at least from the floor shall bi bonded wood core or the eq with shall vision panels shal window dance with 6-2.3.4. 12-6.3.7.2 The ambulatory health, care facility shall be divided into at least two smoke compartments on patient treat, ment floors. Exception: Facilities of less than 2,000 sq ft (185 sq m) and protected by an approved, automatic smoke detection system. 12-6.3.7.3 Any required smoke barrier shall be constructed in accordance with Section 6-3 and shall have a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. 12-6.3.7.4 Vision panels in the smoke barrier shall be of fixed fire window assembhes tn accordance w~th 6-2.3.4. 12-63.7.5 At least 15 net sq fi (1.4 net sq m) per ambulatory health care facility occupant shall be provided within the aggregate area of corridors, patient ' rooms, treal[ment rooms, lounges, and other low hazard areas on each side of the smoke compartment for the total number of.occupants in adjoining compartments. The length and width of each smoke compart- ment shall be limited to not more than 150 ft (45 m). Exception No. 1: One dimension shall be permitted to be extended provided the total width plus length does not exceed 300 ft (91 m) and provided that travel distance from any room door to smoke barrier door or horizontal exit is not more than 150 f~ (45 m). Exception No. 2: The area of an atrium separated in accor- dance with 6-2. 4.6 shall not be limited in size. 12-6.3.7.6' Doors in smoke barriers shall be at least 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core or the equivalent and shall be self-closing. A vision panel shall be required. 12-6.3.7.7 Doors in smoke barriers shall normally be kept closed, or, if held open, they shall be equipped with automatic devices that will release the doors upon activation of: NEW HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-127 (a) The fire alarm system, and either Cb) A local smoke detector, or (c) A complete automatic fire extinguishing system or com- plete automatic fire detection system. 12-6.4 Special Provisions. (See Section 26-4.) 12-I.5 Building Services. 12-~.5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of gection 7-1. 12-~.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 1246.5.2.11 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning shall co~ply with the provisions of SeCtion,7-2 and shall be installed in ~ccordance with the manufacturer s specifications. / ExCeption: As modified in 12-6.5'2.2. 12/6.5.2.2 Any heating device other than a central heating plant shall be d~signed a~d installed so that combustible material will not be ignited by it or its appurtenances. If fuel-fired,such heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly from the outside, and shall be designed and installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere of the occupied area. Any heating device shall have safety features to immedi- ately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in case of either excessive temperature or ignition failure. Exception: Approved, suspended unit heaters shall be permitted in locations other than means of egress and patient treatment areas, provided such heaters are located high enough to be out of the reach of persons using the area 'and provi~led they are equipped with the safety featu~res required above. 12-6.5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with-the provisions of Section 7-4. 12-6.5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes Shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION 101-128 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 13 EXISTING HEALTH OCCUPANCIES ?See also Chapter 31.) CARE SECTION 13-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 13-1.1 Application. (See also Section 1~4.) 13-1.1.1 General. 13-1.1.L1 occupancies. Exception*: Facilities where the ~authority having jurisdiction has 'determined equivalent Safe~ has been provided in accor- dance with Section 1-5. 13-1.1.1.2 This chapter establishes life safety requirements for all existing hosPitals, nursing homes, and limited care facil- ities. :Where' requii-ements Vary, the specific subclass of health care occupancy is named in the paragraph pertaining thereto. Section 13-6 establishes life safety requirements for all existing ambulatory health care centers. 13-1.1.1.3 Health care occupancies shall be those that pro- vide medical care and treatment of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease, or infirmity, including infants, convalescents, or infirm aged persons. 13-1.1.1.4 Health care facilities provide sleeping accommo- dations for their occupants and are occupied by persons who are mostly incapable of self-preservation because of age, phys- ical or mental disability, or because of security measures not under the occupants' control. 13-1.1.1.5 This chapter also covers ambulatory health care centers as defined in 13-1.3. (See Section 13-6for requirements.) 13-1.1.1.6 Buildings or sections of buildings that primarily house patients who, in the opinion of the governing body of the facility and the governmental agency having jurisdiction, are capable of judgment and appropriate physical action for self- preservation under emergency conditions shall be permitted to comply with chapters of the Code other than Chapter 13. 13-1.1.1.7 It shall be recognized that, in buildings housing certain types of patients or having detention rooms or a secu- rity section, it might be necessary to lock doors and bar win- dows to confine and protect building inhabitants. In such instances, the authority having jurisdiction shall make appro- priate modifications to those sections of this Code that would otherwise require means of egress to be kept unlocked. 13-L1.L8 Buildings or sections of buildings that house older persons and that provide activities that foster continued inde- pendence but do not include services distinctive to health care facilities (as defined in 13-1.3) might be subject to the require- ments of other sections of this Code, such as Chapters 19 or 23. 13-LI.1.9 Health care occupancies shall include all buildings or parts thereof with occupancy as described in 13-1.3. 13-1.1.1.10 Except for ambulatory health care centers, facili- ties that do not provide housing on a 24-hour basis for their occupants shall be classified as other occupancies and shall be covered by other chapters of this Code. 1994 EDITION 13-1.1.1.11' The requirements of this chapter are based on the assumption that staff is available in all patient occupied areas to perform certain fire safety functions as required in other paragraphs of this chapter and Chapter 31. 13-1.1.2' Objective. The objective of this chapter is to pro- vide a reasonable level of safety by reducing theprobability of injury and loss of life from the ~ff~ts of fire ~vith due consi~ler- ation for lim- iting th~ to the room of fire ation, 13- designed, the be be building, opment of the following: (a) Design, Construction, and compartmentation; and (b) Provision for detection, alarm, and extinguishment; and (c) Fire prevention and the planning, training, and drilling in programs for the isolation of fire, transfer of occuPants to areas of refuge, or evacuation of the building. 13-1.1.4 Additions, Conversions, Modernization, Renovation, and Construction Operations. (See also: 1-4.5 and 1-4.6.) 13-1.1.4.1 Additions. Additions shall be separated from any existing structure not conforming to the provisions within Chapter 13 by a fire barrier having at leaSt a 2-hour fire resis- tance rating and constructed of materials as required for the addition. 13-1.1.4.2 Communicating openings in dividing firebarriers required by 13-1.1.4.1 shall occur only in corridors and shall be pro- tected by approved self-dosing fire doors. (See also Section 6-2.) 13-1.1.4.3 Doors in barriers required by 13-1.1.4.1 shall nor- mally be kept closed. Exception: Doors shall be permitted to be hem open if they meet the requirements of 13-2.ZZ6. 13-1.1.4.4 Conversions. Conversions shall comply with 1-6.3. A conversion from a hospital to a nursing home or from a nurs- ing home to a hospital shall not be considered a change in occupancy or occupancy subclassification. 13-1.1.4.5' Renovations, Alterations, and Modernizations. Renovations, alterations, and modernizations shall comply, to the extent practical, with requirements for new construction in accordance with 1-4.6. Where such renovations, alterations, or modernizations are done in a nonsprinklered facility, the auto- matic sprinkler requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply to the smoke compartment undergoing the renovation, alteration, or modernization. However, in cases where the building is not protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler sys- tem, the requirements of 13-1.6 and 13-2.3.2 shall also apply. Exception No. 2 to 12-3.7.3 shall be permitted only where adja- cent smoke compartments are protected throughout by an EXISTING HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-129 approved, supervised automatic 'sprinkler system in accordance with 12-3.5.2. Where minor renovations, alterations, moderniza- tions, or repairs are done in a nonsprinldered facility, the require- ments of 12-3.5.1 shall not apply, but, in such cases, the renova- tions, alterations, modernizations, or repairs shall not reduce life safe~ below that which existed before, nor below the require- ments of Chapter 13 for nonsPrinklered buildings. 13-1.1.4.6 Construction Operations. See 1-6.2 and Chapter 31 for life safety provisions during construction. 13-LI.5 Modification of Retroactive Provisions. (See also sect~ns I-4 and 1-5.) The requirements of this chapter shall be permitted to be modified if their application clearly would be [Inpractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdic- tion and if the resulting arrangement could be considered as pre~ ~enting minimum h~zard to the life safety of the occupants. The requirements shall be permitted to be modified by the aut] iori~y having jurisdiction ~o allow alternative arrangements tha~ Will secure as nearly equivalent safety io life from fire as 13.] tol: low pat: car, of ~ racticable. J2 Mixed Occupancies. (See also 4-1.11.) ..2.1' Sections of health care facilities shall be permitted e classified as other occupancies if they meet all of the fol- .ng conditions: Q They are not intended to serve health care occupants purposes of housing, treatment, or customary access by ents incapable of self-preservation. 3) They are adequately separated from areas of health : ~ccupancies by ~nstructio~ having a fire resistance rating t least 2 hours. lar are per top ratl fire int~ he~ 13- occ stn prc 13- the me EJa ex/t me, Co~ tetl~ o£. [.2.2 Ambulatory care centers, medical clinics, and simi- ~acilities that are contiguous to'health care occupancies but primarily intended to provide: outpatient services shall be nitted to be classified as business occupancies or ambula- ' health care ocCuPancies, provided the facilities are sepa- :d from the health care occupancy by not less than 2-hour resistance-rated construction and the facility is not .nded to provide services simUltaneously for four or more lth care patients who are litter-borne. . 1.2.3 Health care occupancies in buildings housing other apancies shall be gompletely separated from them by con- .ction having a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours as vided for additions in 13-1.1.4.. 1.2.4 All means of egress from health care occupancies traverse non-health care spaces shall conform to require- ets of this Code for health care occupancies. eption: It shall be permissible to exit through a horizontal into other contiguous occupancies that do not conform with Ith care egress, provisions but that do comply with require- ~ts set forth in the appropriate occupancy chapter of this t6 provided the occupancy does not contain high hazard con- & The horizontal exit shall comply with the requirements '3-2.2.5. 13-1.2.5 Auditoriums, chapels, staff residential areas, or oth~er occupancies provided in connection with health care facilities shall have means of egress provided in accordance with other applicable sections of the Cod& 13-1.2.6 Any area with a hazard of contents classified higher than that of the health care occupancy and located in the same building shall be protected as required in 13-3.2. 13-1.2.7 Non-health care related occupancies classified as containing high hazard contents shall not be permitted in buildings housing health care occupancies. 13-1.3' Special Definitions. Ambulatory Health Care Centers. A building or part of a building used to provide services or treatment to four or more patients at the same.time that meets the criteria of either (a) or (b) below. (a) Facilities that provide, on an outpatient basis, treat- ment for patients incapable of taking action for self- preservation under emergency conditions without assistance from others. (b) Facilities that provide, on an outpatient basis, surgi- cal treatment requiring general anesthesia. Hospital. A building or part thereof used on a 24-hour basis for the medical, psychiatric, obstetrical, or surgical care of four or more inpatients. The term hospital, wherever used in this Code, shall include general hospitals, psychiatric hospi- tals, and specialty:hospitals. Limited Care Facility. A building or part of a building used on a. 24-hour basis for the housing of four or more per- sons who are incapable of self-preservation because of age, physical limitations due to accident or illness, or mental limita- tions such as mental retardation/developmental disability, mental illness, or chemical dependency. Nursing Home. A building or part of a building used on a 24-hour basis for the housing and nursing care of four or more persons who, because of mental or physical incapacity, might be unable to provide for their own needs and safety without the assistance of another person. The term "nursing home," wherever used in this Code, shall include nursing and convales- cent homes, skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facili- ties, and infirmaries in homes for the aged. 13-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 13-1.3.) 13-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The classifica- tion of hazard of contents shall be as defined in Section 4-2. 13-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. 13-1.6.1 For the purpose of 13-1.6, the number 0f stories shall be counted starting with the primary level of exit dis- charge and ending with the highest occupiable level. For the purposes of this section, the primary level of exit discharge of a building shall be the lowest story whose floor is level with or above finished grade on the exterior wall line for 50 percent or more of its perimeter. Building levels below the primary level shall not be counted as a story. 13-1.6.2 Health care occupancies shall be limited to the types of building construction permitted by Table 13-1.6.2 (see 6-2.1). 1994 EDITION 101-130 LIFE SAFETY CODE Table 13-1.6.2 Construction Type Limitations Stories Construction Type ! 2 3 4 or More 1(443) ] I(332) ~ X X X X II(222) J II(lll) X X? X? N.P. II(000) X'~ X-~ N.P. N.P. III(211) X~' X';' N.P. N.P. II1(200) X'~ N.P. N.P. N.P. IV(2HH) X-~ X'~ N.p. N.P. V(lll) X? X~' N.P. N.P. V(000) X? N.P. N.P. N.P. X: Permitted type of construction X~': Buitdifig r~tuires automatic sprinkler protection (see 13-3.5.1) N.P.: Not Permitted Exception*: Any building of Type I, Type 11(222), or Type H(111) construction shall be permitted to include roofing systems involving combustible supports, decking, or roofing, provided: (a) The roof covering meets Class C requirements in accor- dance with NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, and (b ) The roof is separated from all occupied portions of the build- ing by a noncombustible floor assembly that includes at least 21/2 ir~ (6.4 cra) of concrete or gypsum fill To qualify for this exception, the attic or other space so developed shall either be unoccupied or pro- tected throughout by an approvea[ automatic sprinkler system. 13-1,6.3 Ail interior walls and partitions in buildings of Type I or' Type Il construction sh't[il be of nonCombustibl~ or limited~-~ombustible materials. Exception*: Listed, fire retardant treated wood studs shall be permitted within non-load bearing l-hour fire-rated partitions. 13-1.6.4 Openings for the passage of pipes or conduit in Walls or partitions that are required to have fi[e-resisting m' smoke- resisting capability shall be prOtected in accordance With 6-2.3.6.~ Or 6-3.6.1. 13-L6.5 Firestopping. Each exterior wall of frame construc- tion and all interior stud partitions shall be firestopped to cut off all concealed draft openings, both horizontal and vertical, between any cellar or basement and the first floor. Such fire- stopping shall consist of wood at least 2 in. (5 em) (nominal) thick or of suitable noncombustible material. 13-1.7 Occupant Load. The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that floor but not less than one per- son for each 120 sq ft (11.1 sq m)of gross floor area in health care sleeping departments ~nd not less than one person for each 240 sq ft (22.3 sq m) of gross floor area of inpatient health care treatn~ent departmefits. ~ross floor areas shall ~e measured within the eXtei-ior building walls with no deductions. (See Chapter 3.) SECTION 13-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 13-2.1 General. Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit location, and access shall be in accordance with Chapter 5. Exception: As modified by 13-2.2 through 13-2.11. 1994 EDITION 13-2.2 Means of Egress Components. I be limited to 13c2.2.2 Doors. 13-2.2;2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 13-2;2.2.2 Locks shall not be permitted: on patient sleeping room doors. the corridor not restrict egress from the room. Exception No. 2: DOor locking arrangements shall~ be permitted in h~alth care occUpancies or ~portiO~ Of health iCar~ 'ocCUPan_ cies Where the can[cai needs [3f the patientS: reqUire SPecialized securtty measures for their safety, provtded keys are carried by staff at all times. 13-2.2.2.3 Doors not in a required means of egress shall be permitted to be subject to locking. 13-2.2.2.4 Doors within a required means of egress shall not be equipped with a latch or lOck that requires the use of a tool or key from the egress side. Exception No. 1: Door locking arrangements shall be permitted in health care occupancies or portions of health care ~occupan- cies where the clinical needs'~f the Paffents require:speci~lized security measures for their safety, p~ovided k~ are ~arried by staff at all times. (See 13-1.1.'1.7 and 13-2.2.2.'5.') Exception No. 2*: Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted, provided not more than one such device is located in any egress patl~ Exception No. 3: Access-controlled egress doors complying with 5-2.1.6.2 shall be permitted. 13-2.2.2.5 mitted to have adequate [ occu- pants by such reliable means by keying one such locking Exception No. 1: Locks installed in accordance with Excep- tions No. 2 and 3 to 13-2.2.2.4. Exception No. 2: More than one lock shall be permitted on each door subject to approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 13-2.2.2.6' Any door in an exit passageway, stairway enclosure, horizontal exit, smoke barrier, or hazardous area enclosure shall be permitted to be held open only by an automatic release device that complies with 5-2.1.8. The automatic sPrinkler system, if pro- vided, the required fire alarm system, and the systems required by 5-2.1.8(c) shall be arranged to initiate the closing action of all such doors by zone Or throughout the entire facility. 13-2.2.2.7 Where doors in a stair enclosure are held open by an automatic device as permitted in 13-2.2.2.6, initiation of a door-closing action on any level shall cause all doors at all lev-' els in the stair enclosure to close. EXISTING HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 13-2.2.2.8' Health care occupancies shall be exempt from the reentry provisions of 5-2.1.5.2. 13-2.2.2.9 Horizontal sliding doors, as permitted by 5-2.1.14, that are not automatic-doSin~ shall be limited to a single leaf and shall have a latch or other mechanism that will ensure that doo rs will not rebound into a partially open position if force- full,, closed in an emergency. 13-; ,~2.3 Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 13-',~,2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures con ~plying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 13-: :.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.~ and the modifications that follow shall be permitted: (g) At least 30 net sq ft (2.8 net sq m) Per patient in a hos- pital or nursing home or 15 net sq ft (].4 net sq m) pet resident in be provided ~ithi~ the aggre- rooms, lou areas on each or litter be the total in a horizontal exit shall not be required to ~-2,4.3.6. · the other exits (stairs, he building) shall not be for the entire area of building. Door openings in horizontal exits shall be protected by ging do~r providing a mihimum clear width of 32 in. em);c~r a horizontal sliding door complying with 5-2.1.14 I pr6viding a minimUm clear width of 32 ih. (~1 cra). r 34-in. (86-cm) swinging doors. 13.2'2,6 Ramps. 13-~.2.6.1 Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 13-2.2.6.2 Ramps enclosed as exits shall be of sufficient width to ~rovide egress capacity in accordance with 13-2.3.2. 1372.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-~.6 shall be permitted. / [13~2.2,8 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge used as part of a required accessible means of egress shall comply with 5-2.12. m( ca' OU sh En pa O.i 0.~ .2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 23.1 The capacity of any required means of egress shall based on its width, as defined in Section 5-3. · 2.3.2 The capacity of means of egress providing travel by ans of stairs shall be 0.6 in. (1.5 cm) per person, and the ~acity of means of egress providing horizontal travel (with- t stairs) by means such as doors, ramps, or horizontal exits ill be 0.5 in. ( 1.3 cm) per person. ~eption: The capacity of means of egress in health care occu- ~cies protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto- ~tic sprinMer system in accordance with 13-3.5.2 shall be in. (0.8 cra) per person for travel by means of stairs and in. ( 0.5 cm) per person for horizontal travel without stairs. 101-131 13-2.33 Any required aisle, corridor, or ramp shall be not less than 48 in. (122 cm) in dear width where serving as means of egress from patient sleeping rooms. It shall be arranged to avoid any obstructions to the convenient removal of nonambulatory persons carried on stretchers or on mattresses serving as stretchers. Exception No. 1: Aisles, corridors, and ramps in adjunct areas not intended for the housing treatment, or use of inpatients shall be a minimum of 44 in. (ll2cm) in clear and unobstructed width. Exception No. 2: Exit access within a room or suite of rooms complying with the requirements of 13-2.5. 13-2.3.4 The minimum clear width for doors in the means of egress from hospitals, nursing homes, limited care facilities, and psychiatric hOspital sleeping rooms, and diagnostic and treatment areas such as X-ray, surgery, or physical therapy shall be at least 32 in. (81 cm) wide. Exception: Existing 34-in (86-cm) doors. 13-2.4 Number of Exits. 13-2.4.1 At least two exits of the types described in 13-2.2.2 through 13-2.2.8, remotely located from each other, shall be provided for each floor or fire section of the building. 13-2.4.2 At least one exit from each floor or fire section shall be one of the following: (a) A door leading directly outside the building, or (b) A stair, or (c) A smokeproof enclosure, or (d) A ramp, or (e) An exit passageway. Any fire section not meeting these requirements shall be considered part of an adjoining zone. Egress shall not require return through the zone of fire origin. 13-2.4.3' At least two exits of the types described in 13-2.2.2 through 13-2.2.8 shall be accessible from each smoke compart- ment. Egress shall be permitted through adjacent compart- ment(s), but shall not require return through the compartment of fire origin. 13-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 13-2.5.1 Every habitable room shall have an exit access door leading directly to an exit access corridor. Exception No. 1: If there is an exit door opening d~ectly to the outside of the room at ground leve~ Exception No. 2: Patient sleeping rooms shall be permitted to- have one intervening room if the intervening room is not used as an exit access .for more than eight patient sleeping beds. Exception No. 3: Special nursing suites shall be permitted to have one intervening room where the arrangement allows for direct and constant visual supervision by nursing personnel. Exception No. 4: For rooms other than patients' sleeping rooms, one or more adjacent rooms shall be permitted to inter- vene in accordance with 13-2.5. Z 1994 ED!TION 101-132 LIFE SAFETY CODE 13-2.5.2 Any patient sleeping room, or any suite that includes patient sleeping rooms, of mom than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) shall have at least two exit access doors remotely located from e~icl~ o~er. .13-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. two exit access doors remotely located from each other. 13-2.5.4 Intervening rooms shall not be hazardOus areas as defined by 13-3.2. sleeping rooms shall not exceed :5,000 sq ft 13-2.5.6 Suites shall not exCeed 13-2.5.7 Suites of rooms, other titan patient sleeping rooms, shall be permitted to have one intervening room if the travel distance within the suite:to the exit acceS~ door is not greater than 100 ft lng rooms where to the exit access door is J {15 m). 13-2.5.8, Every corridor shall provide access to at least two approved exits in accordance with sections 5-4 and 5-5 without passing through any intervening rooms or spaces other than corridors or l~bbieS. Exception: Existing dead-end corridors shall be permitted to be continued to be used if it is not practical and feasible'to alter them so that exits will be accessible in at least two different ddrections fi'om all points in aisles, passageways, and corridors. 13-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 13-2.6.1 Travel distance shall be measured iff accordance with Section 5-6. 13-2.6.2 Travel Distance. (a) The travel distance between any room door required as an exit access and an exit shall not exceed 100 fl (30 m); and (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m); and Exception to (a) and (b): The maximum permitted travel dis- tance in (a) or (b) above shall be increased by 50 fi. (1Sm) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto- matic sprinkler system. (c) The travel distance between any point in a health care sleeping room and an exit access door in that room shall not exceed 50 fl (15 m); and (d) The travel distance between any point in a suite of sleeping rooms as permitted by 13-2.5 and an ex/t access door of that suite shall not exceed 100 fl (30 m) and shall meet the requirements of (b) above. 13-2.7 Discharge from Exits. Discharge from exits shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-7. 1994 EDITION Exception: Where the path of egress :travel is obvious, signs shal] not be reqUired b~ one-s't°t~ buildings with an occupant load of fewer than 30 persons. 13-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) 13'3.1 Protection of Vertieai Openings. 13-3.1.1 shall I struction havir [ Exception No. 1: Exception not a required be inating in any duits 'where an a means that is fire orig- con - sealed in patient sleeping and treatment rooms in new or existing atriums. 13-3.1.2 A door in a stair enclosure shall be self-closing and shall normally be kept in a dosed position! Exception: Doors in stair enclosures held open under the con- ditions specified by 13-2.2.2.6 and I3-Z2.2. ~ 13-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 13-3.2.1 Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous areas shall be safe- guarded by a firebarrier having a 1-hour fire resistance rating or shall be provided with an automatic extinguishing system in accordance with 6-4.1. The automatic extinguishing shall be per- mitted to be in accordance with 13-3.5.5. Where the sprinkler option is used, the areas shall be separated from other spaces by smoke-resisting partitions and doors. The doors shall be equipped with self- or automatic-closers~ Hazardous areas include, but shall not be restricted to, the following: Boiler and fuel-fired heater rooms Central/bulk laundries larger than 100 sq fl (9:3 sq m) Repair shops Handicraft shops Employee lock~r rooms Soiled linen rooms Paint shops Trash collection rooms EXISTING HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-133 Rooms or spaces of more than 50 sq ft (4.6 sq m), including repair shops, used for storage of combustible supplies and eqUipment in quantities deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction. Laboratories employing quantities of flammable or combusti- ble materials less than that which would be considered severe. 13-3.2.2' Laboratories. Laboratories employing quantities of flammable, combustible, or hazardous materials that are considered as severe hazard shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health C-are Facilities. 13-3.2.3 Anesthetizing Locations. Anesthetizing locations sh~ll be protected in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for H~alth Care Facilities. 13-3.2.4 Medical Gas. Medical gas storage and administra- tion areas shall :be protected in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. 13t3.2.5 Gift Shops. Gift shops shall be protected as hazard- ou s areas where used for the storage or display of combustibles in quantities considered hazardous. Gift shops not considered ha Z~rdous and havin~g separately Protectec~ storage shall be permitted to be: (a) Open to a lobby or corridor if the gift shop is not greater th an 500 sq ft (46.5 ~ m) and is protected throughout by an ag Proved, t[utoMatic sprinkler system, or (b) Separated from a lobby with non-fire-rated walls if the gil ~ ~hop is protected throughout by an approved, automatic si: rinkl~r system, or (C) Separated from corridors by non-fire-rated walls if the gift shop is Protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. 1~-3.2.6 Cooking Facilities. Cooking facilities shall be pro- teeted in accordance with 7-2.3. EXcePtionS: Where domestic cooking equipment is used for fo gd warming or limited cooking, protection or segregation of fo 9d preparation facilities shah not be required. 1~-33 Interior Finish. 1~ ,-33.1 Existing-interior finish on walls and ceilings through- o~ ~t shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. E cception: In smoke compartments protected by an approved, st pervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with E r-3.5.2, Class C interior finish shah be permitted to be contin- u~ ~d to be used on walls and ceilings within rooms separated from the exit access corridors in accordance with 13-3.6. 1~-33.2 Newly ~nstalled interior finish on walls and ceilings tfiroughout shall be Class A in accordance with Section 6-5. E~ception No. 1: Wails and ceilings shah be permitted to have Class/4 or Class B interior finish in indivMual rooms having a c~pacity of not more than four persons. E~ception No. 2: Corridor wall finish up to ~ ft (1.2 m) in height that is restricted to the lower half of. the wall shah be per- mitted to be Class .d or Class B. ' 13-3.33 Newly installed interior floor finish in corridors and exits shall be Class I in accordance with Section 6-5. No restric- tions shall apply to existing interior floor finish. Exception: In smoke compartments protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 13-3. 5. 2, no interior floor finish requirements shall apply. 13-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 13-3.4.1 General. Health care occupancies shall be provided witl~ a fire alarm system in acCOrdance with Section 7-6. 13-3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire ~alarm sys- tems shall be by manual means in accord~ace with 7-6.2 and by means of any required detection devices or detection systems. Exception No. 1: Fire alarm pull stations ~n patient sleeping areas shall not be required at exits if located at all nurses' con- trol stations or other continuously attended staff location, pro- vided such pull stations are visible and: continuously accessible and that travel distances required by 7-62.4 are not exceeded. Exception No. 2: Fixed extinguishing systems protecting com- mercial cooking equipment in kitchens that are protected by a complete automatic sprinkler system need not initiate the fire alarm system. 13-3.43 Notification. 13-3.4.3.1 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be accomplished automatically in accordance with 7-6.3. Presignal systems shall be prohibited. Exception No. 1': In lieu of audible alarm signals, visible alarm-indicating appliances shah be permitted to be used in crit- ical care areas. Exception No. 2: Where visual devices have been installed in patient sleeping areas in place of the audible alarm, they shah be permitted to be accepted by the authority having jurisdiction. 13-3.43.2 Emergency Forces Notification. Fire department notification shall be accomplished in accordance with 7-6.4. Exception: Smoke detection devices or smoke detection systems equipped with reconfirmation features need not automatically notify the fire department unless the alarm condition is recon- firmed after a maximum 120-second time period. 13-3.4.4 Emergency Control. Operation of any activating device in the required fire alarm system shall be arranged to accomplish automatically any control functions to be per- formed by that device. (See 7-6.5.) 13-3.4.5 Detection. 13-3.4.5.1 Corridors. An approved, automatic smoke detec- tion system shall be installed in all corridors of limited care facilities. Such system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception No. 1: Where each patient sleeping room is protected by an approved smoke detection system, and a smoke detector is provided at smoke barriers and horizontal exits, such corridor systems shall not be required on the patient sleeping room floors. 1994 EDITION 101-134 LIFE SAFETY CODE I Exception No. 2: Smoke compartments protected throughout by an ~approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 13-3.5. Z 13-3.4.5.2 Spaces Open to Corridors. (See 13-3.6.1.) 13-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. be sprinkler Exception: In Type I and Type II construction, where approved by the authority Kaving ju~iction, alternative protection mea- sures shall be permitte~l lo. be substituted for sprinkler Protection in i specified a-reaS w ~here thc i authority ~vi~g jurisdiction has Pr°ftibit'ed sprinMers, Wiih~ut aausing 'a builcI~, to be classified as nonsprin'klerect (a) with Section 7-7, (b) Electrically conn.ected to the fire alarm system, and (c) Fully supervised: i Exception: In Type I and Type H construction, where approved by the authority having jurisdiction, alternative protection mea- sures shall be permitted to be substituted for sprinkler protection in specified areas Where the authority having jurisdiction has proftibi[ed sprinklers, without causing a building to be classified as nonsprinMerecL 13-3.5.3' Where this Code permits exceptions for fully sprin- ldered buildings utilizing quick response or residential sprin- klers, the system shall be: (a) Installed throughout the building in accordance with Section 7-7, and (b) Electrically connected to the fire alarm system, and (c) Fully supervised, and (d) Equipped with listed quick response or listed residen- tial sPrinkler~ throughou~ all smoke c~mpartments containing patient sleeping rooms. Exception No. 1 to (d): Standard' response sprinklers shall be permitted for use in areas where quick response and residential sprinklers are prohibited from being installed by their listing. Exception No. 2 to (d): Standard response sprinklers shall be permitted for use in hazardous areas protected in accordance with Section 13-3.2.1. 13-3.5.4 For renovations or modernization projects where supervised, automatic sprinkler protection is installed in smoke compartments in accordance with Section 7-7, excep- tions allowed for fully sprinklered buildings shall be permitted within,the sprinklered smoke compartment. 13-3.5.5 Isolated t~azardous areas shall be permitted to b6 protected in accordance with 7-7.1.2. For new installations in existing buildings, where more than two sprinklers are installed in a single area, water flow detection shall be pro- 1994 EDITION vided to sound the building fire alarm or notify by a signal any constantly attended location, such as PBX, security, or emer- gency robm whereby necessary correcti~,e actio~ ihall be directed. 13-3.5.6' Newly introduced cubicle curtains in sprinklered areas shall be'installed in accordance with NFPA 15, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. all 13-3.6 Corridors. 13-2.5.8.) Exception No. 1: Smoke compartments protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sPri~kler system in a'cbor- dance ~v~th 13-3.5.-3 shall be permitted to have 'spaces that are unlimited in size OPen to the corridor, provided: (a) The spaces shall not be used for patient sleeping rooms, treatment rooms, Or hazardous areas, and (b) The corridors onto which the spaces open in the same smoke compartment are protected by an electrically supervised, automatic Jmoke detecFtDn system i~stalled in a~rda'nce with 13-3.4, or the smoke C°mpanment in which the spaCe is located is protected throughout by quick response sprinklers, and (c) The open space is protected by an electrically supervised automatic smoke detectioft system installed in aCC~'rda~tce with 13-3.4, or the entire space is arranged and loca~d_, to permit direct supervision by t[te facility staff from a nurses station or similar space, and (d) The space does not obstruct access to required exits. I Exception No. 2: In smoke compartments proteCted throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer system in accor- dance with 13-3.5.3, waiting areas shall be permitted to be open to the corridor, provided: (a) The aggregate waiting area in each smoke compartment does not exceed 600 sq fi (55.7 sq m), and (b) Each area is protected by an electrically supervised auto- matic smoke detection system installed in accordance with 13-3.4, or each area is arranged and located to permit direct supervision.by the facility staff from a nursing station or similar space, and (c) The area does not obstruct access'to required exits. Exception No. 3*: Spaces for nurses' stations. Exception No. 4: Gift shops open to the corridor where pro- tected in accordance with 13-3. 2.5. Exception No. 5: Limited care facilities in smoke compart- ments protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto- matic sprinMer system in accordance with 13-3.5.3 shall be per- mitted to have group meeting or multipurpose therapeutic spaces open to the corridor, provided: (a) The space is not a hazardous area, and (_ EXISTING HEALTH CARE OCCI. JPANCIES 101-135 (b) The space is protected by an electrically supervised auto- matic smoke detection system installed in accordance with 13-2.4, or the space is arranged and located to per~it direct supervision by ti~e facility staff from the nurses' station Or similar location, and ~c) The area does not obstruct access to required exits. ~Ex~eption No. 6: Spaces other than patient sleeping rooms, treatment rooms, and hazardous areas shall be permitted to be o~n to the corridor and unlimited in area, provided: '(a) The space and corridors that the space opens o~tto in the sa/~e smoke ~ompartment are protected t~y an electric~l!y super- vised automatic smoke detection system installed in aqcordance with 13-3.4, and ~ (b) Each space is located to permit direct supervision by the fa~lity staff,, and ~c)* Each space is protected by automatic sprinkl~ trs, or the fur ~ishings and ~ta~e in cOmbination With all othei' C°mbus- tib~ es w~in the area are of such a minimum quantit. art znged so that a fully developed fire is unlikely to o fa( co 13 ~d) The space does not obstruct access to requirec fa) Each area does not exceed 600 sq fl (55.7 sq (b) The area is located to permit direct supervisi ~ staff, and (c) The area is equipped with an electrically super* :tic smoke detection system installed in accor& · 3.4, and (d) The area does not obstruct any access to reqt :eption No. & In a limited care facility, group t ,J~purpose therapeutic spaces, other than hazfzr& ~le'r c[~ntinuous sUPervision by facility staff shall be be open to the corridor, provided: (a) Each area does not exceed 1,500 sq ft (140 s, (b) Not more than one such space is permitted ~tpartment, and (c) The area is located to permit direct supervis :ility staff, and (d) The area is equipped with an electrically ~ tomatic smoke detection system installed in accor~ -3.4, and (e) The area does not obstruct access to required -3.6.2 Construction of Corridor Walls. -3.6.2.1' Corridor walls shall be continuous fron the underside of the floor or roof deck above, th ncealed spaces, such as those above the suspende d through interstitial structural and mechanical s alt have a fire resistance rating of at least 20 minu ception No. 1: In smoke compartments protected an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler systen nce with 13-3.5.2, a corridor shall be permitted to b~ ~ and are :cur, and exits. be open O, and on by the ~sed auto- ~nce with ,eeting or ,us areas, permitted m), and er smoke ~n by the upervised, ance with ,Mts. the floor ough any :1 ceilings, ~aces, and ~es. hroughout in accor- separated from all other areas by non-fire-rated partitions and shall be per- mitted to terminate at the ceiling where the ceiling is constructed to limit the transfer of Smoke. Exception No. 2: Existing corridor partitions shall be permitted to terminate at cedings that are not an integral part of a floor construction if 5 fl (1.5 m) or more of space exists between the top of the ceiling subsystem and the bottom of the floor or roof above, provided: (a) The ceiling shall be part of a fire-rated assembly tested to have a minimum fire resistance rating of I hour in compliance with the provisions of 6-2.3.1, and (b) Corridor partitions form smoketight joints with the ceil- ings O'oint filler, if used, shall be noncombustible), and (c) Each compartment of interstitial space that constitutes a separate smoke a~a is vented, in case of smoke emergency, to the outside by mechanical means having sufficient capacity to provide at least two air changes per hour, but in no case having a capacity less than 5,000 cfm (2.36 CU re~s), and (d) The interstitial space shall not be used for storage, and (e) The space shall not be used as a plenum for supply, exhaust, or return air except as noted in (c). Exception No. 3*: EMsting corridor partitions shall be permit- ted to terminate at monolithic ceilings that resist the passage of smoke where there is a smoketight joint between the top of the partition and the bottom of the ceiling. 13-3.6.2.2 Corridor walls shall form a barrier to limit the transfer of smoke. 13-3.6.2.3 Fixed fire window assemblies in accordance with 6-2.3.4 shall be permitted in corridor walls. Exception: There shall be no restrictions in area and fire resis- I tance of glass and frames in smoke compartments protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler sys- tem installed in accordance with 13-3.5.2. 13-3.6.3 Corridor Doors. 13-3.6.3.1 Doors protecting corridor openings in other than required enclosures of vertical openings, exits, or hazardous areas shall be substantial doors, such as those constructed of 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded core wood or of construc- tion that will resist fire for at least 20 minutes. I Exception No. 1: In smoke compartments protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with 13-3.5.2, the door construction requirements noted above shall not be mandatory, but the doors shall be constructed to resist the passage of smoke. Exception No. 2: Doors to toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms, sink closets, and similar auxiliary spaces that do not con- tain flammable or combustible materials. 13-3.6.3.2' Doors shall be provided with means suitable for keeping the door closed that is acceptable to the authority hav- ing jurisdiction. The device used shall be capable of keeping the door fully closed if a force of 5 lbf (22 N) is applied at the latch edge of the door. Roller latches are prohibited 'on corri- dor doors in buildings not fully protected by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 13-3.5.1. 1994 EDITION 101-136 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 1: Existing roller latches demonstrated to keep the door closed against a force of 5 Ibf (22 N) shall be permitted to be kept in service if acceptable to the author[fy having ]urisdiction~ Exception No. 2: Doors to toilet rooms, ~bathrooms, shower rooms, sink Closets, and similar auxiliary, spaces that do not C°n~ tain flammable or combustible materia-ls. . smoke compartment shall not exceed 22,500 sq ft (2,100 sq m), the ). Exception No, 1: Where neither the length nor width of the smoke compartment exceeds 150 ft (45 m), the travel dista~tce to reach the s~oke barrier door she'll not be limited. Exception: DOor frames in smoke compartments pfotected thr°fighbut by an a~proved,'supervisea auiomatic sp~nkler sys- tem i~[stalled in ac~rdancd wi;h Section 7-Z 13-3.63.5 Fixed fire window assemblies in accordance with 6-2.3i4 shall be p~tted in these dOOrs. Exception: There shall be no restrictions in area and fire resis- [ tance of glass and frame~ in smoke compartments protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler sys- tem installed in .ac~'rdanCe with 13-3.5.2. 13-3.63.6 Ihey con- form: to 13-3.6.3, ~ lower leaf shall be latching device, and the meeting edges of the leaves shall be equipped with an Doors and Fire Windows. in enclosures around haz- , Standard for Fire 13-3.6.4 Transfer Grilles. Transfer grilles, whether or not prOtected by. fusible link'operated dam')ers, shall not be used in these :walls or do°r~. Exception: Doors to toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms, sink closets, and similar auxiliary spaces that do not contain flammable or combustible materials shall be permitted to have ventilating louvers or to be undercut. 13-3.6.5 Openings. In other than smoke compartments con- taining patient bedrooms, miscellaneous openings such as mail slots, pharmacy paSs-through windows, laboratory pass- through windows, and cashier pass-through windows shall be permitted to be installedin vision panels or doors without spe- cial protection, provided the aggregate area of openings per room does nOt eXCeed 20 sq in. (130 sq cm) and the openings ar6 installed at oi below half the distance from the floor to the room ceiling. Exception: For rooms protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system tn accordance with 13-3.5.2, the aggregate area of openings per room shall not exceed 80 sq in. (520 sq cra). 13,3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. 13,3.7.1 Smoke barriers shall be provided to divide every story used for sleeping rooms for more than 30 patients into at east two smoke COmpartments The maximum size of any such 1994 EDITION 13-3.7.2 For purposes Of the reqt the accordance rating of at: least Exception No. 1: Where an atrium is .used be permitted t° termina}e at an atrium wall da-nce with. Exckptioh No.:2 to 6-Z4.6(g separate Smoke .compartments shall be pr, ExcePtion 2*: Dampers shall not bt etrat~ons of smoke barriers in fully ductt and air conditioning systems where an automatic sprinMer ~yst~m in acCOrdance provided for smoke ~omPartments adjacet 13-3.7.4 At least 2 hospital or nursing ident in a limit~c] aggregate area of lounge or dining side { patients, be provided on each ;oke barriers Shall btrUcted in accor- minimum of two ~ed on each floor.' 'quired in duct pen- heattng~ ' ventilattng~ ~proved, sut)ervised 13-3.5.~:has been the smoke bamer. ina each ~tterl :shall total 13-3.7.5 fire-rated substantial wood COre, or by construction minutes. Exception: Doors shall be permitted :to have fixed fire window assemblies in accordance with 6-Z3.4. 13-3.7.6' Doors in smoke barriers shall comply with 6-3.4 and shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 13-2.2.2.6. Such doors in smoke barriers shall not be required 'to swing with egress travel. Positive latching hard- ware shall not be i-equired. 13-3.7.7 Door openings in smoke barriers shall be protected by a swinging door providing a minimum clear width of 32 in. (81 cm) or by a horizontal sliding door complying with 522.1.14 and providing a minimum clear width of at least 32 in. (8I cm). Exception: Existing 34-in. (86-cm) doors. 13-3.8 Special Protection Features. 13-3.8.1 Outside Window or Door. Every patient sleeping room shall have an outside window or outside door. The max- imum alloWable sill height shall not exceed 44 in. (! 12 cm) above the floor. EXISTING HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-137 Exception No. 1: The window sill in special nursing care areas, such as those housing ICU, CCU, hemodialysis, and neonatal patients shall not exceed up to 60 in. (152 crn) above the floor. Exception No. 2: Newborn nurseries and rooms intended for occupancy for less than 24 hours, such as those housing obstet- rical labor beds, recovery beds, and observation beds in the erner- gen ~ department. [Ex~ eption No. 3: Windows in atrium walls shall be considered out ride windows for the purposes of this requirement. SECTION 13-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 13 4.1 Windowless Buildings. See Section 30-7 for require- mc ats for windowless buildings. 13-4.2 High Rise Buildings. (Reserved.) 13- 13. Se, 13. 13. ao 13 pl~ tal de th~ ate of sle alt set pl~ eq up ret th~ lo, rn~ 13 es Se 4.3 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 13-5 BUILDING SERVICES 5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of :don 7-1. ~.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. [.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning shall com- with the provisions of Section 7-2 and shall be installed in }rdance with the manufacturer's specifications. ~tion: .ds modified in 13-5.2.2. 5.2.2* Any heating device other than a central heating nt shall be designed and installed so that combustible mate- I will not be ignited by it or its appurtenances. If fuel-fired, :h heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall :e air for combustion directly from the outside, andshall be signed and installed to provide for complete separation of ; combustion system from the atmosphere of the occupied ;a. Any heating device shall have safety features to immedi- :ly stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in case either excessive temperature or ignition failure. reption No. 1: .dpproved, suspended unit heaters shall be rnitted in locations other than means of egress and patient ~ing areas, provided such heaters are located high enough to out of the reach of persons using the area, and provided they ' equipped with the safety features required above. ception No. 2: Fireplaces shah be permitted and used only in 'as other than patient sleeping areas, provided these areas are ,arated from patient sleeping spaces by construction having a nirnurn I-hour fire resistance rating and such fireplaces com- with the provisions of 7- 2. 2. In addition, the fireplace shall be tipped with a fireplace enclosure guaranteed against breakage to a temperature of 650°F (343°C) and constructed of heat ~pered glass or other approved material If, in the opinion of ~ authority having jurisdiction, special hazards are present, a 'k on the enclosure and other safety precautions shah be per- tted to be required. -5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, .'alators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of ction 7-4. 13-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. 13-5.4.1 Any existing linen and trash chute, including pneu- matic rubbish and linen systems, that opens directly onto any corridor shall be sealed by fire-resistive construction to pre- vent further use or shall be provided with a fire door assembly suitable for a Class B location and having a fire protection rat- ing of 11/2 hours. Ail new chutes shall comply with Section 7-5. 13-5.4.2 Any rubbish chute or linen chute, including pneu- matic rubbish and linen systems, shall be provided with auto- matic extinguishing protection installed in accordance with Section 7-7. (See Section 7-5.) 13-5.4.3 Any trash chute shall discharge into a trash collect- ing room used for no other purpose and protected in accor- dance with Section 64. 13-5.4.4 Existing flue-fed incinerators shall be sealed by fire- resistive construction to prevent further use. SECTION 13-6 EXISTING AMBULATORY HEALTH CARE CENTERS 13-6.1 General Requirements. 13-&l.1 Application. 13-6.1.1.1 Existing ambulatory health care centers shall com- ply with the provisions of Chapter 27 and this section, which- ever is more stringent. The provisions of Sections 13-2 through 13-5 shall not apply to this section unless a specific require- ment is referenced by this section. 13-6.1.1.2 This section establishes life safety requirements, in addition to those required in Chapter 27, for all ambulatory health care centers and outpatient surgical centers that meet the requirements of 13-1.3. 13-6.1.1.3 Modification of Retroactive Provisions. The requirements of this section shall be permitted to be modified if their application clearly would be impractical in the judg- ment of the authority having jurisdiction and if the resulting arrangement could be considered as presenting minimum haz- ard to the life safety of the occupants. The requirements shall be permitted to be modified by the authority having jurisdic- tion to allow alternative arrangements that will secure as nearly equivalent safety to life from fire as practicable. 13-6.1.2 (Reserved.) 13-6.13 Special Definitions. (See 13-1.3.) 13-6.1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 13-1.3.) 13-6.1.5 (Reserved.) 13-6.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. 13-6.1.6.1 For purposes of 13-6.1.6, the number of stories shall be counted starting with the primary level of exit discharge and ending with the highest occupiable level. For the purposes of this section, the primary level of exit discharge of a building shall be that floor that is level with or above finished grade of the exterior wall tine for 50 percem or more of its perimeter. 1994 EDmON 101-138 LIFE SAFETY CODE 13-6.1.6.2 Buildings of one. story in height housing ambula- tory health care centers shall be of Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, or Type V construction. (See 6-2.1.) 13-6.23.2 The minimum width of any corridor or passage- way required for exit access shall be 44 in. (,112 cm)in clear width. Il or Exception: Buildings constructed of Type H(O00), Type III(~00), o/ 'Type : ff'(O00), if protec'ted :ihrou~,hout by ~an ap,6roveTt,: sUPe~;~sed a~or~ati~ ~prinkler system ~-n acCOr[lance width Section ~ 7- Z 13-6.1.6.4 Any level Exception: Separation shall not be required for such levels if they are under the COntrol of the ambulatory [~ealth care center and any hazardous spaces are protected in a~C°rdance With Sec- tion 6-4. 13-6.1.6.5 In existing buildings,, the authority having jurisdic- tion shall be permitted to accept construction systems of lesser fire resistance than required above if it can be demonstrated to the authority's satisfaction that prompt evacuation of the cen- ter can be achieved in case of fire or that the exposing occu- pancies and materials of construction present 'no threat of fire penetration from such occupancy to the ambulatory health care center or to the collapse of the structure. 13-6.1.7 Occupant Load. (See 27-1.7.) 13-6.2 Means of Egress Requirements. 13-6.2.1 General. Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit dis- charge, exit location, and access shall be in accordance with Chapter 5. Exception: As modified by 13-62.2 through 13-6Zll. 13-6.2.2 Means of Egress Components. 13-6.2.2.1 Components Of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 27-2.2. 13-6.2.2.2 Special locking arrangements complying with 5-2.1.6 shall be permitted on exterior doors. 13-6.2.2.3 Any door in an exit passageway, horizontal e~it, smoke barrier, stairway enclosure, or hazardous area enclo- sure shall be permitted to be held open only by an automatic release device that complies with 5-2.1.8. The required manual fire alarm system and the systems required by 5-2.1.8(c) shall be arranged to initiate the closing action of all such doors by zone or throughout the entire facility. 13-6.2.2.4 Where doors in a stair enclosure are held open by an automatic device as permitted in 13-6.2.2.3, initiation of a door closing action on any level shall cause all doors at all lev- els in the stair enclosure to close. 13-6.2.3 Capacity of'Means of Egress. 13-6.2.3.1 The capacity of any required means of egress shall be determined in a~cordance with the provisions of 27-2.3 and shall be based on its width as defined in Section 5-3. : means of egress from diagnostic' or X-ray, sUrgical~ Or physical therapyi clear width of 32 in. (81 em). Exception: Existing 34~in. (86rcm ): doors 13-6.2.4 Number of Exits. 13-6.2.4.1 At least two exits 'of the types described in 27-2.2 that are remotely located from each other shall be provided for each floor or fire secti0ri of the building.' 13-6.2.4.2 Any room and any suite of rooms of more than 1,000 sq ft (93 sq m) shall 'have at least two exit aCC6ss doors remotely located from each other. 13-6.2.4.3 At least two exits of the types described in 27-2.2 shall be accessible from each smoke compartment. Egress shall be permitted thrOugh hdjacent compartments, but shall not require return through the compartment of fire origin. 13-6.2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. (See 27-2.5.) 13-6.2.6 Travel Distance to Exits; 13-6.2.6.i Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 5-6: 13-6.2.6.2 Travel Distance. (a) The travel distance between any room door required as an exit access and an exit shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m); and (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m). Exception:~ The maximum travel distance Permitted in '(a) or (b) above shall be increased by 50 fl (15. m) in buildings pro- tected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. 13-6.2.7 Discharge from Exits. (See 27-2. 7.) 13-6.2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 13-6.2.9 Emergency Lighting and Essential Electrical Systems. 13-6.2.9.1 Emergency lighting shall be provided in accor- dance with Section 5-9. 13-6.2.9.2 Where general anesthesia or life-support equip- ment is used, each ambulatory health care center shall be pro- vided with an essential electrical system in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. Exception: Where battery-operated equipment is provided and acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 13-6.2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-10. 13-6.2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) 1994 EDITION EXISTING HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 101~139 13-6.3 Protection. 13-6.3.1' Protection of Vertical Openings. (See 27-3.1.) 13:6.3.2 Protection from Hazards~ (See 27-3.2.) 13 13 13 13 be 7-~ 13 · 6.3.2.1 Laboratories employing quantities of flammable, nabustible, or hazardous materials that are considered as rere hazard shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 99, mdard for Health Care Facilities. -6.3.2.2 Anesthetizing locations shall be protected in :ordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities. · 6.3.3 Interior Finish. (See 27-3.3.) · 6.3.4 Detection, Alarm,: and Communications Systems. · 6.3.4.1 General. Ambulatory health care facilities shall provided with fire alarm systems in accordance with Section i, except as modified by 13-6.3.4.2 through 13-6.3.4.5. .6.3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- ns shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2 and by ;ans of any detection devices or detection systems required. 13 sh o[ in' E~ 7-~ 13 n£ 13 de ac re 13 13 pr ex in so stl ro 13 an 7-' 13 13 lel fr~ sh bc wi -6.3.4.3 Occupant Notificatiom Occupant notification all be accomplished automatically, without delay, upon eration of any fire alarm activating device by means of an ernal audible alarm in accordance with 7-6.3. ception: The presignal system allowed by Exception No. I to ~.3.2 shall not be permitted~ .6.3.4.4 Emergency Forces Notification. Fire department tification shall be accomplished in accordance with 7-6.4. .6.3.4.5 Emergency Control. Operation of any activating vice in the required fire alarm system shall be arranged to :omplish automatically, without delay, any control functions aired to be performed by that device. (See 7-6.5.) 5.3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. (See 27-3.5.) -6.3.5.1 Isolated hazardous areas shall be permitted to be ~tected in accordance with 7-7.1.2. For new installations in [sting buildings where more than two sprinklers are installed a single area, water flow detection shall be provided to and the building fire alarm or notify by a signal any con- .ntly attended location, such as PBX, security, or emergency >m, whereby necessary corrective action shall be directed. -6.3.5.2 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in tbutatory health care occupancies in accordance with t.4.1. · 6.3.6 Corridors. (No requirements.) · 6.3.7 Subdivision of Building Space. · 6.3.7.1 Ambulatory health care occupancies shall be sepa- :ed from other tenants and occupancies by walls having at tst a 1-hour fire resistance rating. Such walls shall extend ,m the floor slab below to the floor or roof slab above. Doors ~11 be constructed of at least 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid nded wood core or the equivalent and shall be equipped :h positive latches. These doors shall be self-closing and shall be kept in the dosed position except when in use. Any vision panels shall be of fixed fire window assemblies in accor- dance with 6-2.3.4. 13-6.3.7.2 The ambulatory health care facility shall-be divided into at least two smoke compartments. Exception: Facilities of less than 2,000 sq fi (185 sq m) and protected by an approved, automatic smoke detection system. 13-6.3.7.3 Any required smoke barrier shall be constructed in accordance with Section 6-3 and shall have a fire resistance' rating of at least 1 hour. 13-6.3.7.4 Visionpanels in the smoke barrier shall be of fixed fire window assemblies in accordance with 6-2.3.4. 13-6.3.7.5 (Reserved.) 13-6.3.7.6' Doors in smoke barriers shall be at least 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core or the equivalent and shall be self-closing. A vision panel shall be required. 13-6.3.7.7 Doors in smoke barriers shall normally be kept closed, or, if held open, they shall be equipped with automatic devices that will release the doors upon activation of: (a) The fire alarm system, and either (b) A local smoke detector, or (c) A complete automatic fire extinguishing system or com- plete automatic fire detection system. 13-6.4 Special Provisions. (See Section 27-4.) 13-6.5 Building Services. 13-6.5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 13-6.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 13-6.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. Exception: As modified in 13-6.5.2~2. 13-6.5.2.2 Any heating device other than a central heating plant shall be designed and installed so that combustible mate- rial will not be ignited by it or its appurtenances. If fuel-fired, such heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly from the outside, and shall be designed and installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere of the occupied area. Any heating device shall have safety features to immedi- ately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in case of either excessive temperature or ignition failure. Exception: Approved, suspended unit heaters shall be permitted in locations other than means of egress and patient trealment areas, provided such heaters are located high enough to be out of the reach of persons using the area and provided they are equtpped with the safe~y features requtred above. 13-6.5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 13-6.5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION 101-140 t. IFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 14 NEW DETENTION ,AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 14-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 14-1.1 Application. 14-1.1.1 The requirements of this' chapter apply to: tional occupancy (see 1-4.5 and 14-1.1.6); and ' (d) upon change of (see 1-6.3). In addition to meeting the requirements of this chapter, detention and COrrectional occUpdncies shall comply with the applicable requirements of Cha~ter 3 i. 14-1.1.2 This chapter establishes life safety requirements for the design of all nd~v detention and correCtiOnal facilities. Exception No: 1: Use Condition I facilities protected as resi- dential occupancies in accordance with 14-1.4.3. Exception No. 2*: Facilities determined to have equivalent safety provided in accordance with Section 1-5. 14-1.1.3 Detention and correctional occupancies shall be those used for purposes such as correctional institutions, detention facilities, community residential centers, training schools, work camps, and substance abuse centers Where occu- pants are confined or housed under some degree of restraint or security. 14-1.1.4 Detention and correctional occupancies provide sleeping facilities for four or more residents and are occupied by persons who are generally prevented from taking self- preservation action because of security measures not under the occupants' control. 14-1.1.5 Total Concept. All detention and correctional facil- ities shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated to minimize the possibility of a fire emergency. Because the safety of all occupants in detention and correc- tional facilities cannot be adequately ensured solely by depen- dence on evacuation of the building, their protection from fire shall be provided by appropriate arrangement of facilities, adequate trained staff, and development of operating, secu- rity, and maintenance procedures composed of the following: (a) Design, conStruction, and compartmentation; and (b) Provision for detection, alarm, and extinguishment; and (c) Fire prevention and planning, training, and drilling in programs for the isolation of fire and transfer of occupants to areas of refuge or evacuation of the building, or protection of the occupants in place; and (d) Provision of security to the degree necessary for the safety of the public, and the occupants of the facility. 1994 EDITION 14-1.1.6 Additions. Additions shall be separated from any existing structure not conforming with the provisions of Chap- ter 15 by a fire barrier having a minimum 2-hour fire resistance rating constrUcted to the requirements of the addition. Doors in these partitions shall norr~ally be kept closed. Exception: Doors shall be permitted to be held open if they meet the requirements of the 'ExcePtion to 5zZ 1.8. 14-1.2' Mixed Occupancies. 14-1.2.1 Egress provisions for areas of detention and correc-- tional facilities that COrrespOnd to other occUpancies Shall meet the corresponding re~luirements of this Code for such occupancies. Wl~ere sec~rit~ operations necessitate the lock- ing of r for the 14-1.2.2 be ] they meet all of the (a) They are not intended to serve residents for sleeping purposes, and (b) They are separated from areas of detention or correc- tional occupancies by construction having a minimum 2-hour fire resistance rating~ 14-1.2.3 Detention and correctional occupancies in buildings housing other occupancies shall be completely separated from the other occupancies bY c0nstructi0h hax~ing a minimum 2-hour fire resistance rating, as provided for additions in 14-1.1.6. 14-1.2.4 All means of egress from detention and Correctional occupancies that traverse other use areas shall, as a minimum, conform to the requirements of this Code fo~ detention and correctional occupancies. Exception: Egress through a horizontal exit into other contigu- otis occupancies that do not conform to detention and correc- tional occupancy egress provisions, but that do comply with requiremen[s set forth in ~the appropriate occUPanT c[,a'pter of this Code, shall be permitted as lot~g as the oc~Upa-ncy does not have high hazard COntents. The horizontal exit sheIl comply with the requirementS of 14-2.2.5. 14-1.2.5 Any area with a hazard of contents classified higher than that of the detention or correctional ~.occupancy and located in the same building shall be protected as required in 14-3.2. 14-1.2.6 Nondetention or noncorrectional related occupancies classified as containing high hazard contents shall not be permit- ted in buildings housing detention or correctional occupancies. 14-1.3 Special Definitions. Direct Exit. An exit that serves only one area; the direct exit has no openings to other areas. Fire Barrier. (See Chapters 3 and 6.) Fire Compartment. (See Chapters 3 and 6.) NEW DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-141 Residential Housing Area. Includes sleeping areas and any contiguous day room, group activity space, or other com- mon spaces for customary access of residents. Sally Port (Security Vestibule). · A compartment provided with two or more doors where the intended purpose is to pre- vent continuous and unobstructed passage by allowing the release of only one door at a time. / SmOke Barrier° (See ChapterS'3 and 6.) Smoke Compartment. (See Chapters 3 and 6.) 142~.4 Classification of OccupanCy. 144.4.1,1 For applications of the life safeoy requirements that follow, the resid~.nt user category,is divided into five groups: UseCondition~ I -- Free Egress Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas and othe? sp~ces where access oL occupancy is permitted to the exterior via means of egress that meet the requirements of the Code. Usg Condition H -- Zoned Egress Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke Compartment to one or more other smoke compartments. Use Condition III -- Zoned Impeded Egress Tree movement is allowed within individual smoke com- pa[tment~, such as within a residential unit comprised of indi- (,idBal sleeping rooms and group activity space, with egress impeded by remote controlled release of means of egress from such smoke compartment to another smoke comPartment. Use!Condition IV -- Impeded Egress Free movement is restricted from an occupied space. R0note Controlled release is provided to permit movement from alt sleeping rooms, activity spaces, and other'occupied ar~as wtthm the smoke compartment to another smoke c0~npartment. ~ · Us~e condition v - Contained ?ree movement is restricted from an occupied space. Staff co~ ttrolled manual release at each door is provided to permit m( vement from all sleeping rooms, activity spaces, and other oc,:upied areas within the smoke compartment to another sm eke compartment. 14. 1.4.2' To classify as Use Condition III or IV, the arrange- mc nt, accessibility, and security of the release mechanism(s) us~;d for emergency egress shall be such. that the minimum ay: dlable staff, at any time, can promptly release the locks. 14. 1.43 Areas housing occupancies corresponding to Use Cc ndition I shall conform to the requirements of residential cc, :upancies under, this Code. 14 1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The classifica- tic of hazard of contents shall be as defined in Section 4-2. 14¸ sh; ch ex] ..6 Minimum ·Construction Requirements. 1.6.1 For the purpose of 14-1.6, the number of stories dl be counted starting with the primary level of exit dis- trge. For the purposes of this section, the primary level of t discharge of a building shall be that floor that is level with or above finished grade on the exterior walHine for 50 percent or more of its perimeter. Building levels below the primary level shall not be counted as a story in determining the height of the building. 14-1.6.2 A residential housing area complying with 14-3.1.2 shall be considered as a one-story building for purposes of applying 14-1.6.3. 14-1.6.3 Detention and correctional :occupancies shall be limited to the types of building construction permitted by Table 14-1.6.3. (See 6-2.1.) Table 14-L6.3 Construction Type Limitations > 3 Story 1 Story I Story and not Type of with without 2. 3 High High Construction Basement Basement Story Story Rise Rise I(443) I(332) II(222) II(til) III(211) IV(2HH)~ V(lll) u(ooo) III(200) v(000) X X X X X X~' X-~? X X?~- N.P. N.P. N.P. X'~? X?? X'~'~ N.P. N.P. N.P. X'~ X~' X'~ N.P. N.P. N.P. X: Permitted types of construction X'~: Permitted if the entire building is protected throughout by an approved supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7 X~'~': X'~ applies in buildings where Use Condition V is used N.P.: Not Permitted 14-1.6.4 All interior walls and partitions in Type I or Type II construction shall be 'of noncombustible or limited- combust~le materials. 14-1.7 Occupant Load. The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any floor shall.be the maximum num- ber of persons intended to occupy that floor, but not less than one person for each 120 sq ft (11.1 sq m) of gross floor area. SECTION 14-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 14-2.1 General. Means of egress shall comply with Chapter 5. Exceptiom As otherwise provided or modified in this section~ 14-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 14-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 14-2.2.2 through 14-2.2.8. 14-2.2.2 Doors. Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. Exception: As prd3ided in' 14-2.11. 14-2.2.3 Stairs. 14-2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. Exception: Noncombustible grated stair treads and landing floors. t994 EDITION 101-142 LIFE SAFETY CODE 14-2.2.3.2 Spiral stairs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be per- mitted for access to and between staff locations. 14-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shah be permitted. 14-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 and the modifications that foil°w shall be permitted: (a) At leasl per occu- the (b) Horizontal ~ lOOper- cent of the a horizontal the horizontal exits in meet t 14-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2~ ~shall be permitted. 14-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. I 14-2.2.8 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 14-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 14-2.3.1 The capacity of any required means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-3. 14-2.3.2 Aisles, corridors, and ramps required for egress shall be a minimum of 4 ft (1.2 m) in width~ 14-2.3.3 For residents' sleeping room door widths, see 14-2.11.3. 14-2.4 Number of Exits. (See also Section 5-4.) 14-2.4.1' A minimum of two separate exits shall be: (a) Provided on every story, and (b) Accessible from every part of every story, fire compart- ment, or smoke compartment. Exception to (b): Exit access travel shall be permitted to be common for the distances allowed as common path of travel by 14-Z5.3. 14-2.4.2' A minimum of one approved exit shall be accessi- ble from each fire compartment and each required smoke com- partment into which residents are potentially moved in a fire emergency, with the exits arranged so that egress shall not require return through the zone of fire origin. 14-2.5 Arrangement of M~s of Egress. (See also Section 5-5.) 14-2~5.1 Every sleeping room shall have a door leading directly to an exit.access corridor. Exception No. I: If there is an exit door opening directly to the outside from the room at the ground level. 1994 EDITION Exception No. 2: One adjacent room, such as a day room, group activity space, or other common space shall be permitted to intervene. Where sleeping rooms directly adjoin a day room or group activity space th-at is utilized for acc[ss to an exit, such Meeting rooms shall be eleva- 14-2.5.2 No exit or exit access shall contain a corridor, hall- way, or (15 m) Use Condition V. 14-2.5.3 No common ) ft (15 m). Exception: ,4 the first 100 jq (3Om) an approved, automatic with 14-3.5.3. 14-2.5.4 where there are through the sally port during 14-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. (a) The travel distance between i any room door required as an exit access and an exit shall not exceed !00 ft i(30 m); and (b) The travel distance between anypoint in a room and an exit shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m}; and (c) The travel distance between an)' point in a sleeping room to the door in that roOm shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). Exception No. 1: in (a) or (b) above shall In protected ~stem or smoke control system. Exception No. 2: The (c) above shall be increased tc where the srnoketight ~ door pom any point within a minimum of two other shall be provided. 14-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 14-2.7.1 Exits shall be permitted t~ discharge into a fenced or walled courtyard, provided that notl more than two walls of the courtyard are the building walls from which egress is being made. Enclosed yards or courts shall be of sufficient size to accommodate all occupants at a minimum distance of 50 ft (15 m) from the building with a net area Of 15 sq fi (1.4 sq m) per person. 14-2.7.2 All exits shall be permitted to discharge through the level of exit discharge. The' requirements of 5-7.2 shall be waived provided that not more th~ 50 percent of the exits dis- charge into a single fire compartment sbparated from other compartments by construction having a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating. 14-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Illumination shall be provided in accordance with SeCtion 5~8. 14-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-9. J NEW DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-143 14-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Exit marking shall be provided in areas accessible to the public in accordance with Section 5-10. Exception: Exit signs shall not be required in residential hous- ing areas. (See 14-1.3.) 14 2.11 Special Features. 14. in Ex 14. da 14, mt 14 of do wi 14 pe od be 1o~ 14 eg re lo~ of pn 2.11;1 Doors within means of egress shall be as required Zhapter 5'. :eption: As provided in 14-2.11.2 through 14-Zll. lO. 2.11.2 Doors shall be permitted to be locked in accor- ice with the applicable use condition. 2.11.3' Doors to resident sleeping rooms shall be a mini- ~m of 28 in. (71 cm) in clear width. .2.11.4 Doors in a means of egress shall be permitted to be the horizontal sliding type, provided the force to slide the >r to its fully open position does not exceed 50 lbf (222 N) .h a perpendicular force against the door of 50 lbf (222 N). .2.11.5 Doors from areas of refuge to the exterior shall be rmitted to be locked with key locks in lieu of locking meth- s described, in 1422.11.6. The keys to unlock such doors shall maintained and available at the facility at all times, and the :ks Shall be operable from the outside. · 2.11.6' Any remote control release used in a means of :ess shall be provided with a reliable means of operation, notely located from the resident living areas, to release :ks on all doors. ception: Provisions for remote control locking and unlocking occupied rooms in Use Condition IV shall not be required wide~l not more than 10 locks are necessary to be unlocked in or~ ler to move all occupants from one smoke compartment to an an !a of refuge as ~omptly as required for remote control unlock- ing. U~nk/ckJng of all necessary locks Jhall be accomplished with no m°re than two separate keys. (See 14-3. 7. 7 for requirements fol smoke barrier doom.) 14~2.11.7 All remote-control release operated doors shall be pr >vided with a redundant means of operation as follows: (a) Power-operated sliding doors or power-operated locks sh all be constructed so that in the event of power failure, a m: mual mechanical means to release and open the doors is pi 14 cl~ 1o >vided at each door, and either emergency power arranged accordance with 5-9.2.2 is provided for the power operation a remote control manual mechanical release is provided. (b) Mechanically operated sliding doors or mechanically erated locks-shall be provided with a manual mechanical ~ans at each door to release and open the door. -2.11.8 Doors unlocked by means of remote control under ~ergency conditions shall not automatically relock when }sed unless specific action is taken at the remote control :ation to enable doors to relock. 14;2.11.9 Emergency power shall be provided for all electri- cally power-operated sliding doors and power-operated locks. P6v~¢r shall be arranged to automatically operate within t0 seconds upon failure of normal power and to maintain the nec- essa~y power source for a minimum of 1~/2 hours. Exception: This provision shall not be applicable for facilities with 10 or fewer locks complying with the Exception to 14-2.11.6. 14-2.11.10 The provisions of 5-2.1.5.2 for stairway reentry. shall not apply. SECTION 14-3 PROTECTION 14-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 14-3.1.1 Any stairway, ramp, elevator, hoistway, light or ven- tilation shaft, chute, or other vertical opening between stories shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 6-2. Exception No. 1: Stairs that do not connect a corridor, do not connect more than two levels, and do not serve as a means of egress. Exception No. 2: Multilevel residential housing areas in accor- dance with 14-3.1.2. Exception No. 3: In residential housing areas protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinMer system, unpro- tected vertical openings shall be permitted in accordance with the conditions of 6-2.4.5, provided that the height between the lowest and highest finished floor levels does not exceed 23 ft (Tm). The number of levels shall not be restricted. Residential housing areas subdivided in accordance with 14-3.8.1 shall be permitted to be consMered as part of the communicating space. The separation shall not be required to have a fire resistance rating. [See Excep- tion No. 2 to 6-2.4.5(d).] Exception No. 4: Atriums in accordance with6-2.4.6 shall be permitted~ 14-3.1.2 Multilevel residential housing areas shall be permit- ted without enclosure protection between levels, provided all the following conditions are met: (a)* The entire normally occupied area, including all com- municating floor levels, is sufficiently open and unobstructed that a fire or other dangerous condition in any part shall be obvious to the occupants or supervisory personnel in the area. (b) Egress capacity is sufficient to provide simultaneously for all the occupants of all communicating levels and areas, with all communicating levels in the same fire area being con- sidered as a single floor area for purposes of determination of required egress capacity. (c)* The height between the highest and lowest finished floor levels shall not exceed 13 ft (4 m). The number of levels shall not be restricted. 14-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 14-3.2.1' Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be protected in accordance with Section 6-4. The areas described in the Table 14-3.2.1 shall be protected as indicated. 14-3.2.2 Hazardous' areas determined by the authority having jurisdiction as not incidental to residents' housing shall be sep- arated by 2-hour fire resistance-rated barriers in conjunction with automatic sprinkler protection. 1994 EDITION 101-144 LIFE SAFETY CODE Table 14-3.2.1 Hazardous Area Protection Hazardous Area DescriPtion Separation/Protection Areas not incidental to resident housing Boiler and fuel-fired heater rooms Commercial COOking equipment Commissaries Employee locker rooms Hobby/handicraft shops Central or bulk laundries over 100 sq ft (93 sq m) Maintenance shops Padded cells Soiled linen rooms Storage rooms > 50 sq ft (4.6 sq m) in ar~a but< 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m} in I area storing combustible material Storage rooms > I00 sq ft (9.3 sq m) storing combustible materials Trash collection rooms . 2-hr 2-hr or 1-hr and sprinklers In accordance with 7-2.3 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-tir and sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr and Sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers 14-3.2.3 Where cooking facilities are protected in accor- dance with 7-2.3, kitchens shall not be required to be provided with roomwide protection, 14-3.3 Interior Finish. 14-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior wall and ceiling finish in corridors, exits, and any space not separated from ~orridors and exits by a partition capable of retarding the passage of smoke shall be Class A. In all other areas, interior wall a~nd ceiling finish shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accordance with Section 6-5. 14-33.2 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish material in corridors and exits shall be Class I in accordance with Sec- tion 6-5. 14-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 14-3.4.1 General. 14-3.4.1.1 Detention and correctional occupancies shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6, except as modified by 14-3.4.1.2 through 14-3.4.4. 14-3.4.1.2 All required fire alarm systems shall be electrically supervised. 14-3.4.1.3 All fire alarm systems and detection systems required in this section shall be provided with a secondary power supply, and the installation shall be in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code~ 14-3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- tem shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2 and by means of any required detection devices or detection systems. Exception No. 1: Manual fire alarm boxes shall be permitted to be locked, provided that staff is present within the subject area when occupied and has keys readily available to unlock the boxes. Exception No. 2: Manual fire alarm boxes shah be permitted to be located in a staff location, provided that the staff location is attemted when the building is occupied and that the staff atten- dant has direct supervision of the sleeping area. 1994 EDITION 14-3.4.3 Notification. 14-3.4.3.1 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be accomplished automatically in accordance with 7-63. Presignal systems shall be prohibited. A positive alarm seqUence sl~all be permitted in accordance ~vith ExCeption No. 2 to 7-6.3.2. Exception*: Any smoke detectors required by this chapter shah be Perrnitied to be arranged to alarm at a constantly,attended location only and shall not be required to accomplish general alarm indication. 14-3.4.3.2 Emergency Forces Notification. Fire department notification shall be accomplished in accordance ;with 7-6.4; A positive alarm sequence shall be permitted in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6.3,2. Exceptiom Any smoke detectors required by this chapter shah not be ~'equired to transmit an alarm to the fire department. tion: areas. detec- Exception No. 1: Smoke detectors shall not be required in sleeping rooms with four or fewer occupants in Use Condition I1 or III. Exception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accor[lance with 14-3.5.3, smoke detectors shall not be required except in corridors, common spaces, and sleeping rooms. With more than four occupants. Exception No. 3: Other arrangements and ~ of smoke detectors shall be permitted fulfilled and the placement of detectors is detection shall be equivalent to that pr, arrangements descdbed in Section 726. to include the location of detectors in exhaust t cells, behind grilles, or in other locutions. of the design, however, shall be lng jurisdiction in accordance with the specified in Section 1-5 of this Code. 14-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 14-3.5.1' High rise buildings shall comply with 14-4.3. 14-3.5.2 Where required by 14-1.6, facilities shall 'be pro- tected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprin- kler system in accordance with Section 7-7. 14-3.5.3 Where this Code permits exceptions for fully sprin- klered detention and correctional occupancies, the sprinkler system shall be: (a) In complete accordance with Section 7-7, and (b) Electrically connected to the fire alarm system, and (C) Fully supervised. 14-3.5.4 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided~in accordance with 7-7.4.1. NEW DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-i45 Exception No. 1': Access to portable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to be locked. Exception No. 2: Portable fire extinguishers shall be permitte~ to lle located at staff locations only. 14-9.5.5 Standpipe and hose systems shall be provided it accordance with 7-7.4.2 as follows: ih) Class I standpipe sYstems shall be provided for an, bui ~ding over two stories in height, and ~ b) Class III standpipe and hose systems shall be provide for all nonsprinklered buildings over two stories in height. Ex¢eption No. 1: One-inch (2.5-cm) diameter formed hose oJ ho~ e reels shall be permitted to provide Class H service. Ex~ 'eption No.'2: Separate Class I and Class H systems shall b. per nitted in lieu of Glass III. 14-3.6 Corridors. (See 14-3.8.) 14-~.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. 1 14-3.7.1 Smoke barriers shall be provided to divide ever~ sto~ used for sleeping by residents, or any other story having an ~c~ccupant load of 50 or more persons, into a minimum of two compartments. ExCeption No. 1: Protection shall be permitted to be accorr pl~hed with horizontal exits. (See 5-2.4.) Ex6eption No. 2*: Smoke compartments having direct exit to (t a £ublic way, (b) a building separated from the resident housir area by a 2-hour fire resistance rating or 50 ft (15 m) of open spac or (c) a secured open area having a holding space located 50 (Ii; m) from the housing area thatprovides 15 sq j~ (1.4 sq m) ~,r mt ,re of refuge area for each persoh (re,dent, staff, visitors) poteJ l- tia ly p-resent at the time of a fire fulfills the requirements for subdf- vis ~n of such spaces, provMed the locking arrangement of the direqt ex~. doors invo-lved rr~eets the requirements for doors at the smoke ba tier for the applicable use conditior~ 14-3.7.2 Where smoke barriers are required by 14-3.7. t, sn .oke barriers shall be provided: (a) To limit the housing to a maximum of 200 residents n ar y smoke compartment, and (b) To limit the travel distance to a door in a smoke barrie r: 1. From any room door required as exit access to a ma r- ir um of 100 ft (30 m), and 2. From any point in a room to a maximum of 150 ft (45 n ). bae~i~tion to (b): The maximum permitted travel distance sh~ dl creased by 50 fl (15 m) in buildings protected throughout by ~n ved, automatic spn'nlder system or smoke control system. I~ -3.7-3* Any required smoke barrier shall be constructed in ar cordance with Section 6-3. Barriers shall be of substanti al ct nstruction and shall have structural fire resistance. 1~.-3.7.4 Openings in smoke barriers shall be protected in a< cordance with Section 6-3. E :ception No. 1: There shall be no restriction on the total nu~ b~ r of vision panels in any barrier (for example, a smoke barr st all be permitted to consist of fire~rated glazing panels mount in a security grille arrangemenO. Exception No. 2: Sliding doors in smoke barriers that are designed to normally be kept closed and are remotely operated from a continuously attended location shall not be required to be self-closing. 14-3.7.5 At least 6 net sq ft (0.56 net sq m) per occupant shall be provided on each side of the smoke barrier for the total number of occupants in adjoining compartments. This space shall be readily available wherever occupants are moved across the smoke barrier in a fire emergency. 14-3.7.6 Doors shall provide resistance to the passage of smoke. Swinging doOrs shall be self-latching, or the opening resistance of the door shall be a minimum of 5 lbf (22 N). 14-3.7.7 Doors in smoke barriers shall conform with the requirements for doors in means of egress as specified in Sec- tion 14-2 and shall have locking and release arrangements according to the applicable use condition. The provisions of the Exception to 14-2.11.6 shall not be used for smoke barrier doors serving a smoke compartment containing more than 20 persons. 14-3.7.8 Vision panels shall be provided in Smoke barriers at points where the barrier crosses an exit access corridor. 14-3.7.9 Smoke dampers shall be provided in accordance with 6-3.5. Exception: Other arrangements and positioning of smoke detectors shall be permitted to prevent damage or tampering or to be used for other purposes, provided the function of detecting any fire is fulfilled, and the placement of detectors is such that the speed of detection shall be equivalent to that provided by the required spacing and arrangement. 14-3.8 Special Protection Features. 14-3.8.1' Subdivision of Resident Housing Spaces. Subdivi- sion of facility spaces shall comply with Table 14-3.8.1. SECTION 14-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 14-4.1 Windowless Areas. 14-4.1.1' For the purposes of this chapter, a smoke compart- ment that does not contain operable windows or fixed windows that can be readily broken by impact shall be considered a win- dowless area. 14-4.1.2 Windowless areas shall be provided with vent open- ings, smoke shafts, or an engineered smoke control system to provide ventilation (mechanical or natural). 14-4.2 Underground Buildings. (See Chapter 30 for require- ments for underground buildings.) 14-4.3 High Rise Buildings, High rise buildings shall comply with 30-8.2. 14-4.4 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 14-5 BUILDING SERVICES 14-5.1 Utilities. 14-5.1.1 Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 1994 EDITION 101-146 LIFE SAFETY CODE Table 14-3.8.1 Subdivision of Resident Housing Spaces USE CONDITION II III IV V . Feature NS AS NS ' ' ~ AS NS . AS NS AS Room toRoom Separation NR NR NR NR ST · NR FR(i/2) ST RoOm Face tO Corridor ST NR ST NR ST NR . FR ST Separation Room Face to Common i NR NR NR ST NR ST ST NR ST FR ST SPace Separation ': <50ft* >50ft']' <50ft? >50ftt (!5m) (15m) (15m) (15m) (15m) (15m) Common SPace to Corridor FR NR ~ FR ~. NR FR ~ :N'R :' FR ~ ST Separation Total Openings i,n Solid ' 120 sqin. 120 sq in. ' 120sq in. : 120 sq in, : (0.08 ~t m) FaceR°°n~Is FaceRequiredWhen Room : (0.08 S~l m) (0.08 S~l m) (0.08 S~l m) i Closabie from: to Be Smok~tight Or . Fire Rated (0-08 sq m) , , w/smoke COntrOl .AS: Protected by automatic sprinklers ST: Smoketight NS: Not protected by automatic sprinklers FR: Fire Rated - 1 hour NR: No Requirement FR(¥2): Fire Rated - ¥2 hour ~'This is the truvel distance through the common space to the exit access corridor. NOTE 1: Doors in openings in partitions required to be fire resistive in accordance with this chart in other than required enclosures of exits or hazardous areas shall be substantial doors' and of construction that resists fire for a minimum Of 20 minutes. Wired glass or minimum 45-min fire-ruted glazing vision panels are permitted. Latches and door clOSers are not required on celt doors. NOTE 2: Doors in openings in partitions required to be smoketight in accordance with this chart shall be substantial doom and of construction that re.sists the passage of smoke. Latches and door closers are not. required on cell doors. · NOTE 3: "Total Openings in Solid Room Face" includes all openings (undercuts, food passes, grilles, etc.), the total of which shall not exceed 120 sq in. (.08 sq m). All openings shall be 36 in. (91 cra) or less above the floor. . · . NOTE 4: Under Use Condition II III or IV a space subdivided by open construction (any combination of grating doors and grating walls or solid Walls) shall be per- mltted to be considered one room tf housing not more than 16 persons. The perimeter walls of such space shall be of smoketlght construcOon. Smoke detection shall be provided in such space. Under Use Co0thtmn IV, common walls between sleeping areas wtthm the space shall be smoket~ght, and grut~ng doors and fronts shal be per- mitted to be used. In Use Conditions II and III. open dormitories shall be permitted to house more than 16 persons as permitted by other sections of this chapter. 14-5.1.2 Alarms, emergency communications systems, and the illumination of generator set locations shall be provided with emergency power in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. 14-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 14-5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air COnditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. Exception: As modified in 14-5.2.2. 14-5.2.2 Portable space heating devices shall be prohibited. Any heating device other than a central heating plant shall be designed and installed so that combustible material shall not be ignited by it or its appurtenances. If fuel-fired, such heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly .from outside, and shall be designed and installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere of the occupied area. The heating system shall have safety devices to immediately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in case of either excessive temperatures or ig.nition failure.. Exception: Approved, suspended unit heaters shall be permitted in locations other than means of egress and sleeping areas, pro- vMed such heaters are located high enough to be out of the reach of persons using the area, and provMed they are vgnt connected and equipped with the safetY devices required above.' 14-5.23 Combustion and ventilation air for boiler, incinera- tor, or heater rooms shall be taken directly from and dis- charged directly to the outside air. 14-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. EleVators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 14-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. 14-5.4.1 Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes sh,all comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 14-5.4.2 Any rubbish chute or linen chute, including pneu- matic rubbish and linen systems, shall be provided with auto- matic extinguishing protection installed in accordance with Section 7-7. 14-5.4.3 Any trash chute shall discharge into a trash collect- ing room used for no other purpose and protected in accor- dance with Section 6-4. 1994 EDITION 14-5.4.4 Any incinerator shall not be directly flue-fed, nor shall any floor chute directly COnnect with the combustion chamber. EXISTING DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-147 CHAPTER 15, EXISTING DETENTION ~2qD CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 15-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 15-1.1 Application. I15~1.1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to existing buildings or portions thereof currently occupied as detention or correction~! occupancies. (See also 14-1.1.1.) In addition to meeting the requirements of this chapter, detention and cor- rectional occt~pancies shall comply with the applicable requirements of Chapter 31. 15.1.1.2 This chapter establishes life safety requirements for all existing detention and correctional facilities. IEaception No. 1: Use Condition I facilities protected as resi- de ~tial occupancies in accordance with 15-1. 4. 3. Eaception No. 2*: Facih'ties determined to have equivalent sc ~ety provided in accordance with Section 1-5. 1~ -1.1.3 Detention and correctional occupancies shall be those u., ed for purposes Such as correctional institutions, detention fa :ilities, community residential centers, training schools, work ca mps, and substance abuse centers where occupants are con- fi~ ted or housed under some degree of restraint or security. I.t -1.1.4 Detention and correctional occupancies provide si, .'eping facilities for four or more residents and are occupied b~' persons who are generally prevented from taking self- p~ eservation action because of security measures not trader th .~ occupants' control. 1:-1.1.5 Total Concept. All detention and correctional facil- it es shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated t¢ minimize the possibility of a fire emergency. Because the safety of all occupants in detention and correc- ti mai facilities cannot be adequately ensured solely by depen- d, race on evacuation of the building, their protection fromfire sltall be provided by appropriate arrangement of facilities, a~ leqUate trained staff, and development of operating, secu- ri ty, and maintenance procedures composed of the following: (a) Design, construction, and compartmentation; and (b) Provision for detection, alarm, and extinguishment; and (c) Fire prevention and planning, training, and drilling in programs for the isolation of fire and transfer of occupants to a :eas of refuge or evacuation of the building, or protection of ti te occupants in place; and (d) Provision of security to the degree necessary for the safety of the public and the occupants of the facility. 15-1.1.6 Additions. Additions shall be separated from any e~sting structure not conforming with the provisions of Chap- ter 15 by a fire barrier having a minimum 2-hour fire resistance ee ting constructed to the requirements of the addition. Doors these partitions shall normally be kept closed. eption: Doors shall be permitted to be hem open if they t the requirements of the Exception to 5-2.1.8. 15-1'.2' Mixed Occupancies. 15q.2.1 Egress provisions for areas of detention and correc- tional facilities that correspond to other occupancies shall meet the corresponding requirements of this Code for such occupancies. Where security operations necessitate the lock- ing of required means of egress, staff shall be provided for the superVised release of occupants during all times of use. 15-1.2.2 Sections of detention and correctional facilities shall be permitted to be classified as other occupancies provided they meet all of the following conditions: (a) They are not intended to serVe residents for sleeping purposes, and (b) They are separated from areas of detention or correc- tional occupancies by construction having a minimum 2-hour fire resistance rating. 15-1.23 Detention and correctional occupancies in buildings housing other occupancies shall be completely separated from the other occupancies by. construction having a minimum 2-hour fire resistance rating, as provided for additions in 15-1.1.6. 15-1.2.4 All means of egress from detention and correctional occupancies that traverse other use areas shall, as a minimum, conform to the requirements of this Code for detention and correctional occupancies. Exception: Egress through a horizontal exit into other contigu- ous occupancies that do not conform to detention and correc- tional occupancy egress provisions, but that do comply with requirements set forth in the appropriate occupancy chapter of this Code, shall be permitted as long as the occupancy does not have high hazard contents. The horizontal exit shall comply with the requirements of 15-2.2.5. 15-1.2.5 Any area with a hazard of contents classified higher than that of the detention or correctional occupancy and located in the same building shall be protected as required in 15-3.2. 15-1.2.6 Nondetention or noncorrectional related occupancies classified as containing high hazard contents shall not be permit- ted in buildings housing detention or correctional occupancies. 15-1.3 Special Definitions. Direct Exit. An exit that serves only one area; the direct exit has no openings to other areas. Fire Barrier. (See Chapters 3 and 6.) Fire Compartment. (See Chapters 3 and 6.) Residential Housing Area. Includes sleeping areas and any contiguous day room, group activity space, or other com- mon spaces for customary access of residents. Sally Port (Security Vestibule). A compartment provided with two or more doors where the intended purpose is to pre- vent continuous and unobstructed passage by allowing the release of only one door at a time. Smoke Barrier. (See Chapters 3 and 6.) Smoke Compartment. (See Chapters 3 and 6.) 1994 EDITION 101-148 LIFE SAFETY CODE 15-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. 15-1.4;1' For applications of the life safetylequirements that follow, the resident user category is divided into five groups: Use Condition I--Free Egress Free movement is other spaces via his Code. Use Condition II- Free areas and any ot to one or more other smoke compartments. Use Condition III--Zoned Impeded Egress Free movement is allowed within individual smoke com- partments, such as within a residential unit comprised of indi- vidual sleeping rooms and: group activity space, with egress impeded by repote cOntrolled release of ~neans of egress from such smoke compartment t° another smoke compartment. Use Condition Iv---Impeded EgreSs Free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Remote controlled release: is provided to permit movement from all sleep- ing rooms, activity spaces, and other occupied areas within the smoke compartment tO anOther smoke compartment. Use Condition V--Contained Free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Staff controlled manual release at each door is provided to permit movement from alt sleePing rooms, actMty spaces, and other occupied areas Within ~h~ smoke compartment to another smoke compartmeht. 15-1.4.2' To classify as Use Condition III or IV, the arrange- ment, accessibility, and security of the release mechanism(s) used for be such that the minimum available staff promptly release the locks. 15-1.4.3 Areas housing occupancies corresponding to Use Condition I shall conform to the requirements of residential occupancies under this Code. 15-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The classifica- tion of hazard of COntents shall be as defined in Section 4-2. 15-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. 15-1.6.1 For the purpose of 15-1.6, the number of stories shall be counted starting with the primary level of exit dis- charge. For the purposes of this section, the primary level of exit discharge of a building shall be that floor that is level with or above finished grade on the exterior wall line for 50 percent or more of its perimeter. Building levels below the primary level shall not be counted as a story in determining the height of the building. 15-1.6.2 A residential housing area complying with 15-3.1.2 shall be considered as a one-story building for purposes of aPplying 15-1.6.3. 15-1.6.3 Detention and correctional occupancies shall be limited to the types of building construction permitted by Table 15-1.6.3. (See 6-2.1.) 1994 EDITION Table 15-1.6.3 Construction Type Limitations 1 Story. 1 St0ry 4 Story Type of with without 2 3 and Construction Basement Basement Story Story Higher I(443) 1(332) X X X X X II(222) 1I(111) xt? x xtt x-~ xt II1(211) IV(2HH)} X?? X X'~? X-~ X~' v(m) j n¢oo) 111(200) X: Permitted types of construction X~': Permitted ff the entire building is protected throughout by an approved supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7 X,t: Xt applies in buiidings wh~re Use COndition V is Used Exception No. 1: Any building of Type I, Type 11(222), or Type II(l lO constraction shall be permitted to include roofing systems involving combustible or steel supports, decking or roofing provided' (a) The roof covering at a minimum meets Class C require- rnents in accordance with NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, and (b) The roof is separated from all occupied portions of the building by a noncombustible floor assembly that includes a min- imum of 21/2 in. (6.4 cra) of concrete or gypsum fiE. To qualify for this exception, the attic or other space so developed shall either be unoccupied or protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. Exception No. 2: In determining building construction type, exposed steel roof members located 16 fl (4.9 m) or more above the floor of the highest cell shall be disregarded. 15-1.7 Occupant Load. The occupant load for which means of egress shah be provided for any floor shall be the maximum num- ber of persons intendedto occupy that floor, but not less than one person for each 120 sq ft (11.1 sq m) of gross floor area. (. SECTION. 15-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 15-2.1 General. Means of egreSS shall comply with Chapter 5. Exception:' As otherwise provided or modified in this section. 15-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 15-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 15-2.2.2 through 15-2.2.9. 15-2.2.2 Doors. Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. Exception: As provided in 15-2.11. 15-2.2.3 Stairs. 15-2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. Exception: Noncombustible grated stair treads and landing EXISTING DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-149 15-2.2.3.2 Spiral stairs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be per- mitted for access to and between staff locations. 15-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 15-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 and the modifications that follow shall be perlnitt~d. ~ la) At least 6 sq ft (0.56 sq m) of accessible space Per occu- of the horizontal exit for )eople in adjoining compartments. a (not necessarily * Ducts shall be allowed to penetrate horizontal exits in to 5- protected by dampers that exit shall not be. required to 5-2.4.3.6. 1~-2.2.6 RamPs, Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be per- mitted. 15-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 1:;-2.2.8 Fire Escape Stairs. Fire escape stairs complying w.th 5-2i8 shall be permitted. 11;-2.2.9!AreaS of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5.2.12 shall be permitted. 1:i-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 1. i-23.1 The capacity of any required means of egress shall : in accordance with Section 5-3. 15-2.3.2 Aisles, corridors, and ramps required for egress si mil be a minimum of 3 ft (0.9 m) in width. ;-2.3.3 For residents' sleeping room door widths, see ;-2.11.3. ;-2.4 Number of Exits. (See also Section 5-4.) 5-2.4.1' A minimum of two separate exits shall be: (a) Provided on every story, and (b)' Accessible from every part of every story, fire corr[part- lent, or smoke compartment. '~cception to (b):' Exit access travel shah be permitted to ibe ommon for the distances allowed as common path of travel ~by 5-2.5.3. 5-2.4.2* A minimum of one approved exit shall be acfe~si- ~le from each fire compartment and each required smokecom- ~artment into which residents are potehtially moved in h fire ,mergency, with the exits arrangei5 so that egress shall not equire return through the zone of fire origin. 15-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. (See also Section 5-5.) 15-2.5~1 Every sleeping room shall have a door leading directly to an exit access corridor. Exception No. 1: If there is an exit door opening directly to the outside from the room at the ground level. Exception No. 2: One adjacent room, such as a day room, group activity space, or other common space shall be permitted to intervene. Where sleeping rooms directly adjoin a day room or group activity space that is utilized for access to an exit, such sleeping room shah be permitted to open directly to the day room or space and s. haH be permitted to be separated in elevation by a one-half or full story height. (See 15-3.1.2.) 15-2.5.2' Existing dead-end corridors are undesirable and shall be altered wherever possible so that exits will be accessi- ble in at least two different directions from all points in aisles, passageways, and corridors. 15-2.5.3 No common path of travel shall exceed 50 ft ( 15 m). EXCeption No. 1: A common path of travel shah be permitted for the first 100 fl (30 m) in a building protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinMer system in accordance with 15-3.5.3. Exception No. 2: Multilevel residential housing units in which each floor leve~ considered separately, has at least one half of its indivJdual required egress capacity accessible by exit access lead- ing directly out of that level without traversing another commu- nicating floor level. EXCeption No. 3: Existing excessive common paths of travel shah be permitted to be continued in use subject to the approval of the authority having jun'sdiction and the travel distance requirements of 15-2.6. 15-2.5.4 A sally port shall be permitted in a means of egress where there are provisions for continuous and unobstructed travel through the sally port during an emergency egress condition. 15-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. (a) The travel distance between any room door required as an exit access and an exit or smoke barrier shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m); and (b) The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit or smoke barrier shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m); and (c) The travel distance between any point in a sleeping room to the door of that room shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). Exception No. 1: The maximum permitted travel distance in (a) or (b) above shall be increased by 50 fl (15 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system or smoke control system. Exception No. 2: The maximum permitted travel distance in (c) above shall be increased to 100fl (30 m) in open dormitories where the enclosing walls of the dormitory space are of smoketight construction. Where travel distance to the exit access door from any point within the dormitory exceeds 50 fi (15 m), a minimum of two exit access doors remotely located from each other shall be provided. 1994 EDITION 101-150 LIFE SAFETY CODE 15-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 15-2.7.1 Exits shall be permitted to discharge into a fenced or walled courtyard~ proVkied that not more than two walls Of the courtyard aie th~ building walls from which egress is being made. Enclosed yards or courts shall be of sufficient size to accommodate 'all OCCupants at a minimum distance of 50 ft (15 m) from the buildifig with a net area of 15 sq ft (1.4 sqm) per person. oEx/eption: Where all exits discharge through areas on the leve! discharge, a Smoke barrier shall be Pr~¢ided to divide that level into a minimum of two compartmentS with a minimm of one exit discharging into each compartment, and each smoke compartment shall have an exit discharge to the building exterior. The level of discharge shahbe pr°vided with automati~ sprinkler protection, and any other portion of the level of discharge area ~with access to'the discharge area jhall be pro~ided wit~ auto, matic sprinkler Protection 'or shaIIbe SePa~rated from the dis-' charge 'area in [~Ccordance with' th~ requirements ~for the enclo-~ sure of exits. (See 5-1.3.1.) 15-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Illumination shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-8. 15-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-9. Exception: Emergency' lighting of a minimum of 1-hour dura- tion -shall be permitted to be provided 15-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Exit marking shall be provided in areas accessible to the public in accordance with Section 5-10. Exceptiom Exit signs shall not be required in residential hous- ing areas. (See 15-1.3.) 15-2.11 Special Features. 15-2.11.1 Doors within means of egress shall be as required in Chapter 5. Exception: As provided in 15-Zll. 2 through 15-2.11.8. 15-2.11.2 Doors shall be permitted to be locked in accor- dance with the applicable use condition. 15-2.113' Doors to resident sleeping rooms shall be a mini- mum of 28 in. (71 em) in clear width. Exception: Existing doors to resident sleeping rooms housing four or fewer residents shall be perrnitted to be a minimum of 19 in. (48.3 cra) in clear width. 15-2.11.4 Doors in a means of egress shall be permitted to be of the horizontal s'liding type, provided the force to slide the I door to its fully open position does not exceed 50 lbf (222 N) I with a perpendicular force against the door of 50 lbf (222 N). 1994 EDITION 15-2.11.5 Doors from areas of refuge to the exterior shall be permitted to be locked with key locks in lieu of locking meth- ods described in 15-2.11.6. The keys to unlock such do'rs shall be maintained and available at the facility at all times; and the locks shall be operable. frOm the outside. 15-2.11 ; of on ali torelease Exception: Provisions for remote control locking and unlocking of o~ccupied rOomS in 'use Condition II; shall-nOt be reqUire~t t~rovide~t n°t, more than ~10 locks are necessarY t° be unlocJced in order t° move all OccuPan~ f~om one smoke 'comPartme~tt to an area of refuge: aS Pr°rt[ptly as required for .remote ~ontrol ~lock- tng' lfnl~'cl~t'ng o~ all necessary, locks shall be accomtdi~hed With no more than two separate keys. (See 15-3. Z 7for requirements for smoke barrier do~rs. ) be or a remot{ Exception to (a): The:combination of emerg_~hcy power- operated reIeaS~ ~f selected individual doo~ anal ~em~'te ~contro! manual mechan[cal ganged release shall be allowed without mechanical release m~an~ at each door. (b) Mechanically operated sliding doors Or mechanically operated locks shall b~ provided with a manual mechanic~i means at erich door to :rel~aSeland open the d0o~.: 15-2.11.8 The provisions of 5-2.1.5.2 for stairway reentry shall not apply. SECTION 15-3 PROTECTION 15-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 15-3.1.1 Any stairway, ramp, elevator, hoistway, light or ven- tilation shaft, chute or other Vertical opening between stories shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 6-2. Exception No. 1: Stairs that do not connect a corridor, do not connect more than two levels, and do not serve as a means of egress. Exception No. 2: Multilevel residential housing areas in accor- dance with 15-3.1.2. Exception No. 3: In residential housing areas protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system, unpro- tected vertical openings shah be permitted in accordance with the conditions of 6-2.4.5, provided that the height between the lowest and highest finished floor levels does not exceed 23 ft (7 m). The number of levels shah not be restricted. Residential housing areas subdivided in accordance with 15-3.8.1 shah be permitted to be considered as part of the communicating space. The separation shah not be required to have a ~re resistance rating. [See Excep- tion No. 2 to 6-2.4.5(d).] C (i EXISTING DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-151 Exception No. 4: Atriums in accordance with 6-Z4.6 shall be permitted. Exception No. 5: Where full enclosure is impractica~ the required enclosure shall be permitted to be limited to that neces- sary to prevent a fire originating in any story from spreading to any other story. Exception No. 6: The required minimum fire resistance rating. of et~closures in detention and correctional occupancies protected t]tr~ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system shall be I hour. ' 1573.1.2:a Multilevel residential housing areas shall be permit~ te~I without enclosure prOtection between levels provided all th '~ following COnditions are met: (a)* The entire normally occupied area, including all COre- m micating floor levels, is sufficiently open and unobstructed th it a fire or Other dangerous COndition in any part shall be ot: vious to the occupants or supervisopj personnel in the area. (b) Egress capacity is .sufficient to provide simultaneously fo( all the occupants of all communicating levels and areas, wi[h all COmmunicating levels in the same fire area being con- side,ed as a single floo~ area for purposes of determination of required egres~ capacity, i (c)* The height between the highest and lowest finished flc~{ levels shall not eXCeed 13 ft (4 m). The number of levels block shall be COnsidered (see recommended level of smoke fill- abOve 2. Use all persons housed in such x~ can smoke barrier or freely ; below the calculated smoke level with nOt more than 50'ft ~i m) of travel from their cells, or (b) The entire building, including cells, is provided with com- pete automatic SPrinkler i)r°tection in accordance with 15-3.5. 1:i-3,2 Protection from Hazards. 1.~-3.2.1' Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be :otected in aCCordance with SeCtion 6-4. The areas described Table 15-3.2.1 shall be protected as indicated. Table 15-3.2.1 Hazardous Area Protection Hazardous Area Description :ecs not incidental to resident housing immler and fuel-fired heater rooms ercial cooking equipment ommissaries Employee locker rooms Hobby/handicraft shops C~entral or bulk laundries over 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) Maintenance shops l~added cells S~iled linen rooms ~torage rooms > 50 sq ft(4.6 sq m) in area storing combustible material Trash collection rooms Separation/Protection 2-hr 1-hr or sprinklers In accordance with 7-2.3 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers l-h~ and sprinklers 1-iii' Or sprinklers l-hr or sprinklers l-hr or sprinklers 15-3.2.2 Hazardous areas determined by the authority having jurisdiction as not incidental 'to residents' housing shall be sep- arated by 2-hour fire resistance-rated barriers in COnjunction with automatic sprinkler protection. 15-3.2.3 Where cooking facilities are protected in accor- dance with 7-2.3, kitchens shall not be required to be provided with roomwide protection. 15-3.3 Interior Finish. 15-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior wall and ceiling finish in corridors and exits and any space not separated from COrridors and exits by a partition capable of retarding the passage of smoke shall be Class A or Class B. In all other areas, interior wall and ceiling finish shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accordance with Section 6-5. 15-3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish material in COrridors and exits shall be Class II in accordance with Sec- tion 6-5. Exception: Existing floor finish material of Class ~4 or Class B in nonsprinklered buildings and Class 71, Class B, or Class C in sprirdde~d buiMings shall be permitted to be continued in use provided it has been evaluated based on tests performed in accordance with 6-5.3.1. 15-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 15-3A.1 General. 15-3.4.1.1 Detention and correctional occupancies shall be provided with a fire alarm system in aCCordance with Section 7-6, except as modified by 15-3.4.1.2 through 15-3.4.4. 15-3.4.1.2 All required fire alarm systems shall be electrically supervised. Exception: EMsting nonelectrically supervised systems shall be permitted in buildings protected by a complete automatic extin- guishing systenr 15-3.4.1.3 All fire alarm systems and detection systems required in this section shall be provided .with a seCOndary power supply, and the installation shall be in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. 15-3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- tem shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2 and by means of any required detection devices or detection systems. Exception No. 1: Manual fire alarm boxes shall be permitted to be locked, provided that staff is present within the subject area when occupied and has keys readily available to unlock the boxes. Exception No. 2: Manual fire alarm boxes shall be permitted to be located in a staff location, provided that the staff loCation is attended when the building is occupied and that the staff atten- dant has direct supervision of the sleeping area. 15-3.4.3 Notification. 15-3.4.3.1 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification Ishall be accomplished automatically in accordance with 7-6.3. Presignal systems shall be prohibited. A positive alarm sequence shall be permitted in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6;3.2. 1994 EDITION 101-152 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception*: Any smoke detectors required by this chapter shall b~cPermitted to be'arranged to alarm at a constantly attended ation only and.shall not be required to accomplish general alarm indication. 15-3.4.3.2 Emergency "Forces Notification. Fire department notification shall be accomplished in aCCordance with 7-6.4. A positive alarm sequence shall be permitted in aCCordance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6.3.2. Exception No. 1: Any smoke detectors required by this chapter shall not be required to transmit an alarm to the fire department. ExcePtion No. 2: 'Whe-re staff is provided at a constantly attended location that hc~ the ~apab~li[~ ~to pPomptly notify'the fire department Or has direct ~commu~icat~on ~it~ a control room fraying direct aCCess to the fire department. The fireplan as required by 31~5.1.3 shah in-ciude pr°Cedures for lo~ging of alarms and immediate notification of the .fire department. 15-3.4,4 Detection. 'An apProved, automatic smoke detec- tion system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-6 throughout alt resident housing areas. Exception No. !: Smoke detectors shall not. be required, tin sleeping rooms with four°r fewer occUPants in Use Co~utition II or III. Exception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 15-3.5.3, smoke detectors shall not be required except in corridors, common spaces, and sleeping rooms with more than four occupants. Exception No. 3: Other arrangements and positioning of smoke detectors shall be permitted to prevent damage or tampering, or for other purposes, provided the function for detecting any fire is fulfilled and the placement of detectors is such that [he ~peed of detection shall be equivalent to that provided by the spacing and arrangements described in Section 7-6. This shall be permitted to include the location of detectors in exhaust ducts from cells, behind grilles, or in other locations. The equivalent performance of the design, however, shall be acceptable to the authority hav- ing jurisdiction in accordance Witt~ the equivalenCY. concepts specified in Section 1-5 of this Code. 15-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 15-3.5.1 (Reserved.) 15-3.5.2' Where required by 15-1.'6, facilities gha[i' be pro- tected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprin- kler system in accordance with Section 7-7.. 15-3.53 Where this Code permits exceptions for fully sprin- klered detention and correctional occupancies, the ~prinkler system shall be: (a) In complete aCCordance with Section 7-7, and (b) Electrically connected to the fire alarm system, and (c) Fully supervised. 15-3.5.4 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provide~ in accordance with 7-7.4.1. Exception No. 1 *: Access to portable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to be locked. 1994 EDITION Exception No. 2: Portable fire.extinguishers shall be permitted to be located at staff locations only. 15-3.5.5 Standpipe and hose systems shall be provided in accordance with 7-~7.4.2 as follows~ (a) Class I standpipe systems shall be provided .for any building over two stories in ,height, and Exception No: 1: · One-inch; (Z5-cm) diameter formed hose on ho~e reels shall be permitted to provide Class II 'service. Exception No. 2: Separate Class I and Class H systems shall: be permitted 'in lieu :of Class III. 15-3.6 Corridors. (See 15~3.8.) ; Spaces. 15-3.7.1' story having ' 50 or minimum of two compartments. Exception No. I: Exception No. 2*.- a to divide every : an.v other Protection shall be permitted to be accom- ~ ~ (15 m) .4 Sq m) or more of refuge potentially present at the doors tt the smoke bar- rier applicable ~ 15-3.7.2 Where smoke barriers are required by 15-3.7.1, smoke barriers shall be Provided: ' (a) To limit the housing to a maximumof 200 residents in any smoke compartment, and (b)* To limit the travel distance to a door in a smoke barrier:. 1. From any room door required as exit access to a max- imum of I00 ft (30 m),, and 2. From any point in a room to a maximum of l50 ft (45m). Exception to (b): :-The maximum permitted travel distance shall be increased by 50 ft (15 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sphnkler or s~no'ke control system. 15-3.7.3' Any required smoke barrier shall be constructed in aCCordance with Section 6-3. Barriers shall be of substantial construction and shall have a structural fire resistance. 15-3.7.4 Openings in smoke barriers shall be protected in accordance with Section 6-3. Exception No. 1: There shall be no restriction on the total num- her of vision panels in any' barrier (for example, a smoke bamer shall be permitted to consist of fire-rated glazing panels mounted in a security grille arrangement). EXISTING DETENTION AND .CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 101-153 Exception No. 2: Sliding doors in smOke barriers that are designed to normally be kept closed and are remotely operated from a continuously attended location shall not be required to 'be self-closing. 15-3,7.5 At least 6 net sq ft (0.56 net sq m)per occupant shall be provided on each side of the smoke barrier for the total number of occupants in adjoining compartments. This space shrill be readily ~vailable wherever occupants are moved acros~ th{ smoke barrier in a fire emergency. 1 15-3.7.6 Doors shall provide: resistance to the passage of smoke. Swinging doors shall be self-latching~ or the opening resistance of thd d-om: shall be a minimum of 5 lbf (22 N). Such doors shall not be required to swing in the direction of egress travel. 1543,7.7 Doors in smoke barriers shall conform with th~ requirements for doors in mefins of egress as sPecified in Sectiofl 15 ~ and shall have locking and release arrangements according to the applicable use condition. The provisions of the Exception to 15-2.11.6 shall not be used for smoke barrier doors serving a smoke compartment containing more than 20 persons. 15-3.7.8 Vision panels shall be provided in smoke barriers at points where the barrier crosses an exit access corridor. 15-3.7.9 Smoke dampers shall be provided in accordance with 6-3.5. Exception: Other arrangements and positioning of smoke detectors shall be permitted to prevent damage or tampering or to be used for other purposes, provided the function of detecting any ~re is fulfilled, and the placement of detectors is such that the 'speed of detection shall be equivalent to that provided by the required spacing and arrangement. 15-3.8 Special Protection Features. 15-3.8.1' Subdivision of Resident Housing Spaces. Subdivi- sion of facility spaces shall comply with Table 15-3.8.1. USE CONDITION Feature oom to Room Separation oom Face to Corridor Separation Room Face to Common Space Separation Common Space to Corridor SeParation Total Openings in Solid Room Face When Room Face is Required to be Smoketight or Fire Rated Table 15-3.8.1 NR ] NR ' ST/ ] NR 120 sq in. (0.08 sq m) Subdivision of Resident Housin Spaces III NS AS NR NR NR STttt NR ST-~-? <50 fH' > 50 ftt (15m) (15 m) ST NR STtt <50 ftt > 50 ft? (lS m) (lS m) NR 120 sq in. (0.08 sq m) NS ST . STttt STttt ST IV AS NR NR NR STtt <50 ftt >50 ftt (lSm) (15 m) NR 120 sq in. (0.08 sq m) V NS AS ST ~ STt? FRttt 'STtt ST t~t STtt FR STtt 120 sr in. (0.08 sq m) Closable from inside or 120 sq in. (0.08 sq m) w/smoke control S :: Protected by automatic sprinklem ST: Smoketight Not p~otected by automatic sprinklers FR: Fire Rated - 1 hour ?~1~: No Requirement s is the travel distance through the common space to the exit access corridor. 'H'May be NR where there is either: (a) An approved automatic smoke detection system installed in all corridors and common spaces, or (b) Multitiered cell blocks meeting the reqmrements of 15-3.1.3. 'i'll'May be NR in multitiered open cell blocks meeting the requirements of 15-3.1.3. NOTE 1: Doors in openings in partitions required to be fire resistive in accordance with this chart in other than required enclosures of exits or hazardous areas shall ~ substantial doors and of construction that resists fire for a minimum of 20 minutes. Wired glass or minimum 45-min fire-rated glazing vision panels are'~permitted. Latches and door closers are not required on cell doors. ~FOTE 2: Doors in openings in partitions required to be smoketight in accordance with the chart shall be substantial doors and of construction that resists the passage of smoke. Latches and door closers are not required on cell doors. NOTE 3: "Total Openings in Solid Room Face" includes all openings (undercuts, food passes, grilles, etc.), the total of which shall not exceed 120 sq in. (.~8 sq m). All openings shall be 36 in. (91 cm) or less above the floor. NOTI~ 4: Under Use Condition II, III, or IV, a space subdivided by open construction (any combination of grating doors and grating walls or solid walls) shall be per- p~.itted to be considered one room if housing not more than 16 persons. The perimeter walls of such space shall be of smoketight construction. Smoke detection shall be ovided in such space. Under Use Condition IV, common walls between sleeping areas within the s~ace shall be smoketight, and grating doors and fronts shall be per- mitted to be used. In Use conditions II and III, open dormitories shall be permitted to house more than 16 persons as permitted by other sections of this chapter. 1994 EDITION 101-154 LIFE SAFETY CODE SECTION 15-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 15-4.1 Windowless Areas. 15-4.1.1' For purposes of this chapter,-a smoke compart- ment that does not contain operable windows or fixed windows that can be readily broken by impact shall be considered a Win- dowless area. 15-4.1.2 Windowless areas shall be provided with vent open- ings, smoke shafts, or an engineered Smoke control system to pro~ide ventilation (mechanical or natural). 15-4.2 Underground-Buildings. (See: Chapter 30 for require- merits for und'~rground buildiffgs. ) 15-4.3 High Rise Buildings. Existing high rise buildings shall be protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic spiinkler system installed in a~)rdance with ~Section 7-7. A s~rinkler control valve and a Water flow device shall be pro- vided for each flOor. 154.4 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 15-5 BUILDING SERVICES 15-5.1 Utilities. 15-5.1.1 Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 15-5.1.2 Alarms, emergency communications systems, and the illumination of generator set installations shall be provided with emergency power in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. Exception: Systems complying with earlier editions of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, and not presenting a life safety hazard shall be permitted to be continued in use. 15-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 15-5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. Exception No. l: As modified in 15-5.2 2. Exception No. 2: Systems .complying with earlier editions of the applicable codes~and not presenting a life safety hazard shall be pe-rmitted to be continued in use. 15-5.2.2 Portable space heating devices shall be prohibited. Any heating device other than a central 1 Il be designed and installed so that combustible not be: installed to Exception: ApprOved, suspended unit heaters shall be permitted in locations other than means of et, g~e, ss~ iand sleeping a~eas, ~Pro- vided such heaters~ are located high enough tO~.be or't of. reaCh.of persons ~using the area, and Provided th~ 'are. ivent C°nn~ected anal equipped wi[h the safety devices required above. 15-5.2.3 Combustion and ventilation air for boiler, incinera- tor, or heater rooms shall be taken directly from and dis- charged directly to the outside air. 15-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 15-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. 15-5.4.1 Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 15-5.4.2 Any rubbish chute or linen chute, including pneu- matic rubbish and linen systems, shall be provided with auto- matic extinguishing protection installed in accordance with Section 7-7. 15-5.4.3 Any trash chute shall discharge into a trash'collect- ing room used for no other purpose and protected in accor- dance with Section 6-4. 15-5.4.4 Any incinerator shall not be directly flue-fed, nor shall any floor chute directly connect with the combustion chamber. 1994 EDITION NEW HOTELS AND DORMITORIES 101-155 16-1 m~[ has sui~ 16- 16- buJ of~ 16- OCt OC{ OCt 16. de' tet sle SOl SCl sim vk fr, ml m~ ac wi or sit trl 16 16 re ac fa CHAPTER 16 NEW HOTELS AND DORMITORIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 16-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .1 Application. The requirements of this chapter apply to: Q New buildings or portions thereof used as hotel or dor- )ry occupancies (see Section 1-4); and 3) Additions made to, or used as, a hotel or dormitory ~pancy (see 1-4.5); and :) Alterations, modernizations, or renovations of existing :1 or dormitory occupancies (see 1-4.6); and fl) Existing buildings or portions thereof upon change of Jpancy to a hotel or dormitory occupancy (see 1-6.3). eption: Any dormitory divided into suites of rooms, with or more bedrooms opening into a living room or study that a door opening into a common corridor serving a number of o~s, shall be classified as an apartment building. 1.2 Mixed Occupancies. 1.2.1 Where another type of occupancy occurs in the same Iding as a residential occupancy, the requirements of 4-Lll his Code shall: apply. 1.2.2 For requirements on mixed assembly and residential upancies, see 8-1.2; for mixed mercantile and residential upancies, see 24-1.2; and for mixed business and residential :upancies, see 26-t.2. 1.3 Definitions. Terms applicable to this chapter are ined in Chapter 3 of this Code; where necessary, other ms will be defined in the text as they occur. [}ormitories. Buildings or spaces in buildings where group :ping accommodations are provided for more than 16 per- ts who are not members of the same family in one room or a les of closely associated rooms under joiht occupancy and gle management, with or without meals, but without indi- ual cooking facilities. Examples'a3e college dormitories, ternity houses, and military barracks. Hotels. Buildings or groups of buildings under ihe same ~nagement in which there are more than 16 sleeping accom- ~dations primarily used by transients (those who occupy :ommodations for less than 30 days) for lodging with or :hour meals, whether designated as a hotel, inn, club, motel, by any other name. So-called apartment hotels shall be clas- ed as hotels because they are potentially subject to the same .nsient occupancy as hotels. -1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 16-1.3.) -1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents of ;idential occupancies shall be classified as ordinary hazard in :ordance with Section 4-2. For the design of automatic sprin- ~'r systems, the classification of contents in NFPA 13, Standard ' the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, shall apply. 16-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements.: (No'special requirements.) 16-1.7' Occupant Load. The occupant4oad in numbers of persons for whom egress is to be provided shall be determined on the basis of one person per 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m) of gross floor area or the maximum probable population of any room or Isection under consideration, whichever is greater. SECTION 16-2 MEANS OF: EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 16-2.1 General. Means of. egress from guest rooms/guest suites to the outside of the building shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this chapter. Means of escape within the guest room/guest suite shall comply with the provisions of Section 21-2 for one- and two-family dwellings. For the purpose of application of the requirements of Chapter 21, guest room/ guest suite shall be syr~onymous with dwelling or living unit. 16-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 16-2.2.1 General. 16-2.2.1.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 16-2.2.2 through 16~2.2.8. ~ . .~ 16-2.2.1.2 In buildings protected throughout by'an approved, supervised automatic .sprinkler system installed in accordance with 16-3.5, exit enclosures shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour, and the fire protection rating of dOOrs shall be not less than 1 hour. 16-2.2.2 Doors. 16-2.2,2.1 Doors complying wi~h 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 16-2.2.2.2 No dOOr in any means of egress shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied.. Exception No. 1: Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6. t shall be permitted, provided not more than one such 'device is located in any one egress path. Exception No. 2: Doors in the means of egress shall be permit- ted to be equipped with an approved entrance and access control system complying with 5-2. L 6. 2. 16-2.2.2.3 Selected doors on stairwells shall be permitted to be equipped with hardware that prevents reentry in accor- dance with Exception No. 1 to 5-2.1.5.2. 16-2.2.2.4 Revolving doors complying with 5-2:1.10 shali~be permitted. 16-2.2.2.5 Horizontal sliding doors, as permitted by 5-2.1.14, shall not be used across corridors. 16-2.2.3 Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 16-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5'2.3 shall be permitted. 16-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 16-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 1994 EDITION 101-156 L~FES^FETYCODE 16,2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2~6 shall be permitted. 16-2.2.8' Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying With 5-2.12 shall be permitted. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic s~ri~der system in [{ccordance with 16-3. 5, the two accessible roosts or spaces separated from each other ~y smoke-resistive partitions in accorda~tce with 'the 5-1.2 definition of area of refu~e 'shaII not be. required. 16-2,3 Capacity 0fMeans of Egress. 16-2.3.1 The capacity :of :means of egress shall be in accor- daace with Section 5,3. 16.2.3~2 occupant load of ~ aired capacity of stairs and ramps 16-2.3.3 The minimum corridor width shall be sufficient to accommodate the required occupant load, but shall be not less than 44 in. (112 cra). Exception*: Corridors within individual guest rooms or individ- ual guest suites. 16-2.4 Number of Exits. (See also Section 5-4.) At least two separate exits shall be provided on each story. Exception: Any building protected thfioughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer system complying with 16-3.5 having four stories or less with not more than four living units per floor shall be permitted to have a single exit under the following conditions: (a) The stairway is completely enclosed or separated by bar- riers having a/ire resistance'rating of at least 1 hour with self- closing I-hour fire protection rated doors protecting all openings between the stairway enclosure and the building. (b) The stairway does not serve more than one-half story below the level of exit discharge. (c) All corridors serving as access to exits have at least a 1-hour/ire fesistance rating. (d) There is not more than 35 ft (10. 7 m) of travel distance from the entrance door of any living unit to an exit. fe) One-half-hour fire rated horizontal and vertical separa- tion between living units is provided. 16-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 16-2.5.1 Access to all required exits shall be in accordance with Section 5-5. 16-2.5.2 No common path of travel shall exceed 35 ft (10.7 m). Travel within a guest room or guest suite shall not be included when calculating common path of travel. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 16-3.5, common path of travel shall not exceed 50 fi (15 m). 1994 EDITION 16-2.5.3 No dead-end corridor shall exceed 35 ft (10.7 m). Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, sUpervised automatic s~t~kler system in accorda~tce with 16-3.5, dead-end corridors sh~tll not exceed 50 fi (15 m). 16-2.5~4 Any room or any suite of rooms in excess of 2,000 sq ft (185 sq m) shall be provided with at least two exit access doors remotely l~cated frown each other. 16-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 16-2.6.1 Travel distance within a room or suite to a corridor door shall not exceed 75 ft (23 m). Exception: One hundred twenty-five-fi (38-m) travel distance shali be allowed in buiMings ptYo[ecte~l ~y an 'approved, super- vised automatic sprinkler syste'rn in accor~tance ~vJth 16-3.5. 16-2.6.2 Travel distance~ measured in accordance with Sec- tion 5-6, from the corridor door of any room Or suite to the nearest exit shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m). Exception No. 1: Maximum permitted travel distance to exits shall be 200 fi (60 m) for exter[or ways of exit access arranged in accordance with 5-5.3. Exception No. 2: Maximum permitted travel distance to exits shall be 200 fi (60 m) if the exit access and any portion of the building that is tributary to the exit access are protected through- out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 16~3.5. In addition, the portion of the building in which the 200-fi (60-m) travel distance is permitted shall be separated from t~te remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour for build- ings not more than threk stories in height, and 2 h°urs'for build- trigs more than three stones tn height. 16-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 16-2.7.1 Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7. 16-2.7.2' Any required exit stair that is located so that it is necessary to pass through the lobby or other open :space to reach the outside of the build.ing shall be continuously enclosed down to a level of exit discharge or to a mezzanine within a lobby at a levei of exit discharge. 16-2.7.3 The distance of travel from the termination of the exit encIosure to an exterior door leading to a public way shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m). 16-2.8 Illumination of .Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 16-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting in accor- dance with Section 5-9 shall be provided in all buildings with more than 25 rooms. Exception: Where each guest room or guest suite has an exit direct to the outside of the building at street or ground level. 16-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-10. 16-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) NEW HOTELS AND DORMITORIES 101-157 SECTION 16-3 PROTECTION 16,3.1 protection of Vertical Openings° 16-3.1.1 Every stairway, elevator shaft, and other vertical op~ning shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.~4. per, Ex~ cor~ eption No. I: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not · e than: three floors in accordance with 6-2.4.5 shall be per- ed. eption No. 2: An atrium in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be nitted. eption No. 3: Enclosures shall not be required where a stair nects two levels within a single dwelling unit, guest room, or ~t suite. 'eption No. 4: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in a~-c~rdance with 16-3.5, fire resistance of walls shah be not less tha~ 1 hour, and the fir~. protection rc~tfng of doors shall be not lesl than 1 hour. 16- 3.1.2 No floor below the level of exif discharge used only fo[ storage, heating equipment, or purposes other than resi- de: ~tial occupancy shall have unprotected openings to floors us{ 16 16. in~ to di~ off 16 te{ th, sp aD PI2 for residential purposes. 3.2 Protection from Hazards. 3.2.1 Any room containing high-pressure boilers, refrigerat- machinery, transformers, or other service equipment subject possible explosion shall not be located directly under or ectly adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively cut from other parts of the building as specified in Section 6-4. · 3.2.2 Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be pro- :ted in accordance with Section 6-4. The areas described in : following table shall be protected as indicated. Where :inkler protection without fire-rated separation is used, :as shall be separated from' other Spaces by partitions com- 4ng with 6-3.2 and with doors complying with 6-3.4. Hazardous Area Description Separation/Protection BOiler and fuel-fired heater rooms serv- ing more than a single guest room or ~uite E.~oployee locker ~:ooms Gi~t or retail shops Bdlk laundries Guest laundries not more than 100 sq ft ~9.3 sq m) outside of guest rooms or guites Gaest laundries more than 100 sq ft ~9.3 sq m) outside of guest rooms or Suites Mhintenance shops Stgrage rooms2 Trash rooms 1-hr and sprinklers l-hr or sprinklers l-hr or sprinklers l-hr and sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers~ 1-hr and sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers ~Where automatic sprinkler protection is provided, no enclosure shall be required. zWhere storage areas not exceeding 24 sq ft (2.2 sq m) are directly accessible [rtm the guest room or suite, no separation/protection shall be required. 16-3.3 Interior Finish. 16-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish on walls and ceilings in accordance with Section 6~5 shall, be as follows: (a) Exit enclosures -- Class A. (b) Corridors and lobbies -- Class A or Class B. (c) All other spaces -- Class A, Class B, or Class C. 16-3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish in corri- dors and exits shall be Class I or Class II in accordance with Section 6-5. 16-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 16-3.4.1 General A fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6, except as modified by 16-3.4.2 through 16-3.4.4, shall be provided. 16-3.4.2 Initiation. The required fire alarm system shall be initiated by: (a) Manual means in accordance with 7-6.2, and (b) A manual fire alarm station 10~ated at the hotel desk or Other convenient central control point under continuous superdsion by responsible employees, and (c) Any automatic sprinkler system, and (d) Any required automatic detection system. Exception to (d): Sleeping room smoke detectors shall not be required to initiate the building fire alarm system. 16-3.4.3 Notification. 16-3.4.3.1 Occupant notification shah be provided automati- cally, without delay, by internal audible alarm in accordance with 7~6.3. Visible signals shall be installed in guest rooms designed for the .hearing impaired. Exception No. 1: Where permitted by the authority having juris- diction, in buildings protected throughout by an approved, super- vised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 16-3.5.1, a presignal system in accordance with Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted to be usecL Exception No. 2: A delay for positive alarm sequence in accor- dance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 16-3.4.3.2 An annunciator panel connected with the fire alarm system shall be provided. The location of the annuncia- tor shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Exception: Buildings not more than two stories in height and with not more than 50 rooms. 16-3.4.33' Provisions shall be made for the immediate noti- fication of the public fire department by telephone or other means in case of fire. Where there is no public fire department, this notification shall be made to the private fire brigade. 1994 EDITION 101-158 LIFE SAFETY CODE 16-3.4.4 Detection. 16-3.4.4.1 A corridor smoke detection system in accordance with Section 7-6 shall be provided. Exception: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 16-3.5.1. 16-3.5 ExtinguiShment Requirements., 16-3.5.1 Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed, either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be installed in accordanCe with Sec~i6n' 7-7. ~In buildings up to and including four stories in height, systems installed in accor- dance with NFPA 13Ri stan~ar~l ~r the Installation of Sprin- /der Systems in Residential OCCup'ancies Up to and Including Four Stories in Height, shall be permitted. 16-3.5.2 All buildings shall be protected thrOughoUt by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 16-3.5.1. Exception: Buildings other than high rise, where all guest sleep- ing rooms have a d~or that opens d~rectly to the outsMe at street or ground level or to exterior exit ac~ess arranged in accordance with 5-5.3. NOTICE: Following the issuance of this edition, an appeal was ] filed with respect to 16-3.5.3--refer to Page 101-1. I 16-3.5.3 Listed quick response or listed residential sprinklers shall be used throughout guest rooms and guest room suites. Exception: Standard response sprinklers shah be permitted for use in areas where quick response and residential sprinklers are prohibited from being installed by their listing. 16-3.5.4 Open air parking structures complying with NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures, ~hall not be required to be sprinklered under this Code. 16-3.5.5 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in haz- ardous areas. Where provided, portable fire extinguishers shall be installed and maintained in accordance with 7-7.4.1. 16-3.6 Minimum Fire Resistance Requirements for Protec- tion of Guest Rooms (Corridors). 16-3.6.1 Interior corridor walls shall consist of fire barriers in accordance with 6-2.3 having a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 16-3.5, corridor Walls shall have a minimum l/2-hour fire resistance rating. 16,3.6.2 Each guest room door that opens onto an interior cor- ridor shall have a minimum 20.minute fire protection rating. of 16-3.6.2. rooms. 16-3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. (Reserved.) 16-3.8 Special Protection Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 16-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS: 16-4.1 High Rise Buildings. High rise buildings shall comply with Section 30-8. 16-4.2 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 16-5 BUILDING SERVICES 16-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 16-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the prows~ons of Section 7-2, except as otherwise required in this chapter. 16-5.3' Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. In high rise buildings, one elevator shall be pro- vided with a protected power supply and shall be available for use by the fire department in case of emergency. 16-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and LaUndry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION EXISTING HOTELS AND DORMITORIES 101-159 CHAPTER 17 EXISTING HOTELS AND DORMITORIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 17-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 17-1.1 Application. ' The requirements of this chapter apply to .e~,isting buildings or portic~ns there°f currently Occupied as hotel or dormitor~ occupancies. (See also 16-1.1.) Exception: Any 'dormitory divided into suites of rooms, with one Or more bedrooms opening into a living room or Study that has a door opening into a :common corridor se~ing a number of suites, shall ~e cl~sified as an apartment building. 17,1.2 .Mixed Occupancies. ' ~ ~' ~ ' he same 17.L2.11 Where another type ot occupancy occurs in t building as a residential occupancy, tl~e requirements of n-1.11 of this Code shall apply. 17-1.2.2 For requirements on mixed assembly and residential occupancies, see 9-1.2; for mixed mercantile and residential occ~apancies, sde 25-L2. ' ~' I 17-1.3/ Definitions. Terms .applicable 'to this chaPter are de~ned in Chapter 3 of this ~-ode; where necessa'xy, other ter~ns will be denned in the text as they occur. Dormitories. Buildings' or spaces in buildings where group sle.~ping accommodations are provided for more than 16 per- So/~ wh6 are'not members of the Same family in one room or a se~e,s of closely aSSociated rooms under joint occupancy and Single mfinage~ent, with of without meals, but withou~ indi- vidual ~ok~g faciiities Examples are'college dormitories, fratei-nity houses, aild militar~ barracks. Hotels. Buildings Or groups of buildings under: the' same ma nagement in which there are more than 16 sleeping accom- mc dations primarilY used by transients (those who occupy ac~ omm0dations for less than 30 days) for lodging with or wil hout meals, whether designated as a hotel; inn, club, motel, or 3y any other name. So-called apartment hotels shall be clas- sift ed as hotels because they are potentially subject to the same transient occupancy as hotels. 17~ 1.4 Classification of Occupan~Y~ (See 17-L3.) 17.1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents of re~, idential occupancies shall be classified as ordinary hazard in acqordance with Section 4-2. For the design of automatic sprin- kl~r systems, the classification of contents in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, shall apply. 17~1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No special reqUirements.) 17/1.7* Occupant Load. The occupant load in numbers of pc[sons for whom egress is to be provided shall be determined onl the basis of one person per 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m) of gross floOr area or the maximum probable population of any room or Isection under consideration, whichever is greater. SECTION 17-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 17-2.1 General. Means of egress from guest rooms/guest suites to the outside of the building shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this chapter. Means of escape within the guest room/guest suite shall comply with the provisions of Section 21~2 for one- and two-famil~ dwellings. For the purpose of application of the requirements of Chapter 21, guest room/ guest suite shall be synonymous with dwelling or living unit. 17-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 17-2.2.1 General. 17-2.2.1.1 COmponents of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 17-2.2.2 through 17~2.2.10. 17,2:2.1.2 In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 17-3.5, exit enclosures shall' have a fire resistance rating of not less than I hour, and the fire protection rating of doors shall be not less than 1 hour. 17-2.2.2 Doors. 17-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 17-2.2.2.2 No door in any means of egress shall be locked against egress when the bUilding is occupied. Exception No. 1: Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted,' provided not more than one such device is located in any one egress path. Exception No. 2: Doors in the means of egress shall be permit- ted to be equipped with an approved entrance and access control system complying with 5- 2.1.6.2. 17-2.2.2.3 Selected doors on stairwells shall be permitted to be equipped with hardware that prevents reentry in accor- dance with Exception No. I to 5-2.1.5.2. 17-2.2.2.4 Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be permitted. 17-2.2.2.5 Horizontal sliding doors, as permitted by 5-2.1.14, shall not be used across corridors. 17-2.2.3 Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 17-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 17-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 17-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be per- mitted. 17-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 17-2.2.8' Escalators. Escalators previously approved as a component in the means of egress shah be permitted to con- tinue to be given credit for compliance. 1994 EDITION 101-160 LIFE SAFETY CODE 1%2.2.9 Fire Escape Stairs. with 5-2.8 shall be permitted. 17-2.2.10' Areas of Refuge. 5-2.12 shall be permitted Fire escape stairs complying Areas of refuge complying with 17-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 17-2.3.1 The capacity: of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with SectiOn 5-3. 17-2.3.2 Street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occupant load of the street floor plus the reqmred capacity of stairs and ramps discharging onto ~he Street floor. 17-2.4 Number of Exits. Not less than two exits shall be accessible from every floor, including floors below the level of exil discharge and occupied for public purposes. Exception: Any building protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic s~r~nkler system complying with 17-3.5 having four stories or less with not more than four living units per floor shall be permitted to haVe a single exit 'under th~ follo~ing conditions: (a) The stairway is completely enclosed or separated by bar- riers having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour with self- closing 1-hour fire protection rated doors protecting all openings between the stairway enclosure and the building. (b) The stairway does not serve more than one-half story below the level of exit discharge. .(c) All corridors serving as access to exits have at least a 1-hour fire resistance rating. (d) There is not more than 35 fl (10. 7 m) of travel distance ~'om the entrance door of any living unit to an exit. (e) One-half-hour fire rated horizontal and vertical separa- 'ion between living units is provided. 17-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 17-2.5.1 Access to all required exits shall be in accordance with Section 5-5. 17-2.5.2 No common path of travel shall exceed 35 ft (10.7 m). Travel within a guest room or guest suite shall not be included when calculating common path of travel. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 17-3. 5, common path of travel shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). 17-2.5.3 No dead-end corridor shall exceed 50 ft (15 m). 17-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 17-2.6.1 Travel distance within a room or suite to a corridor door shall not exceed 75 fl (23 m). Exception: One hundred twenty-five-fl (38-m) travel distance shall be allowed in buildings protected by an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 17-3.5. 17-2.6.2 Travel distance, measured in accordance with Sec- tion 5-6, from the corridor door of any room or suite to the nearest exit shall not exceed I00 ft (30 m). No. exits with 17-3.5. In 2oo-ft (60-m) ~ the remainder tance r three: stories i 17-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 17-2.7.1 Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7. 17-2.7.2' Any required exit stair that is located so that it is necessary to pass through the lobby .or other: open space to reach the outside of the building shall: be contiriuously enclosed down to a level of :exit discharge or to a mezzanine within a lobby at a level of exit discharge. 17-2.7.3 The exit enclosure to an exterior door leading not exceed 150ft (45 an approved, 17-3.5 and shall not ~ 17-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Mean,s of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Secti°n 5-8.1 17-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting in accor- dance with Section 5~9 shall be prov~led in a~l buildings with more than 25 rooms. ExceptiOn: Where each guest room or guest suite has an exit direct to the outside of the building at street or ground level, 17-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-10. 17-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 17-3 PROTECTION 17-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 17-3.1.1 Every stairway, elevator shaft, and other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.4 or .provide means of satisfying the requirements of Sec- tion 2-9. Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not mom than three floors in accordance with 6-24.5 shall be permitted 1994 EDITION EXISTING HOTELS AND DORMITORIES 101-161 Exception No. 2: An atrium in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be pernlitted. Exception No. 3: Enclosures shall not be required where a stair connects two levels within a single dwelling unit, guest room, or guest suite~ Exc~ ption No. 4: In any building protected throughout by an apptoved, automatic spri~tkler system in accordance 'with 17-3. 5, and where exits and required ways of travel thereto are ade.- qua~ ely safeguarded against fire and smoke within the building or -e every individual room has direct access to an.exterior exit whe with vertl be~ sucl 9ut passing through any public corridor, the protection of cai ~peni~gs not part of ~eqUired exits shall be permitted t'o ,aive~l by the: authority 'having jurisdictioh to 's[wh extent 'as openirJgs do not endanger r~ired means of egress. stories ted for der use 17', 17- dir, off 17- tec the are ply ~.1.2 No: floor below the level of exit discharge used only storage, heating equipment, or purposes other than resi- rial o~cupancy ~hall have unprc~tected openings to floors ~ for residential purposes. ~.2 Protection from Hazards. 3.2.1 Anyroom containing high pressure boilers, refrigerat- machinery, transformers, or other serVice equipment subject ~ossible explosion shall not be located directly under or :ctly adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively cut from other parts of the building as specified in Section 6-4. 3.2.2 Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be pro- ted in accordance with Section 6-4. The areas described in following table shall be protected as indicated. Where inkier pr0tection without fire-rated separation is used, as shall be separated from other spaces by partition~ com- ing with 6-3.2 and with doors complying with 6-3.4. Hazardous Area Description Separation/Protection Boiler and fuel-fired.heater rooms serv- i]ag. more than a single guest room or suite · : En~ployee locker rooms Gi~t or retail shops more thanl00 sq ft (9.3 sq m) Bulk laundries Gt est laundries more than 100 sq ft 9.3 sq m) outside of guest rooms or uites M ~intenance shops Rr oms or spaces used for storage of ~ombustible supplies and equipment n quantities deemed hazardous by he authority having jurisdiction2. Tr ~sh rooms ~W ftc 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklersI l-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers~ 1-hr and sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers aere sprinkler protection is provided, no enclosure shall be required. here storage areas not exceeding 24 sq ft (2.2 sq m) are directly accessible rn the guest room or suite, no separation/protection shall be required. 17-3.3 Interior Finish. 17-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish on walls and ceilings, in accordance with Section 6-5, shall be as follows: (a) Exit enclosures Class A or Class B. (b) Corridors and lobbies that are part of an exit access -- Class A or Class B. (c) All other spaces -- Class A, Class B, or Class C. 17-33.2 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish in corri- dors and exits shall be Class I or Class II in accordance with Section 6-5. [ Exception: Previously installed and approved floor covetings. 17-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications~ Systems. 17-3.4.1 General. A fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6, except as modified by 17-3.4.2 through 17-3.4.4, shall be provided. Exception: Buildings where each guest room has exterior exit access in accordance with 5-5.3, and the building is not more than three stories in height. 17-3.4.2 Initiation. The required fire alarm system shall be initiated by: (a) Manual means in accordance with 7-6.2, and Exception to (a): Manual means as specified in 7-6.2, other than as required by (b) below, shall not be required where there are other effective means (such as complete automatic sprinkler or automatic detection systems) to activate the fire alarm system. (b) A manual fire alarm station located at the hotel desk or other convenient central control point under continuous superVision by respons~le employees, and (c) Any required automaticspOnkler system, and (d) Any required detection system. Exception to (d): Sleeping room smoke detectors shall not be required to initiate the building fire alarm system. 17-3.4.3 Notification. 17-3.4.3.1 Occupant notification shall be provided automati- cally, without delay, by internal audible alarm in accordance with 7-6.3. Exception. No. 1: A presignal system in accordance with Excep- tion No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be perrnittecL Exception No. 2: A delay for positive alarm sequence in accor- dance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 17-3.4.3.2' Provisions shall be made for the immediate noti- fication of the public fire department by telephone or other means in case of fire. Where there is no public fire department, this notification shall be made to the private fire brigade. 1994 EDITION 101-162 LIFE SAFETY CODE 17-3.4.4 Detection. Each sleeping room shall be provided with an approved, single station smoke detector in accordance with 7-6.2.9. 17-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 17-3.5.1' Where an system is installed, either for total or shall be dance kler '~ Four Exception: In guest rooms and in guest room suites, sprinkler installations sh~tl not be requiredl i~ closets not over 24 sq fi (2.2 sq m) and bathrooms n~t Over 55 sq fi (5.1 sq m). 17-3.5.2 All high rise buildingsshallbe protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler:system installed i~ accordanc~ with i7-3.5.1. ' covered or otherwise protected to provide a fire resistance rating at least equivalent to that of the wall in which they are installed. 1%3.6.6 No louver or transfer grille shall be permitted in par- titions or doors sePhrating the corridor from guest rooms. l: Where a corridor smoke detection system is Exception: Where each guest room or guest suite has exterior exit access in accordance with 5-5.3. 17-3.5.3 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in haz- ardous areas. Where provided, portable fire e~tingUishers shall be installed and maintained in accordance with 7-7.4.1. 17-3.6 Minimum Fire :Resistance Requirements for Protec- tion of Guest Rooms (Corridors). 17-3.6.1 Interior corridor walls shall consist of fire barriers in accordance with 6-2.3 having a minimum 30-minute fire resis- tance rating. Exception No. 1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 17-3.5, no fire resistance rati/tg shall be required, but the walls and all openings therein shall resist the passage of smoke. Exception No. 2: Where interior corridor walls have openings from transfer grilles, see 17-3. 6. 6. 17-3.6.2 Each guest room door that opens onto an interior cor- ridor shall have a minimum 20-minute fire protection rating. Exception No. 1': Previous~ approved 15/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core doors shall be permitted to remain in use. Exception No. 2: Where automatic sprinkler protection is pro- vided in the corridor in accordance with 19-3.5.2 through 19-3.5.4, doors shall not be required to have a fire protection rat- ing but shall resist the passage of smoke. Doors shall be equipped with latches for keeping doors tightly closed. 17-3.6.3 Each guest room door that opens onto an interior corridor shall be self-closing and shall meet the requirements of 17-3.6.2. 17-3.6.4 Unprotect.ed openings shall be prohibited in partitions of interior corridors serving as exit access from guest rooms. 17-3.6.5 Existing transoms, installed in corridor partitions of sleeping rooms, shall be fixed in the closed position and shall be Exception approved, automatic. with 17-3. through 19-3.5. 4. rior Exception No. 3: 150 fi (45 mO. 17-3.8 Special Protection Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 17-4 SPECIAL pRovisIONS 17-4,1 High Rise Buildings. (See I7-3.5.~2.) 17-4.2 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) ,'.5.2 SECTION 17-5 BUILDING SERviCES 17-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 17-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 17-5.2. i Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2, except as otherwise required in this chapter. 17-5.2.2 Unvented fuel-fired heaters shall not be used. 17-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors; Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 17-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION NEW APARTMENT BUILDINGS 101-163 18-1 occt (t apa~ (, 18-1 18-1 buil of 18 002' occ 18- del tell t mo faa gar 18- 18- of~ ard 18- 18 on flo, 18. the ch, wi: d~ CHAPTER 18 NEW APARTMENT BUILDINGS (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 18-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .1 Application. The requirements of this chapter apply to: ~ New buildings or portions thereof,used as apartment ~ancies (see Section 1-4); and Additions made to, or used as, an apartment occupancy 1-4.5); and Alterations, modernizations, or renovations of: existing ment occupancies (see 1~4.6); and Existing buildings or portions thereof upon change of ~ancy:to an apartment occupancy (see 1-6.3). Mixed Occupancies. .2.1 Where another type of occupancy occurs in the same :ling as a residential occupancy, the requirements of 4-1.11 tis Code shall apply. ..2.2 For requirements on mixed assembly and residential tpancies, see 8-1.2; for mixed mercantile and residential ,ancies, see 24-1.2; and for mixed business and residential ~pancies, see 26-1.2. [.3 Definitions. Terms applicable to this chapter are ned in Chapter 3 of this Code; where necessary, other as will be defined in the text as they occur. ,partment Buildings.* Buildings containing three or 'e living units with independent cooking and bathroom lities, whether designated as apartment houses, tenements, len apartments, or by any other name. t.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 18-1.3.) .5 ClaSsification of Hazard of Contents. The contents 'esidential occupancies shall be classified as ordinary haz- in accordance with Section 4-2. 1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No special uirements.) 1.7' Occupant Load. The occupant load in numbers of sons for whom egress is to be provided shall be determined the basis of one person per 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m) of, gross )r area or the maximum probable population of any room or tion under consideration, whichever is greater. gCTION 18-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 2.1 General. 2.1.1 Means of egress from living units to the outside of ., building shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this tpter. Means of escape within the living unit shall comply h the provisions of Section 21-2 for one- and two-family ellings. 18-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 18-2.2.1 General. 18-2.2.1.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 18-2.2.2 through 18-2.2.8. 18-2.2.1.2 In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 18-3.5, exit enclosures shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour, with doors having a fire protection rating of not less than 1 hour. 18-2.2.2 Doors. 18-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 18-2.2.2.2' No door in any means of egress shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied. Exception No. I: Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted, provided not more than one such device is located in any one egress patl~ Exception No. 2: Doors in the means of egress shah be permit- ted to be equipped with an approved entrance and access control system complying with 5- 2.1.6. 2. 18-2.2.2.3 Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be permitted. 18-2.2.2.4 Horizontal sliding doors, as permitted by 5-2.1.14, shall not be used across corridors. 18-2.23 Stairs. 18-2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 18-2.2.3.2 Within any individual living unit, stairs more than one story above or below the entrance floor level of the living unit shall not be permitted. 18-2.233 Spiral s~ajrs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be per- mitted within a single living unit. 18-2.2.3.4 Winders complying with 5-2.2.2.8 shall be permit- ted within a single living unit. 18-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 18-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 18-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be per- mitted. 18-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. 5-2.6 shall be permitted. Exit passageways complying with Areas of refuge complying with 18-2.2.8' Areas of Refuge. 5-2.12 shall be permitted. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 18:3.5, the two accessible rooms or spaces separated from each other by smoke-resistive partitions in accordance with the 5-1.2 definition of area of refuge shall not be required. 1994 EDITION 101-164 LIFE SAFETY CODE 18-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 18-2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Sectk~n 5-3. 18-2.3.2 Street floor exits shall he sufficient for the occupant load of the street floor plus the required capacity of stairg and ramps discharging onto the street floor.: ~ 18-2.3.3 to not less than 44 in. (112 cm). Exception: Corridors with a required capacity not more than50 persons as defined in Section 5-3 shall be not less than 36 in. (91 cra) in width. 18-2.4 Number of Exits: (See also Section 5-4.) Ever3, living unit shall have access to at least' two separate exits remotely located from each other as required by 5-5.1. Exception No. 1: Any living unit shall be permitted to have a single exit provided: (a) That living unit has an exit door opening directly to the street or yard at ground level, or (b) That living unit has direct access to an outside stair Icomplying with 5-Z2 that serves a maximum of two units both of which are located on the same.floor, or (c) That living unit has direct access to an interior stair serv- ing only that unit and separated from all other portions of the building by fire barriers having a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating with no opening therein. Exception No. 2: Any building protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system complying with 18-3.5 having four or fewer stories and with not more than four living units p~; story sl~all be permitted to have a single exit under the following conditions: (a) The stairway is separated from the rest of the building by barriers having a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating with self-closing minimum 1-hour fire protection rated doors protect- ing all openings between the stairway enclosure and the building and (b) The stairway does not serve more than-one,half story below the level of exit discharge, and (c) All corridors serving as access to exits have a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating, and (d) There is not more~than 35 fl (10. 7 m) of travel distance from the entrance door of any living unit to an exit, and (e) One-half-hour fire-rated horizontal and vertical separa- tion between living units is provided. 18-2.5 Arrahgement of Means of Egress. 18-2.5.1 Access to all required exits shall be in accordance with Section 5-5. 18-2.5.2 No common path of travel shall exceed 35 fi (10.7 m). Travel within a dwelling unit shall not be included when calculat- ing common path of travel. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler System in accordance with 18-3.5, common path of travel shall not exceed 50 fi (15 m). 18-2.5.3 No dead-end corridor shall exceed 35 ft (10.7 m). Exception: In buddings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic's~Id~r System in accordance with 18-3.5, dead-end corridors shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). 18.2.6 Travel Distance to EXits. to a Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic s~rif~kler System in accordance wi[h 18-3 5, the travel distance sha'll not ~eed 125 fl'(38 m). 18-2.6.2 The travel distance from a living unit (apartment) entrance door to the nearest exit shall not e~ceed 100 ft (30 m). Exception No. 1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer system installed in accordance with .18-3.5, the travel distance shall not exceed 200 f~ (60 m). Exception No. 2: Travel distance to exits shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m) for exterior ways of exit access arranged in accor- dance with 5-5.3. 18-2.7 Discharge from Exits. Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7. 18-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in' accordance with Section 5-8. 18-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting in accor- dance with" Section 5-9 shall be provided in alt buildings with more than 12 living units Or more than three stories in height. Exception: Where every living unit has a direct exit to the out- side of the building at grade level 18-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means Of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-10 in all buildings requiring more than one exit. 18-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 18-3 PROTECTION 18-3.'1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 18-3.1.1 Eveoy stairway, elevator shaft, and other vertical open- ing shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.4~ Exception No. 1: Stairway enclosures shall not be required where a one-story stair connects two levels within a single dwell- ing unit, guest room, or guest suite. Exception No. 2: An atrium in accordance with 6-2.4. 6 shall be permitted. Exception No. 3: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 18-3.5, the fire 'resistance of walls shall be nol less than 1 hour, and the fire protection rating of doors shall be not less than 1 hour. 1994 EDITION NEW APARTMENT BUILDINGS 101-165 Exception No. 4: There shall be no unprotected vertical open- ing in any building or fire section with only one exit. [Exc~tion No. 5: In buildings protected throughout by an apPrtoved, supervised sprinkler' s~ste~ in accordanc~ with 18-3.5, un-p~ytected vertical ~penings conneCting not more than three floor~ shall be permit~ted it~ accordance with the provisions of 6-2.4.5. 18-3.1.2 No floor below the level of exit discharge used only for ;torage, heating equipment, or purposes other than resi- den :iai occupancy open to the public shall have unprotected ope tings to floors used for residential purposes. 184 Protection from Hazards. 18< .2.1 Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be pro- tect :d in accordance with Section 6-4. The areas described in the following table shall be protected as indicated. Where sprinkler PrOtection without fire-rated separation is used, are:is shall be separated from other spaces by partitions eom- pl¥ii~g with 6-3.2 and with doors complying with 6-3.4. Hazardous Area Description Separation/Protection Boil ir Em G~ Bui Ma Sto Tr~ 18- 18- er and fuel-fired heater rooms serv- g more than a single living unit ~loyee locker rooms or retail shops c laundries ndries not more than 100 sq ft 1.3 sq m) outside of living units ndries more than 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) ~tside of living units ntenance shops 'age rooms outside of living units sh rooms l-hr and sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers l-hr or sprinklers~ 1-hr and sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr and sprinklers ere sprinklers are provided, separation shall not be required. 3.3 Interior Finish. 3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish on wa .Is and ceilings in accordance with Section 6-5 shall be as follows: ia) Exit enclosures -- Class A. lb) Lobbies and corridors -- Class A or Class B. ~c) All other spaces -- Class A, Class B, or Class C. 18. 3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish in corri- do ;s and exits shall be Class I or Class II in accordance with Se :tion 6-5. 18.3.4 Detection, .Alarm, and Communications Systems. 18.3.4.1 General. Apartment buildings with more than three st( ties or with more than 11 living units shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6, except as modified by 18-3.4.2 through 18-3.4.4. EXCeption: Where each living unit is separated from other con- tigbous living units by fire barriers (see Section 6-2) having a fire registance rating not less than ~/4 hour, and where each living unit has either its own independent exit or its own independent stair- way or ramp discharging at grade. 18-3.4.2 Initiation. 18-3.4.2.1 Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2. 18-3.4.2.2 In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 18-3.5, required fire alarm systems shall be initiated upon operation of the automatic sprinkler system. 18-3.4.3 Notification. 18-3.4.3.1 Occupant notification shall be accomplished auto- matically, without delay, by an internal audible alarm signal in accordance with 7-6.3. Presignal systems shall be prohibited. Visible signals shall be installed in units designed for the hear- ing impaired. 18-3.4.3.2 An annunciator panel connected with the required fire alarm system shah be provided. The location of the annunci- ator panel shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Exception No. 1: Buildings not more than two stories in height and having not more than 50 living units. Exception No. 2: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 18-3.5.1, not exceeding four stories in height, and containing not more than 16 units. 18-3.4.4 Detection. 18-3.4.4.1' Approved single-station or multiple-station smoke detectors continuously powered from the building elec- trical system shall be installed in accordance with 7-6.2.9 in every living unit within the apartment building regardless of the number of stories or number of apartments. When acti- vated, the detector shall initiate an alarm that is audible in the sleeping rooms of that unit. This individual unit detector shall be in addition to any sprinkler system or other detection sys- tem that might be in~talled in the building. 18-3.4.4.2 Approved single-station smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with 7-6.2.9 in every sleeping room. When activated, the detectors shall initiate an alarm in that sleeping room. Exceptiom In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 18-3.5. 18-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 18-3.5.1' Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed, either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-7. In buildings up to and including four stories in height, systems installed in accor- dance with NFPA 13R, Standard .for the Installation of Sprin- kler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and [ncluding~ Four Stories in Height, shall be permitted. Exception: In individual living units, sprinkler installation shah not be required in closets not over 12 sq ft (1. I sq m). Closets that contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or water heaters shah be sprinklered regardless of size. 1994 EDITION 101-166 LIFE SAFETY CODE 18-3.5.2 All buildings shall be protected throughout' by an 18-3.6.2 Doors between apartments and corridors shall be approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in self-closing. accordance with 18-3.5.1. Exception: Buildings where every living unit has either: (a) An exit door opening directly to the street or yard at ground level, or (b) Direct access .to an outside staircomplyingwith 5-2.2 I that, serves a maximum of two units both Of which a~e located on the same floor, or (c) Direct access to an interior stair serving only that unit and separated from all other portions of the building 'by fire bar- riers having a 1-hour fire resistance ~ating with no openings therein. 18-3.7 Subdivisions of Building SPaces. (Reserved.) 18-3.8 Special Protection Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 18;4 : SPECIAL PROVISIoNs 18-3.53 Listed shall be 18-3.5.4 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in haz- ardous areas. Where provided, Portable fire e~tinguishers shall be installed and mair~tained as ~pe6ified in 7-7.4.1. ' 18-3.5.5 Open air parking structures complying with NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures,: shall not be required to be sprinklered under this COdel with 18-3. 5. 18-4.2 High Rise with Section 30-8. ~. 18-4.3 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 18-5 BUILDING SERvIcES 18-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 18-3.6 Corridors. 18-3.6.1 Exit access corridors shall be constructed of fire bar- riers in accordance with 6-2.3 having not less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 18-3.5, corridor walls shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 1/2 hour. 18-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning2 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 18-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. · Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions Of Section 7-4. 18-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish Chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDmON EXISTING APARTMENT BUILDINGS 101-167 CHAPTER 19 EXISTING APARTMENT BUILDINGS (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 19-1' GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 19-1~.1 Application. Thc requirements of this chapter apply to existing b~ldings or portions tfaereof currently occul~ied as ap~rt- merit occupancies. (See also 18-1.1.) In ad~lition, the building shal~ meet the requirements of one of the following options: ~Ption 1: Buildings without fire suppression or detection syst :~ns; £ fire ( pro aut ~ption 2: Buildings provided with a complete automatic detection and notification system; ~ption 3: Buildings provided with automatic sprinkler :eetion in selected areas;: )ption 4: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, nnatic sprinkler system. 19-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. 19-1.2.1 Where another type of occupancy occurs in the same building as a residential occupancy, the requirements of 4-1.11 of this Code shall apply. 19-1.2.2 For requirements on mixed assembly and residential occ apancies, see 9-1.2; for mixed mercantile and residential occ apancies, see 25-1.2. 19-L3 Definitions. Terms applicable to this chapter are det.ned in Chapter 3 of this Code; where necessary, other ter ns will be defined in the text as they occur. ~partment Buildings.* Buildings containing three or m( re living units with independent cooking and bathroom far lities, whether designated as apartment houses, tenements, gar den apartments, or by any other name. 19-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 19-1.3.) 19-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents of 'esidential occupancies shall be classified as ordinary haz- arc in accordance with Section 4-2. 19.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No special rec uirements.) 19-1.7' Occupant Load. The occupant load in numbers of pel sons for whom egress is to be provided shall be determined on the baSis of one person per 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m) of gross ilo, )r area or the maximum probable population of any room or se(tion under consideration, whichever is greater. 19. 19. th{ ch: wil ~CTION 19-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 2.1 General. 2.1.1 Means of egress from living units to the outside of . building shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this tpter. Means of escape within the living unit shall comply h the provisions of Section 21-2 for one- and two-family eHings. 19~2.2 Means of Egress Components. 19-2.2.1 General. 19-2.2.1.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 19-2.2.2 through 19-2.2.10. 19-2.2.1.2 In buildings utilizing Option 4, exit enclosures shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour, with doors having a fire protection rating of not less than 1 hour. 19-2.2.2 Doors. 19-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 19-2.2.2.2 No door in any means of egress shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied. Exception No. I: Delayed egress locks complying with 5-Z1.6.1 shall be permitted, provided not more than one such device is located in any one egress path. Exception No. 2: Doors in the means of egress shall be permit- ted to be equipped with an approved entrance and access control system complying with 5-2.1.6.2. 19-2.2.2.3 Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be permitted. 19-2.2.2.4 Horizontal sliding doors, as permitted by 5-2.1.14, shall not be used across corridors. 19-2.23 Stairs. 19-2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 19-2.2.3.2 Within any individUal living unit, stairs more than one story above or below the entrance floor level of the living unit shall not be permitted. 19-2.233 Spiral stairs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be per- mitted within a single living unit. 19-2.2.3.4 Winders complying with 5-2.2.2.8 shall be permitted. 19-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. (See also 19-2.11.) 19-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 19-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be per- mired. 19-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit paSsageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 19-2.2.8' Escalators. Escalators previously approved as a component in the means of egress shall be permitted to con- tinue to be given credit for compliance. 19-2.2.9 Fire Escape Stairs. Fire escape stairs complying with 5-2.8 shall be permitted. 19-2.2.10' Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 1994 EDITION 101-168 LIFE SAFETY CODE' Exception: In buiMings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer system in accordance with I9-3.5, the two accessible rooms or spaces separated from each Other by smoke-resistive partitions in accordance with the 5-1.2 definition of area of refuge shall not be required. 19-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. i9-2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with'Sectic;n 5-~ ~' ' 19-2.3.2 Street floor exits shall be sufficient for the'occupant load of the street floor plus the required capacity of stairs and ramps discharging onto.the street floor. 19-2.4 Number of Exits. (See also 'Section 5-4.) Every:living unit shall have access to at least two separate exits remotely located from .each other as required by 5-5.1. Exception No, 1: Any living unit shall be permitted to have a single exit provided: (a) That living unit has an exit door opening directly to the street or yard at ground level or (b) That living unit has direct access to an outside stair complying with 5-Z2 that serves a maximum of two units, bbth of which are located on the same floor, or (c) That living unit has direct access to an interior stair serv- ing only that unit and separated fromm all other portions of the building by fire barriers having a minimum I-hour fire resistance rating with no opening therein. Exception No. 2: Any building protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 19-3.5.1 having four or fewer stories shall be permitted to have a single exit under the following conditions: (a) The stairway is separated from the rest of the building by barriers having a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating with self-closing minimum I-hour fire protection rated doors protect- ing all openings between the stairway enclosure and the building, and (b) The stairway does not serve more than one-half story below the level of exit discharge, and (c) All corridors serVing as access to exits have a minimum 20-minute fire resistance rating, and (d) There is not more than 35 fi (10. 7 m) of travel distance from the entrance door of any living unit to an exit, and (e) Twenty-minute fire resistance rated horizontal and verti- cal separation between living units is provided. Exception No. 3: Any building of three stories or less in its entirety shall be permitted to have a single exit under the follow- ing conditions: (a) The stairway is separated from the rest of the building by barriers having a mimmum I-hour fire resistance rating with self-closing mtnimum 1-hour fire protection rated doors protect- ing all openings between the stair enclosure and the building, and (b) The stairway does not serve more than one-half story below the level of exit discharge, and 1994 EDITION (c). All:cbrridors serVing ~s access to exits have a minimum 20-minute fire resistance rating,:, and ~ (d) There is not more than 35 fl (lO, 7 m) of travel distance from the entrance door of any livii[g Unit~to an exit, and (e) Twenty-minute fire resistance rated horizontal and verti- cal separation between living units'is provided. Exception No. 4: Ai buildingof any height with. not :more than four living units per flOOr, Wit~ a sm~>kep~oof enclosure or outsMe stair in accordance with the requirements of 5-2.3 ag the exit, and such exit is immediatety accessible' to'all~ !~ units Served there~y_l' shall be PeO~ 'ttcd to have a single edt. :[: Ir~'mediate~y accessibl~ means t~er& shall ~o~ be ~;e t~an 2o ~i (6.~',~) of t;avet &tance from the entrance door of any h~ng ~nit to an exit.] 19-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress, 19-2.5.1 Access to all required eXits ishall be in accordance with Section 5-5. 19-2.5.2 No common path of travel shall eXCeed 35 ft (10.7 m). Travel within a dwelling unit shall not be included when calculating common path of travel. ~ 2;Prvtion: In builc~ngs protected througbout by an approved, ised automatic sp~i/~kler syStem in [~orda~ce wit~ 19-3.5, common path of travel shall not exceed 50 fl (15 m). 19-2.5.3 No dead-endC°rridor shall exceed 50 ft (15 m). 19-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 19-2.6.1 Travel distance within a living unit (apartment) to a Corridor door shall not exceed the following limits: (a) For' buildings using Option 1 or 3 -- 75 ft (23 m). (b) For buildings using Option 2 or 4 -- 125 ft (38.m). 19-2.6.2 The travel distance from a living unit (apartment) entrance door to the nearest exit shall not exceed the following limits: (a) For buildings using Option 1 - 100 fi (30 m). (b) For buildings using Option 2 or 3 150 ft (45 m). (c) For buildings using Option 4.-- 200 ft (60. m). Exception: Travel distance to exits shall not exceed 200 fl (60 m) for exterior ways of exit access arranged in accordance with 5-5.3. 19-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 19-2.7.1 Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7. Any required exit stair that is located so that it is 19-2.7.2~ necessary to pass through the lobby or other open space to reach the outside of the building shall be continuously enclosed to a level of exit discharge or to a mezzanine within a lobby at a level of exit discharge. 19-2.73 The distance of travel from the termination of:the exit enclosure to an exterior door leading to a public way shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m) in buildings protected throughout by EXISTING APARTMENT BUILDINGS 101-169 an approved, automatic sprinkler system and shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m) in all other buildings. 19-2~8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 19-~ dan moi Excl side 19-¸ hav. re¢ 19. buil be 19 19-: ope 6-2. tio~ whe ing pet Ex, of, thn afl6 ho[ mO, cott aut exit eve out lot~ 19- for rial in 19- tec the spl ,9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting in accor- :e with Section 5-9 Shall be provided in all buildings with e than 12'living units or more than three stories in height. otion: Where every living unit has a direct exit to the out- of the building at grade level .10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall signs in accordance with Section 5-10 in all buildings dring more than one exit. ,11' Special Means of Egress Features. In high rise lings using Option 1, 2, or 3, smokeproof enclosures shall rovided in accordance with 5-2.3. SECTION 19-3 PROTECTION .1 Protection of Vertical Openings. ~.1.1 Every stairway, elevator shaft, and other vertical ning shall be enclosed o~r protected in accordance with 4 or provide means of satisfying the requirements of Sec- 2-9. °ption No. 1: Stairway enclosures shall not be required re a one-sto~, stair connects two levels within a single dwell- Knit, guest room, or guest suite. eption No. Z An atrium in accordance with 6-Z 4.6 shall be nitted. eption No. 3: In buildings using Option 4, the fire resistance Jlls shall be not less than 3/4 hour for buildings of one to stories and I hour for buildings more than three stories; the fire protection rating of doors shall be not less than 3/4 r for buildings up to three stories and I hour for buildings · e than three stot~ies. eption No. 4: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not 'e than three floors shall be permitted in accordance with the ditions of 6-Z4.5. eption No. 5: In any building protected throughout by an >matic sprinMer system in accordance with 19-3.5, and where ~ and required ways of travel thereto are adequately safe- rded against fire and 'smoke within the building, or where ~ individual room has direct access to an exterior exit with- passing through any public corridor, the protection of vertical tings not part of required exits shall not be required. 5.1.2 No floor below the level of exit discharge used only storage, heating equipment, or purpose other than residen- occupancy open to the public shall have unprotected open- to floors used for residential purposes. k2 Protection from Hazards. 5.2.! Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be pro- ted in accordance with Section 6-4. The areas described in following table shall be protected as indicated. Where inkier protection without fire-rated separation is used, areas shall be separated from other spaces by partitions com- plying with 6-3.2 and with doors complying with 6-3.4. Hazardous Area Description Separation/Protection Boiler and fuel,fired heater rooms serv- ing more than a single living unit Employee locker rooms Gift or retail shops more than 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) Bulk laundries Laundries more than I00 sq ft (9.3 sq m) outside of dwelling units Maintenance shops Rooms or spaces USed for storage of combustible supplies and equipment in quantities deemed hazardous by the authority having jurisdiction Trash rooms 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklersI 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklerst 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers 1-hr or sprinklers IWhere sprinklers are prodded, separation shall not be required. 19-3.3 Interior Finish. 19-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish on walls and ce. ilings in accordance with Section 6-5 shall be as follows: (a) Exit enclosures -- Class A or Class B. (b) Lobbies and corridors -- Class A or Class B. (c) All other spaces -- Class A, Class B, or Class C. 19-3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. In buildings using Option 1 or 2, interior floor finish in corridors and exits shall be Class I or Class II in accordance with Section 6-5. I Exception: Previously installed and approved floor coverings, 19-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 19-3.4.1 General. Apartment buildings with more than three stories or with more than 11 living units shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6, except as modifed by 19-3.4.2 through 19-3.4.4. Exception: Where each living unit is separated from other con- tiguous living units by fire barriers (see Section 6-2) having a fire resistance rating not less than $/~ hour, and where each living unit has either its own independent exit or Rs own independent stair, way or ramp discharging at grade. 19-3.4.2 Initiation. 19-3.4.2.1 Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2. 19-3.4.2.2 In buildings using Option 2, the required fire alarm system shall be initiated by the automatic fire detectitn system in addition to t.h~e manual initiation means of 19-3.4.2A. 19-3.4.2.3 In buildings using Option 3, the required fire alarm system shall be initiated upon operation of the auto- matic sprinkler system in addition to the manual initiation means of 19-3.4.2.1. 1994 EDmON 101-170 LIFE. SAFETY CODE 19-3.4.2.4 In buildings using Option 4, the required fire alarm system shall be initiated upon operation of the auto- matic sprinkler system in addition to the manual initiation means of 19-3:4.2.1. 19-3.4.3 Notification. 19-3.4.3.1 Occupant notification shall'be by an internal audi- ble alarm signal .in accordance with 7-6.3. Visible signals shall be installed in UnitS designed for the hearing impaired. Exceptiom Existing approved presignal systems shall be permit- ted in accordance With Exception No. I to7-6.3.2. . fire ator panel shall be Exception: ~- Buildings not more than two }tories in height and having not more than 50 living units. 19-3.4.4 Detection. 19-3.4.4~1 Approved single-station or multiple,station smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with 7-6.2.9 in every living unit within the apartment building regardless Of the number: of stories or number of apartments. When activated; the detector shall initiate an alarm that is audible in the sleep- ing rooms of that unit. This individual unit detector shall be in addition to any spfinkler system or other detection system that might be installed in the building. Exception: The single-station smoke detector shall~not be required where the building is equipped throughout with an exist- ing total automatic smoke detection system.- 19-3.4.4.2 In buildings using Option 2, a complete automatic fire detection system in accordance with 7-6.1.4 shall be required. 19-3,5 Extinguishment Requirements. 19-3.5.1' Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed, either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-7. In buildings up to and including four stories in height, systems installed in accor- dance with NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprin- kler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Fou~ Stodes in Height, shall be permitted. Excefftion: In individual living units, sprinMer instatta-tion shah not be required in closets not over 24 sq f~ '(2.2 sq m) and bath- rooms not over 55 sq y~ (5.1 sq m). Closets that COntain equip- ment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or water heaters shall be sprinklered regardless of size. 19-3.5.2 In buildings using Option 3, automatic sprinklers shall be installed in corridors along the corridor ceiling, and one sprinkler shall be opposite the center of and inside any liv- ing unit door that opens into the corridor. Exception: The sprinkler inside living units shah not be required if the door to the li~iing unit has a minimum 20-minute fire pro- tection rating and is self-clo~ing. 19-3.5.3 The sprinkler installation required in 19-3.5.2 shall meet the requirements of Section 7-7 in terms of workmanship and materials. 1994 EDff[ON 19-3.5.4 ~The installation of the corridor sprinklers required in 19-3.5.2 shall not exceed the maximum spacing and protec- tion area requirements of the installation standards refer- enced in Section 7-7. 19-3.5.5 Build be protected through- with than 19-3~5.6 Ail high risebuildings shall be protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 19-3.5.1. Exception No. 1: Where every living unit has exterior exit access in accordance with 5-5.3. Exception No. 2*: Buildings in .which an engineered life safety system has been appr°~ed b~ the authority having jUris~ctio~. 19-3.5.7 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in haz- ardous areas. Where provided, portable fire extinguishers shall be installed and maintained as specified in 7-7.4.1. 19-3.6 Corridors. 19-3.6.1' Exit access corridors shall be constructed of fire barriers in accordance with 6-2.3 having a fire resistance rating of not less than 30 minutes. 19-3.6.2 Doors between living units and corridors shall be self-closing. Doors shall be equipped with latches for keeping doors tightly closed. 19-3.6.3' The fire protection rating of doors that open from living units onto corridors shall be not less than 20 minutes. Exception No. 1: Previously approved lS/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core doors. Exception No. 2: In buildings using Option 3 or 4, doors shall be so constructed as to resist the passage of smoke. 19-3.6.4 Transfer grilles, whether protected by fusible link operated dampers or not, shall not be permitted in these walls or doors. 19-3.7 Subdivision of BuiLding Spaces. 19-3.7.1 Smoke Barriers. Smoke barriers in accordance with Section 6-3 shall be provided in exit access corridors to estab- lish at least two compartments approximately equal in size. The maximum length of each smoke compartment measured along the corridor shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). Smoke damp- ers shall not be required. Exception No. 1: Buildings using Option 4. Exception No. 2: Exterior exit access in accordance with 5-5.3 that provides access to two exits. Exception No. 3: Buildings complying with one of the Excep- tions to 19-2.4.1. Exception No. 4: Buildings with exits not more than 50 fi (15 m) apart. Exception No. 5: Where each dwelling unit has direct access to the exterior at grade. 19-3.8 Special Protection Features. (Reserved.) EXISTING APARTMENT BUILDINGS 101-171 SECTION 19-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 19-4.1 Windows for Rescue and Ventilation. (See 19-2. L1.) Exception: Buildings using Option 4. 19-4.2 High Rise Buildings. (See 19-2.11 and 19-3.5.6.) 19-~.3 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) I SECTION 19-5 BUILDING SERVICES g-,~i,on~7t_?.,~. ~,,,~,~ ~ha, com~ w~t~ t~ ~ro,~on~ o~ 1%5;2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 19-5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 19-5.2.2 Unvented ~el,fired heaters shall not be used. 19-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 19-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laund~ chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION 101-172 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER '20 LODGING OR ROOMING HOUSES SECTION 20-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 20-1.1 Application. either a t with 20-1.1.2 The requirements: of this chapter are applicable to new buildings and to existing or modified buildings according to the provisions of Section 1-4 of this Code. 20-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. 20-1.2.1 Where another type of occupancy occurs in the same building as a residential occupancy, the requirements of 4-1.11 of this Code shall apply. 20-1.2.2 For requirements on mixed assembly and residential occupancies, see 8-1.2 or 9-1.2; for mixed mercantile and resi- dential occupancies, see 24-1.2 or 25-1.2; and for mixed busi- ness and residential occupancies, see 26-1.2. 20-1.3 Definitions. Terms applicable to this chapter are defined in Chapter 3 of this Code; where necessary, other terms will be defined in the text as they occur. 20-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 20-1.1.1.) 20-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents of residential occupancies shall be classified as ordinary haz- ard in accordance with Section 4-2. 20-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. requirements.) 20-1.7 Occupant Load. (See 20-1.1.1.) (No special SECTION 20-2 MEANS OF ESCAPE 20-2.1 Number and Types of Means of Escape. 20-2.1.1 Every sleeping room and living area shall have access to a primary means of escape, complying with Chapter 21, located to provide a safe path of travel to the outside of the building without traversing any corridor or space exposed to an unprotected vertical opening. Where the sleeping room is above or below the level of exit discharge, the primary means of escape shall be an enclosed interior stair, an exterior stair, a horizontal exit, or an existing fire escape stair. 20-2.1.2 In addition to the primary route, each sleeping room and living area shall have a second means of escape in accor- dance with 21-2.2.3. Exception: If the sleeping room or living area has a door lead- ing directly outside the building with access to grade or to a stair- way that meets the requirements for exterior stairs in 20-2.1. I, that escape shall be considered as meeting all of the escape requirements for that sleeping room or living area. 1994 EDITION 20-2.1.3 Every story more than 2,000 sq fi (185 sq m) in area or with travel distance to the primary means of escape more than 75 ft (23 m) shall be provided Mth two prima~y ~eans Of escape remotely located from each other. Exception No. 1: Existing buildings. Exception No. 2: Buildings prot~'~ied throu'ghout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer system in accordance with 20-3.5. 20-2.2 Interior stairways shall be enclosed by 20-minute fire barriers with ail openings protected With ~moke-actuated automatic:closing or self-closing doors having a fire resistance comparable to that required for the enclosure. The stairway shall comply with 5-2.2.6.5. Exception No. 1: Stairs connecting two levels only shall be per- mitted to be open to other than the street floor. Exception No. 2: Stairways shall be permitted to be unprotected in accordance with the Exception to 20-3.1.1. 20-2.3 No door or path of travel in a means of escape shall be less than 28 in. (71 cra) wide. Exception: Bathroom doors shall be not less than 24 in. (61 cm) wide. 20-2.4 Every closet door latch shall be such that it can be readily opened from the inside in case of emergency. 20-2.5 Every bathroom door shall be designed to allow open- ing from the outside during an emergency when locked. 20-2.6 Winders in accordance with 5-2.2.2.8 shall be permitted. 20-2.7* No door in any means of escape shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied. Exception: Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted, provided not more than one such device is located in any one escape path. 20-2.8 Doors serving a single dwelling unit shall be permitted to be provided with a lock in accordance with Exception No. 3 to 5-2.1.5.1. SECTION 20-3 PROTECTION 20-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 20-3,1.1 Vertical openings shall be protected so that no primary escape route is exposed to an unprotected vertical opening. The vertical opening shall be considered protected if the opening is cut off and enclosed in a manner that provides a smoke- and fire- resisting capability of not less than 20 minutes. Any doors or openings shall have fire and smoke resisting capability equivalent to that of the enclosure and shall be automatic-closing on detec- tion of smoke or shall be self-closing. Exception: In buddings three or fewer stories in height that are protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 20-3.5, unprotected vertical open- ings shall be permitted. However, in such cases, there shall still LODGING OR ROOMING HOUSES 101-173 remain a primary means of escape from each sleeping area that does not require occupants to pass through a portion of a lower floor, unless that route is separated from all spaces on that floor by construction having a 20-minute fire resistance rating. 20. bk th( tee tar ex] ha' 3.1.2 Exterior stairs shall be reasonably protected against ckage caused by fire that would simultaneously expose both interior and exterior means of escape. This shall be permit- to be accomplished through separation by physical dis- ce, arrangement of the stairs, 'protection of the openings ~sing the stairs, or other means acceptable to the authority ring jurisdiction. 20. 3~2 Interior Finish. Interior finish on walls and ceilings of oc,:upied spaces shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C as de ined in SectiOn 625. There shall be no requirements for inte- ric r floor finish. 2O 2O vk ~3.3 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. .3.3.1 General. Lodging and rooming houses shall be pro- ed with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. :eption: Buildings that have a smoke detection system meet- ' or exceeding the requirements of 20-3.3.4 and where that ection system includes at least one manual fire alarm station 'floor arranged to initiate the smoke detection alarm. -3.3.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- n shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2. Exception: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, aulo~natic sprinkler ~ystem instalied in accordance with 20-3.5, with alarm initiation in accordance with 7-6.2.1(c). 20~3.3.3 Notification. Occupant notification shall be pro- vided automatically, without delay, by an internal audible al. tm in accordance with 7-6.3. Presignal systems shall be p~ ohibited. 2(-3.3.4 Detection. Approved single-station or multiple- st: ttion smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with 7- i.2.9 on every level. In addition, approved single-station sn oke detectors shall be provided in each sleeping room. E::ception: Existing battery-powered detectors, rather than ht ,use electric service-powered detectors, shall be accepted where, in the opinion of the authority having jurisdiction, the facility has & rnonstrated testing, maintenance, and battery replacement pro- gr ,ms that ensure reliability of power to the detectors. 2t~-3.4 Separation of Sleeping Rooms. All sleeping rooms st all be separated from escape route corridors by walls and d~ ~ors that are smoke resistant. There shall be no louvers or operable transoms or other air passages penetrating the wall e~{cept properly installed heating and utility installations other titan transfer grilles. Transfer grilles shall be prohibited. Doors shall be provided with latches or other mechanisms suitable for keeping the doors closed. No doors shall be arranged to pre- vent ~he occupant from closing' the door. Doors shall be self- closing or automatic-closing upon detection of smoke. Exception: Door-closing devices shall not be required in build- ings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 20-3.5. 20-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 20-3.5.1' Where an automatic sprinkler system is required or is used as an alternative method of protection, either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-7 and shall actuate the fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. In buildings up to and including four stories in height, systems installed in accor- dance with NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprin- kler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four Stories in Height, shall be permitted. ' Exception No. 1: In individual living units, sprinkler installa- tion shall not be required in closets not over 12 sq fl (1.1 sq m). Closets that contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or water heaters shall be sprinklered regardless of size. Exception No. 2: In existing lodging and rooming houses, sprin- kler installations shall not be required in closets not over 24 sq fi (2.2 sq m) and bathrooms not over 55 sq fl (5.1 sq m). 20-3.5.2 All new lodging or rooming houses shall be pro- tected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. Such system shall be installed in accordance with 20-3.5.1. Exception: If every sleeping room has a door opening directly to the outside of the building at street or ground level, or has a door opening directly to the outside leading to an exterior stairway that meets the requirements of 20-2.1. L SECTION 20-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 20-4.1 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 20-5 BUILDING SERVICES 20-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 20-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 20-5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 20-5.2.2 Unvented fuel-fired heaters shall not be permitted to be used: 20-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 1994 EDITION 101-174 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 21 ONE- AND TWO,FAMILY DWELLINGS SECTION 21-1' GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 21-1.1 Application. 21-1.1.1' This chapter eStablishes :life safety requirements. for all one- and and 21-1.1.2 new bu Code. 21-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. 21-1.2.1 Where another type of'occupancy occurs in the same building as a residentiai~Oc~pancy, tl~e requirements of 4-1.11 of this Code shall apply: 21-1.2.2. For requirements on mixed assembly and residential occupancieS, 'see ~-1.2 Or 9-1.2; for mixed mercantile and resi- dential occupancies, se~ 24-1.2 or 25-i.2; for mixed business and :residential occupancies, see 26-1.2. 21-1.3 Definitions. Terms, applicable to this chapter are defined in ChaPter 3 o~ this ~ode; where necessary, other terms will be defined in the text as they occur. 21-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 21-1.1.1.) 21-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents of residential occupancies shall be classified as ordinary haz- ard in accordance with 4-2.2. 21-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. requirements.) 21-1.7 Occupant Load. (No requirements.) (No special SECTION 21-2' MEANS OF ESCAPE REQUIREMENTS 21-2.1 General. The provisions of Chapter 5 shall not be applicable to means of escape unless specifically referenced in this chapter. 21-2.2 Number and Types of Means of Escape. 21-2.2.1 Number of Means of Escape. In any dwelling or liv- ing unit of two rooms or more, every sleeping room and every living area shall have at least one primary means of escape and one secondary means of escape. 21-2.2.2 Primary Means of Escape. The primary means of escape~shall be a door, stairway, or ramp providing a means of unobstructed travel .to the outside of the dwelling unit at street or ground level. 21-2.2.3' Secondary Means of Escape. The secondary means of escape shall be one of the following: 1994 EDITION (a) A door, .stairway, passage, or hall providing.a way of uno6structed travel to the outside of the dwelling at gtreet or ground level that is 'independent of and remote from the pti- mary means of escape. . - space, to any inside the 2. rtmenl rescue apparatus as approved b) tion, or 3. The window or door opens onto an exterior_ balcony. Exception No. 1: A secondary means of escape~Shali not bb required: (a) If the bedroom or living area has a door leading directly to the outside of the building al or to' grade: leve~ or~' ' (b) If the dwelling Unit is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordan~with ~FPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler~ Systems, or NEPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Spdnklei S)~ste~ in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Mobile Homes, or NFPA :13R, S andard for the Installation of SptinMer Systems in :Residential OccUpancies Up to and ]ncl~dfng Four ~Stories : in ! Height, as applicable. Exception No. 2: Existing approved means of escape. 21-2.2.4 Every story more than 2,000 sq ft (185 sq m) in area or with a travel'distance to the primary means of escape more than 75 ft (23 m) shall be provided with two primary means of escape remotely located from each other. Exception No. 1: Existing buildings. Exception No. 2: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7- Z 21-2.3 Arrangement of Means of Escape. No required path of travel in a means of escape from any room to the outside shall be through another room or apartment not under the immediate control of the occupant of the first room or through a bathroom or other space subject~to locking. 21-2.4 Doors. 21-2.4.1 No door in the path of travel of a means Of escape shall be less than 28 in. (71 cm) wide. Exception: Bathroom doom shall be not less than 24 in. (61 cm) wide. 21-2.4.2 Doors shall be a minimum of 6 ft 6 in. (2 m) in nom- inal height. ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS 101~-t75 21-2.4.3 Every closet door latch shall be such that childreii can open the door from inside the closet. 21-2.4.4 Every bathroom door shall be designed to allow opening from the outside during an emergency when locked. 21-2~4.5 Doors shall be swinging or sliding. 21-214.6' No door in any means of escape shall be locked agaigst egress when the building is occupied. All locking deviCes that impede or prohibit egress or that cannot be easily disengaged shall be prohibited. $ Stairs, Landings, Ramps, Balconies, or Porches. 21-2 21-~ acc{ Exc~ 5-2.~ Exc~ of~ 21 -~ bak acod 21-; sha] 21-; onl 21- 36 ,5.1 Stairs, ramps, guards, and handrails shall be in rdance with 5-2.2 for Class B stairs and 5-2.6 for ramps. ption No. 1: The provisions of 5-Z2.3.6, 5-Z2.6, and [.6 shall not apply. ption No. 2: Stairs and ramps serving as secondary means 'cap& .5.2 The minimum clear width of stairs, landings, ramps, °nies, and porches shall be 36 in. (91 em) measured in ~rdance with 5-3.2. $3 Spiral stairs and winders in accordance with 5-2.2 be permitted within a single dwelling unit. $.4 No sleeping rooms or living areas shall be accessible by a ladder, stair ladder, folding stairs, or through a trap door. ;.6 Hallways. The minimum width of hallways shall be a. (91 em). The minimum height shall be not less than 7 ft (2A m) nominal height with projections 'from the ceiling pro- viding not less than 6 ft 8 in. (203 cm) nominal height. Exception: Existing approved hallways shah be permitted to be continued in use. SECTION 21-3 PROTECTION 21-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. (No requirements.) 21-3~ Interior Finish. 21-3.2.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish on walls and ceilings of occupied spaces shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C as defined in Section 6-5. 21-3.2.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 21-3.3 Detection, Mama, and Communications Systems. 21-33.1 Detection. Approved single-station or multiple-station smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with 7-6.2.9. Exception No. 1: Dwelling units protected by an approved smoke detection system installed in accordance with Section 7-6, having an approved means of occupant notification. Exception No. 2: In existing construction, approved smoke detectors powered by batteries shall be permitted. SECTION 21-4 (RESERVED) SECTION 21-5 BUILDING SERVICES I21-5.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 1994 EDITION 101-476 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER·22 NEW RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES SECTION 22-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 22-1.I* Application. 22-1.1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to (a) New buildings or portions thereof used as residential board and care occupancies (see Section 1~4); (c) Alterations, modernizations, or renovations of existing residential board and care occupancies (see 1~4.6); and (d) Existing buildings or portions thereof upon change of occupancy to a residential board and :care c~ccupancy (see ~-6..~). 22-1.1.2 This chapter is divided into four sections as follows: (a) Section 22-1 General Requirements. (b) Section 22-2 -- Small Facilities (i.e., sleeping accommo- dations for not more than 16 residents). (c) Section 22-3 -- Large Facilities (i.e., sleeping accommo- dations for more than 16 residents). (d) Section 22-4 Suitability of an Apartment Building to House a Board and Care Occupancy. 22-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. Where another type of occu- pancy occurs in the same building as a residential board and care occupancy, the requirements of 4-1.11 of this Code shall apply. Exception No. 1: Occupancies that are completely separated from alt portions of the building used for a residential board and care facility and its egress system by construction having a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours. Exception No. 2: Apartment buildings housing residential board and care occupancies in conformance with Section 22-4. In such facilities, any safeguards required by Section 22-4 that are more restrictive than those for other housed occupancies shall apply only to the extent prescribed by Section 22-4. 22-1.3 Definitions. Evacuation Capability.* The ability of the occupants, res- idents, and staff as a group either to evacuate a building or to relocate from the point of occupancy to a point of safety. Fol- lowing are the levels of evacuation capability covered by this chapter: (a) Prompt. Evacuation capability equivalent to the capa- bility of the general population where applying the require- ments for residential occupancies covered by Chapters 16, 18, 20, and 21. (b) Slow. Evacuation capability of a group to move to a point of safety in a timely manner, with some of the residents requiring assistance from the staff. 994 EDmON (c) Impractical. Evacuation capability of a group that, even with staff assistance, cannot reliably move to a point of safety in a timely manner. Hazardous Ai'ea. A.,ny space where there is storage or activit3; having' fuel condidbns exceeding that of a one- oi two .............. family dwelling and that possesses the potential for a fully invol(,ed fire. Hazardous areas incldde, but are not limited to, areas for cartoned ~, items and the basis of such r on Personal Care. The care of residents who do not require .~. chronic or conValescent~medical or nursing care. Personal care involves responsibility fo:i the safety o~ ~he r~sident while inside the b6iiding. P~rs°nal care might inclUde daily aware~ ness by the management of the: resi~lent'S functior[ing and wherefibouts, makfiag and reminding a resident 6f appoint- men~, a of nutrition and actual provision o~ medical care. Point of Safety. A loCation that meets one of the following criteria: (a) It is exterior to and away from the building. (b) It is within a building of any type construction protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system and is either: 1. Within an exit enclosure meeting the requirements of this Code, or 2. Within another portion of the building that is sepa- rated by smoke barriers in accordance with Section 6-3, with at least a 20-minute fire resistance rating, and that portion of the building has access to a means of escape or exit that conforms to the requirements of this Code and that does not require return to the area of fire involvement. (c) It is within a building of Type I, Type II(222), Type II(lll), Type III(211), Type IV, or Type V(lll) construction (see 6-2.1 ) and is either: 1. Within an exit enclosure meeting the requirements of this Code, or ( 2. Within another portion of the building that is sepa- rated by smoke barriers in accordance with Section 6-3, with at least a 20-minute fire resistance rating, and that portion of the building has access to a means of escape or exit that conforms to the requirements of this Code and that does not require return to the area of fire involvement. Resident. A person who receives personal care and resides in a residential board and care facility. Residential Board and Care Occupancy.* A building or part thereof that is used for lodging and boarding of four or more residents, not related by blood or marriage to the owners or oper- ators, for the purpose of providing personal care services. NEW RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-177 Staff. Persons who provide personal care services, supervi- sion, or assistance. Thermal Barrier.* A material that limits the average tem- perature rise of the unexposed surface to not more than 250°F 120°C) for a specified fire exposure complying with the stan- dard time-temperature curve of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of BuiMing Construction and Materials. 22-1.4 Acceptability of Means of Egress or Escape. No me~ns of: escape or means of egress shall be considered as cor~plying with the minimum c~iteria for acceptance unless emergen~ evacuation drills are regularly condUcted using that route, t --in accordance with the requirements of 31-7.3. SECTION 22-2 SMALL FACILITIES 22..1 General. 22- !.1.1 Scope. This section shall apply to residential board an41 care occupancies providing sleeping accommodations for no' more than 16 residents. Where there are sleeping accom- mc dations for more than 16 residents, the occupancy shall be cia ~sified as a large facility. The requirements for large facili- tie; are in Section 22-3. 22.2.1.2 Requirements Based on Evacuation Capability. Sn all facilities shall comply with ithe requirements of this sec- tio a as indicated for the appropriate evacuation capability. Ex :eption*: Facilities where the authority having jurisdiction lu~ : determined equivalent safety is provided in accordance with S~ition 1-5. 22 2.1.3 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No special I requirements.) 22t2.2 Means of Escape. 22~'2.2.1 Number of Means of Escape. Each normally occu- lP~i~'d story of the facility shall have at least two remotely :ated means of escape that do not involve using windows. At icl .st one of these means of escape shall comply with 22-2.2.2. ITt e provisions of Chapter 5 shall not apply to means of escape u~ less specifically referenced in this chapter. Ea ception No. 1: In prompt evacuation capability facilities, one m4 'ans of escape shall be permitted to involve windows comply- in~r with 22-2.2.3¢). Ea ception No. 2: ,4 second means of escape from each story sh ,ll not be required where the entire building is protected th~ ,ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system comply- in~[ with 22-2.3.5 and the facility has two means Of escape. This ex, :eption shall ngt be permitted to be used in conjunction with Eoception No. 2 to 22-2.2.3. 22-2.2.2 Primary Means of Escape. 22-2.2.2.1 Every sleeping room and living area shall have ac tess to a primary means of escape located to provide a safe pt th of travel to the outside of the building without traversing ar y corridor or other space exposed to unprotected vertical o ~enings. Where sleeping rooms, or living areas are above or below the level of exit discharge, the primary means of escape shall be an enclosed interior stair in accordance with 22-2.2.4, an exterior stair, or a horizontal exit. 22-2.2.2.2 In slow and impractical evacuation capability facil- ities, the primary means of escape for each sleeping room shall not be exposed to common spaces such as living rooms and kitchens. Exception: Buildings equipped with quick response or residen- tial sprinMers throughout. Standard response sprinklers shall be permitted for use in hazardous areas in accordance with 22-2.3.2. 22-2.2.3 Secondary Means of Escape. In addition to the pri- mary route, each sleeping room shall have a second means of escape that consists of one of the following: (a) A door, stairway, passage, or hall providing a way of unobstructed travel to the outside of the dwelling at street or ground level that is independent of and remotely located from the primary means of escape. (b) A passage through an adjacent nonlockable space, independent of and remotely located from the primary means of escape, to any approved means of escape. (c) An outside window or door operable from the inside without the use of tools and providing a clear opening of not less than 20 in. (50.8 cna) in width, 24 in. (61 cra) in height, and 5.7 sq ft (0.53 sq m) in area. The bottom of the opening shall be no more than 44 in. (112 cm) above the floor. Such means of escape shall be acceptable if: 1. The window is within 20 ft (6.1 m) of grade, or 2. The window is directly accessible to fire department rescue apparatus as approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, or 3. The window or door opens onto an exterior balcony. Exception No. 1: If the sleeping room has a door leading directly to the outside of the building with access to grade or to a stairway that meets the requirements of exterior stairs in 22-2.3.1.2, that means of escape shall be considered as meeting all the escape requirements for the sleeping room. Exception No. 2: .d second means of escape from each sleep- ing room shall not be required where the facility is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system comply- ing with 22-2.3.5. 22-2.2.4 Enclosed Interior Stairs. Interior stairways shall be enclosed with 20-minute fire barriers with alt openings equipped with smoke actuated automatic-closing or self- closing doors having a fire resistance comparable to that required for the enclosure. Stairways shall comply with 5-2.2.6.5. If an enclosed interior stair serves as the primary means of escape, it shall be arranged so that occupants are not required to pass through a portion of a lower floor unless that route is separated from all spaces on that floor by construction having a minimum 20-minute fire resistance rating. Exception No. 1: Stairs connecting two levels only shall be per- mitted to be open to other than the street floor. 1994 EDITION 101-178 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception 'No. 2: For prompt and slow evacuation capability facilities in buildings three 'or fewer stories in height,: having an approved, automatic sprinkler system using qui~k reSPons-e or residential sprinMers, stair enclosures shall not be required pro- vided there 'still remains aprimary means of escape from each ~leeping area that does not require occupants to pass thrOugh a portion of a lower floor, unless that rO[tte is separitted frod, all spaces on that fioor by construction having a 20-minute fire resis- tance rating. Exception No. 3: In prompt evacuation c'apability facilities acCO'rnmodating not mo~e th[i'n'eight residents i[~ buiMin~s tWo or fewer stories in height, having an approved, automatic ~sprinkler system in acC°rdaf~ce with 22-2.3.5, 'stair encloSures shall not be required. Exception No. 2 to 22-Z2.3 shall not be used in con- junction with-this eXCeption: The Exceptio~ to 22-Z3.4.3.1 shall not be used in conjunction~ with this efcception~ . 22-2.2.5 Doors. 22-2.2.5.1 No door~ or path of travel to a means of escape shah be less than 32 in. (81 cra) wide. Exception No. 1: In conversions, 28-in. (71-cra) doors shah be permitted to be continued in use. Exception No. 2: Bathroom doors shall be a minimum of 24 in. (61 cra) wide. 22-2.2.5.2 Every Closet door latch shall be readily opened from the inside in case Of an emergency. 22-2.2.5.3 Every bathrOom door Shall be designed to allow opening from the outside during an :emergency when locked. 22-2.2.5.4 No door in any means of escape shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied. Exception: Dela. ved release locks complying with 5-2.1. 6.1 shah be permitted on exterior doors, 22-2.2.5.5 Doors shall comply with 5-2.1.4.4. 22-2.2.5.6 Doors shall comply with 5-2.1.5.3. 22-2.2.6 Stairs. 22-2-2.6.1 Stairs shall comply with 5-2.2. Exception: In conversions, existing noncomplying stairs shall be permitted in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 5-Z2.1. 22-2.2.6.2 Winders complying with 5-2.2.2.8 shah be permitted. 22-2.3 Protection. 22-2.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 22-2.3.1.1 Vertical openings shall be protected so that no pri- mary means Of escape is exposed to an unprotected vertical opening. The vertical opening shall be considered protected if the opening is cut-off an~t encIosed in a manner that provides a fire-resisting capability of not less than 20 minutes and resists the passage of smoke. Any doors or openings shall have fire- and smoke-resisting capability equivalent to that of the enclo- sure and shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accor- dance with 5-2.1.8. Exception: Stair enclosures shah not be required where comply- ing with Exceptions No. 2 or 3 to 22-2.2.4. 22,2.3.1.2 Exrerior stairs shall b.e reasonably protected against blockage caused by fire that would sir~Ultaneously expose both the interior and the exterior means of escape. This shhll be accompliShed through separation by physiCal dlstance, arrangement 0~ the stairs, pr~teciion of the dp~nings exPOsing the siairs, or other means aCCeptable tO th~ auih{~i-itY havin~ jurisdiction. I be pro- (a) Any in or abuts a primary be protected by either: 1. An endloSure with hour with dance with 22-2.3.5, the aration shall with 5-2.1.8. (b) 1. An~ 20 sep- er: (4.4-cm tected by ire fire alarm 2. 22-2.3.5, of the hazardous area or with 22-2.3.3 Interior Finish. Interior wall and: ceiling finish shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6,5. There shall be no reqt~ir6mentS for interior floor !finiSh. Exception: Class C interior wall and Ceilit~g finish shall be per- mitted in prompt evacuation capabilitY facih~[es. 22-2.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 22-2.3.4.1 Fire Alarm Systems. A manual fire alarm system shall .be provided in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception: If there are interconnected smoke detectors meeting the requirements of 22-2.3.4.3 and there is at least one manual fire alarm station per floor arranged to continuously SOund the smoke detector alarms. 22-2.3.4.2 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be provided automatically, without delay, in accordance with 7-6.3. Presignal systems shall be prohibited. 22-2.3.4.3 Smoke Detectors. 22-2.3.4.3.1: Approved smoke detectors shall be provided in accordance with 7-6.2.9. Detectors shall be installed on all lev- els, including basements, but excluding crawl spaces and unfin- ished attics. Additional detectors shall be~ installed for living areas as defined in Section 3-2. 1994 EDITION NEW RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-179 wi~ be an pn Ex te~ tet 22 fo ac su d~ a In D sh a3 iti W, Exception: Detectors shall not be required in buildings pro- tected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in acc?rdance w~th 22-2.3.5 using quick response or residential sprinklers. 22-2.3.4.3.2 Each sleeping room shall be provided With an approved, listed single-station smoke detector in accordance with 7-6.2.9. Exception: Rooms protected by quick response or residential sprlnklers in buildings protected throughout by an approved, sut~ervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 2.3.5. The Exception to 22-2.3.4.3.1' shall not be used in con- ction with this eXCeption. 2.3.5 Automatic Extinguishing Systems. 2.3.5.1 All facilities shall be protected throughout by an ,roved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance ~ 22-2.3.5.2. Quick response or residential sprinklers shall xovided. ~OTICE: Following the issuance of this edition, an appeal was I led with respect t6 Exception No. t to 22-2.3.5.1--refer to page 01-1. ~.eption No. 1: Sprinklers shall not be required in small board ] ~are homes ser~ingeight or fewer residents with a rating of ~npt evaCUation capability. eption No. 2: Standard response sprinklers shall be permit- ~or use in areas where quick response and residential sprin- ~ are prohibited to be ir{stalled by their listing. ception No. 3: Standard response sprinklers shall be permit- !for use in hazardous areas in accordance with 22-2.3.2. -2.3.5.2' Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed, : either total or partial building coverage, the system shall be in :ordance with Section 7-7 and shall initiate the fire alarm sys- n :in accordance with 22-2.3.4.1. The adequaCy of the water ?ply shall be documented to the authority having jurisdiction. ception No. l*: In prompt and slow evacuation capability :il~ties, a SPrinkler system -complying with NFPA_ 13D, Stan- rd fo; the ~Installatio~ of Spdn~r Systems in One- and Two- mily Dwellings and Mobile Homes, shall be permitted. Facili- ~ with more than eight residents shall be treated as two-family ,ellings with regard Jo water Supply. :ception No. 2: In impractical evacuation capability facilities, ~p~'nkler system comp~lying with NFPA 13D, standard for the gtallation of sprinl~l~r Systems in One- and TWo-Family ~,eltings and b{obile~ Hort~es, with a 30-minute water supply a,,ll ~be'permitted. ,,Ill habitable areas and closets shall be sprin- .red. Pacilities with more than eight residents shall be treated two-family dwellings with regard to water supply. :ception No. 3: In prompt and slow evacuation capability facil- ,.s, where an automatic sprinkler system is installed in accordance th NFPA '13, Standard for the I~tstallation of Sprinkler Systerr~ at '.tomatic sprinMers shall not be required in closets not exceeding 2,: sq ft (2. 7 sq m) and bathrooms not exceeding 55 sq fi (5.1 sq m), p~ 9vided such spaces are finished with lath and plaster or material p~ aviding a 15-minute thermal barrier. aCeptionNo 4: In prompt and slow evacuation capability ilities up t'o and including four stories in height, systems ~n~talled in accordance with NFPA 13R, Standard for the Instal- la,ion of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to ahd Inc'luding Four Stories in Height, shall be permitted Exception No. 5: In impractical evacuation capability facilities up to and including four stories in height, systems installed in accordance with NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential OccupanCies Up to and Includ- ing Four Stories in Height, shall be permitted. ,,Ill habitable areas and closets shall be sprinklered. 22-2.3~5.3 Automatic sprinkler systems installed in impracti: cal evacuation capability facilities shall be supervised in accor- dance with Section 7-7. 22-2.3.5.4 Sprinkler piping serving not more than six sprin- klers for any isolated hazardous area shall be permitted to be installed in accordance with 7-7.1.2. In new installations, where more than two sprinklers are installed in a single area, water flow detection shall be provided to initiate the fire alarm system required by 22-2.3.4.1. Duration of water supplies shall be as required by 22-2.3.5.2. 22-2.3.6 Construction of Corridor Walls. 22-2.3.6.1 The separation walls of sleeping rooms shall be capable of resisting fire for at least 20 minutes, which is consid- ered to be achieved if the partitioning is finished on both sides with lath and plaster or material providing a 15-minute ther- mal barrier. Sleeping room doors shall be substantial doors, such as those of P/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core construction or of other construction of equal or greater stabil- ity and fire integrity. Any vision panels shall be of wired glass not exceeding 1,296 sq in. (0.84 sq m) each in area and installed in approved frames. Exception No. 1: In prompt evacuation capability facilities, ail sleeping rooms shall be separated from the escape route by walls and doors that are at least smoke resistant. Exception No. 2: Corridor walls and doors that are capable of resisting the passage of smoke and that are protected by auto- matic sprinklers in accordance with 22-2.3.5 on both sides of the wall and door. In such instances, there shall be no limitation on the type or size of glass panels. " Exception No. 3: Sleeping arrangements that are not located in sleeping rooms shall be permitted for nonresident staff members, provided the audibility of the alarm in the sleeping area is suffi- cient to waken staff who might be sleeping. 22-2.3.6.2 There shall be no louvers or operable transoms or other air passages penetrating the wall except properly installed heating and utility installations other than transfer grilles. Transfer grilles shall be prohibited. 22-2.3.6.3 Doors shall be provided with latches or other mech- anisms suitable for keeping the doors closed. No doors shall be arranged to prevent the occupant from closing the door. 22-2.3.6.4 Doors shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 5-2.1.8. ExcePtion: Door-closing devices shall not be required in build- ings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system tn accordance with 22-2.3.5.1. 22-2.4 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 22-2.5 Building Services. 22-2.5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with Section 7-1. 1994 EDITION 101-180 LIFE SAFETY CODE 22-2.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equipment. 22-2.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall COmply ~ith the provisions of 7-2:1 and 7-2.2, e~cei>t as otherwise re~t~iired in this Chapter. 22-2.5.2.2 No stove or combustion heater shall be located to block escape in case of fire caused by the malfunction of the stove or heater. 22-2.5.2.3 Unvented fuel~fired heaters shall not be used in any residential board and care facility 22-2.5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Any eleva- tors,.e.scalators, and conveYors installed shall Comply with the prowslons of Section 7-4. SECTION 22-3 LARGE FACILITIES 22-3.1 General; 22-3.1.1 Scope. This section shall apply to residential board and care occupancies providing sleeping accommodations for more than 16 residents. Facilities having sleeping accommoda- tions for not more than 16 residents shall be evaluated in accordance with Section 22-2. 22-3.1.2 Requirements Based on Evacuation Capability. 22-3.1.2.1 Prompt and Slow. Large facilities classified as prompt or slow evacuation capability shall comply with the requirements of this section as indicated for the appropriate evacuation capability. Exception*: Facilities where the authority having jurisdiction has ~leterrnined equivalent safety is provided in accordance with Section 1-5. 22-3.1.2.2 Impractical. Large facilities classified as impracti- cal evacuation capability shall meet the requirements for lim- ited care facilities in Chapter 12. Exception*: FaciEties where the authority having jurisdiction has determined equivalent safety is provided in accordance with Section 1-5. 22-3.1.3 Minimum Construction Requirements. 22-3.1.3.1 Construction requirements for large facilities shall be as required by this section. Where noted as "fully sheathed," the interior shall be covered with lath and plaster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. 22-3.1.3.2 For the purpose of construction requirements, sto- ries shall be counted starting with the primary level of exit dis- charge and ending with the highest occupied level. For the purpose of this section, the primary level of exit discharge of a building shall be that story that is level with or above finished grade of the exterior wall line for 50 percent or more of its perimeter. Building levels below the primary level shall not be counted as a story in determining the height of the building. (a) One- or Two-Story Facilities. Any construction type that meets the requirements for 1-hour or greater fire resis- tance rating, or is Type IV(2HH); or is fully sheathed, or is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler sys. tern in accordance with 22-3.3.5. Exception to (a): One-story prompt evacuation capability facil- ities 'haVing 30 or fewer res~$nts shall be permitted to be ~f any type construction. greater tected t in that is both shes app 22-3.3~51 Exception. to.(b): Three- tofour-story facilities of Type V(O00) construction that are both fully sheathed and protected thFough- out by an approved, supervised automatic ~prinkler system in accordance with 22-3.3.5. (c) Facilities More Than Six Stories High.~ Any Type I 0r Type 11(222) construction. Any Type II(111), Type 1II(211), Type IV(2I-0cI) construction tl~.at i~ p~0tecte~ tl~;flgh~Ui b'~ approved, automatic 'sprinkler system in' acc0rdanC6 with 22-3.3.5; Exception to (a), (b), and (c): Any building of Type I, Type (222), or Type H(lll) construction shall be permitted, to includ~ roofing systems involving combustiblel supports, ~cking or roofing, provided: 1. The roof covering meets Class A requirements in accor- dance with NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, and 2. The roof is separated from all occupied portions of the building by a noncombustible floor assem[~ h/tving at' least a 2-hour fire resistance rating that include~~ at least ~t/2 ~n. (6.4 cra) of concrete or gypsum fill. To qualify for this exception, the attic or other space sO developed shall '~ e~th~r unused Or protected throughout by an approved, automatic spnnMer system in accordance with 22,3.3.511. 22-3.1.4 Occupant Load. The occupant persons for whom egress is to be provided on the basis of section under consider the occupant load of the floor below for the mining egress capacity. 22-3.2 Means of Egress. 22-3.2.1 All means of egress shall be in :accordance with Chapter 5. 22-3.2.2 Means of Egress Components. 22-3.2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 22-3.2.2.2 through 22-3.2.2.8. 22-3.1.3.3 The minimum construction requirements (see 6-2.1), based on the highest story normally used by board and 22-3.2.2.2 Doors. ~ care residents, shall be: (a) Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted .... 1994 EDITION NEW RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-181 (b) No door in any means of egress shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied. Exception No. l to (b): Delayed egress locks in accordance with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted, provided not more than one devk Exce acco (c well shall Suct the 1 loss (c 22-3 22-3 com 22-2 5-2. 22-3 22-: witl~ 22-3 5-2. 22-2 22-2 dan 22-2 pan and 22-2 OCt1 Ex(~ sha~ 22< aco exit 22-2 22-~ witl 122-: 22-~ 22-: sqi doc e occurs in a means of egress. ~tion No. 2 to (b): Access-controlled egress doors in · dance with 5-2. I:6. 2 shall be permitted. } Evepy stairwell door shall allow reentry from the stair- to the interior of the building, or an automatic release be provided to unlock all stairwell doors to allow reentry. automatic release shall be activated with the initiation of )uilding fire alarm system. Also, doors shall unlock upon )f power controlling.the lock or locking mechanism. ~.2.3 Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. .2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures ?lying with 5-2.3 'shall be' permitted. .2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with - shall be permitted. 2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be [itted. ,2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying 5-2.6 shall be permitted. .2.2,8 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 2 shall be permitted. 2.3 CapacitY of Means of Egress. .23.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- :e with Section 5-3. .2.3.2 Street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occu- : load of the street floor plus the required capacity of stairs ramps discharging onto the street floor. .2.3.3 The width of corridors shall be sufficient for the ~pant load served, but shall not be less than 44 in. (112 cm). '~ption: Corridors serving an occupant load fewer than 50 t be not less than 36 in. (91 cra) in width. ,.2.4 Number of Exits. Not fewer than two exits shall be :ssible from every story, including floors below the level of discharge and occupied for public purposes. 1.2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. k2.5.1 Access to all required exits shall be in accordance Section 5-5. .2.5.2 No common path of travel shall exceed 125 ft (38.1 m). .2.5.3 No dead-end corridor shall exceed 50 ft (15 m). k2.5.4 Any room or any suite of rooms in excess of 2,000 t (185 sq m) shall be provided with at least two exit access rs remotely located from each other. 22-3.2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 22-3.2.6.1 Travel distance within a room, suite, or living unit to a corridor door shall nOt exceed 125 ft (38.1 m). 22-3.2.6.2 Travel distance, measured in accordance with Sec- tion 5-6, from the.corridor door of any room to the nearest exit shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). 22-3.2.7 Discharge from Exits. Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7. 22-3.2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 22-3.2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting in accor- dance with Section 5-9 shall be provided in all buildings with more than 25 rooms. Exception: Where each sleeping room has a direct exit to the outside of the building at ground level, no emergency lighting shall be required. 22-3.2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be marked in accordance with Section 5-10. 22-3.2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) 22-3.3 Protection. 22-3.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 22-3.3.1.1 Every stairway, elevator shaft, and other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.4. Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not more than three floors shall be permitted in accordance with 6-2.4.5. Exception No. 2: Atriums shall be permitted in accordance with 6-2.4.6. 22-3.3.1.2 No floor below the level of exit discharge used only for storage, heating equipment, or purposes other than resi- dential occupancy shall have unprotected openings to floors used for residential occupancy. 22-3.3.2 Protection from Hazards. 22-3.3.2.1 Any room containing high.pressure boilers, refriger- ating machinery, transformers, or other service equipment sub- ject to possible explosion shall not be located directly under or adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively separated from other parts of the building as specified in Section 6-4. 22-3.3.2.2 Every hazardous area shall be separated from other parts of the building by construction having a fire resis- tance rating of at least 1 hour with communicating openings protected by approved self-closing fire doors, or such area shall be equipped with automatic fire extinguishing systems. Hazardous areas include, but are not limited to: (a) Boiler and heater rooms, (b) Laundries, 1994 EDITION 101-182 'LIFE SAFETY CODE (c) Repair shops, and (d) Rooms or spaces used for storage of combustible sup- plies and equipment in quantities dec'ned hazardous by the authority having jUrisdiCtion. 22-3.3.3 Interior Finish. Interior wall and ceiling finish within exit enclosures shall be Class A. In all other areas, inte- rior walls and ceiling finish shall be Class A or Class B in accor- dance with Section 6-5. Interior floor finish shall be Class I or ClaES II:in corridors and exits. ~ ~ 22-3.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 22-3.3.4.1 General. A fire alarm system'in aCCordance with Section 7-6 shall be provided. 22-3.3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by: (a) Manual means in accordance with 7-6.2, and (b) A manual fire alarm station located at a convenient cen- tral control point under continuous supervision of responsible employees, and (c) Any automatic sprinkler system, and (d) Any required detection system. Exception to (d): Sleeping room smoke detectors shall not be required to initiate the building fire alarm system. 22-3.3.4.3 Annunciator Panel. An annunciator panel con- neCted with the fire alarm system shall be provided. The loca- tion of the annunciator shall be approved by the authority hav- ing jurisdiction. Exception: Buildings not more than two stones in height and with not more than 50 sleeping rooms. 22-3.3.4.4 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be provided automatically, without delay, in accordance with 7-6.3. Presignal systems shall be prohibited. 22-3.3.4.5 High rise buildings shall be provided with an approved means of voice communication in accordance with 7-6.3. Exception: Buildings equipped with a public address system. 22-3.3.4.6* Fire Department Notification. In case of a fire, provisions shall be made for the immediate notification of the public fire department by either telephone or other means. Where there is no public fire department, this notification shall be made to the private fire brigade. 22-3.3.4.7 Smoke Detectors. Each sleeping room shall be pro- vided with an approved, single-station smoke detector in accor- dance with 7-6.2.9, powered from the building electrical system. 22-3.3.4.8 Smoke Detection Systems. All living areas as defined in Section 3-2 and corridors shall be provided with smoke detectors in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm-Code, arranged to initiate an alarm that is audible in all sleeping areas. Exception No. 1: Detectors shall not be required in common spaces in facilities protected throughout by an approved, auto- matic sprinkler system in accordance with 22-3.3.5. 1994 EDITION Exception No. 2: Unenclosed corridors, passageways, balco- nies, colonnades, or other arrangements with one or trvore sides along the long dimension fully or extensively, open to the exterior at all times. 22-3.3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 22-3.3.5.1' All ' an with ~ be alarm the fire height, Exception No. 2: Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in small clothes closets where tfte :smallest dimension [loes not exceed 3 fl (0.9 m), the area. does not .e~cceed 24 sq ft (2.2 sq m), and the walls and ceiling are finished With noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. Exception No. 3: Standard response sprinklers shall be permit- ted for use in areas where quick response and residential sprin- Me[s are prohibited to be ir[stalled b) their listing. Exception No. 4: Standard response sprinklers shall be permit- ted for use in hazardous areas in acco[danck with 22-3.3.2. 22-3.3.5.2 Automatic sprinkler systems installed in hlgh rise buildings shall be supervised in accordaneelwith Section 7-7. 22-3.3.5.3 Portable Fire Extinguishers. Portable fire extin- guishers in accordance with 7-7.4.1 shall be provided near haz- ardous areas. 22-3.3.6 Corridors and Separation of Sleeping Rooms. 22-3.3.6.1 Access shall be provided from every resident use area to at least 'one means of egress that is separated from all sleeping rooms by fire barriers complying with 22-3.3.6.3 through 22-3.3.6.6. 22-3.3.6.2 Sleeping rooms shall be separated from corridors and other common spaces by fire barriers complying with 22-3.3.6.3 through 22-3.3.6.6. 22-3.3.6.3 Fire barriers required by 22-3.3.6.1 or 22-3.3.6.2 shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 20 minutes. Exception: In conversions, no fire resistance rating shall be required, but the barrier shall resist the passage of smoke. 22-3.3.6.4 Doors in fire barriers required by 22-3.3.6.1 or 22-3.3.6.2 shall have a fire protection rating of not less than 20 minutes. Exception No. 1: In conversions, existing 15/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core doors shall be permitted to be continued to be used. Exception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an approved; automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 22-3.3.5, existing doors in renovations and conversions that are nonrated shall be permitted to be continued to be used. NEW RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-183 Exception No. 3: Walls that are required only to resist the pas- sage of smoke, without a fire resistance rating, shall be permitted to have doors that resist the passage of srnoke without a fire pro- tection rating. 22 22 Tt or pr, 22 22 da fr~ 5-: 22 22 22 22 2J · 3.3.6.5 Walls and doors required by 22-3.3.6.1 and .3.3.6.2 shall be constructed to resist the passage of smoke. ere shall be 'no louvers, transfer grilles, operable transoms, other' air passages penetrating such walls or doors except >perly installed heating and utility installations. -3.3.6.6 Doors in walls required by 22-3.3.6.1 and -3.3.6.2 shall be self-closing Or aUtomati~-closing in accot- ace With 5-2.1.8. Doors in walls separating sleeping rooms ,m corridors shall be autOmatic-closing in accordance with L1.8. ception No. 1: Doors to sleeping rooms that have occupant · trol locks such that access is normally restricted to the occu- lts or staff personnel shall be permitted to be self-closing. ception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an 9roved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance h 22-3.3.5, doors, other than doors to hazardous areas, verti- [ openings, and exit enclosures, shall not be required to be self- ,sing or automatic-closing. -3.3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. (Reserved.) 3.4 Special Provisions. (Reserved.) 3.5 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) -3.6 Building Services. -3.6.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with provisions of ction 7-1. -3.6.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning. 2J-3.6.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 2~-3.6.2.2 No stove or combustion heater shall be located to bi ~ck escape in case of fire caused by the malfunction of the st, ~ve or heater. 2~ 2~ 2~ st 2~ vi U~ -3.6.2.3 Unvented fuel-fired heaters shall not be used in , board and care occupancy. 3.6.3 Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and Vertical Conveyors. -3.6.3.1 Elevators, dumbwaiters, and vertical conveyors all comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. -3.6.3.2* In high rise buildings, one elevator shall be pro- ted with a protected power supply and shall be available for e by the fire department in case of emergency. 2~ 3.6.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. SECTION 22-4* SUITABILITY OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING TO HOUSE A BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCY 22-4.1 General. 22-4.1.1 Scope. This section shall apply to apartment build- ings that have one or more individual apartments used as a board and care occupancy. This section determines the suit- ability of such buildings' to house a residential board and care facility. The suitability of such buildings for apartments not used for board and care occupancies is covered in Chapter 18. 22-4.1.2 Requirements for individual apartments used as res- idential board and care occupancies are specified in Section 22-2. Egress from the apartment into the common building corridor shall be considered acceptable egress from the board and care facility. 22-4.1.3 Requirements Based on Evacuation Capability. 22-4.1.3.1 Apartment buildings housing board and care facil- ities shall comply with the requirements of this section. Exception*: Facilities where 'the authority having jurisdiction has determined that equivalent safety for housing a residential board and care facility is provided in accordance with Section 1-5. 22-4.1.3.2 All facilities shall meet the requirements of Chap- ter 18 and the additional requirements of this section. 22-4.1.4 Minimum Construction Requirements. In addition to the requirements of Chapter 18, apartment buildings hous- ing residential board and care facilities that house groups clas- sifted as prompt or slow evacuation capability shall meet the construction requirements of 22-3.1.3, and those housing groups classified as impractical evacuation capability shall meet the construction requirements of 12-1.6. In applying the construction requirements, the height shall be determined by the height of the residential board and care facility above the primary level of exit' discharge. 22-4.2 Means of Egress. The requirements of Section 18-2 shall apply only to parts of the means of egress serving the apartment(s) used as a residential board and care occupancy. 22-4.3 Protection. 22-4.3.1 Interior Finish. The requirements of 18-3.3 shall apply only to the parts of means of egress serving the apart- ment(s) used as a residential board and care occupancy. 22-4.3.2 Construction of Corridor Walls. The requirements of 18-3.6 shall apply only to corridors serving the residential board and care facility, including that portion of the corridor wall separating the residential board and care facility from the common corridor. 22-4.3.3 Subdivision of Building Spaces. (Reserved.) 22-4.4 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 1994 EDITION 101-184 LIFESAFETYCODE CHAPTER 23 'EXISTING RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES SECTION 23-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 23-1.1' Application. 23-L1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to existing buildings or portions thereof currently occupied as residential board and care occupancies (see also 22-1.1). 23-1.1.2 This chapter is divided into four sections as follows: (a) Section 23~1 -- General Requirements. (b) dations (c) Section 23-3 -- Large Facilities (i.e., sleeping accommo- dations for more than 16 residents). (d) Section 23-4 ~ Suitability of an Apartment Building to House a Board and Care OCCupancy. 23-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. Where another type of occu- pancy occurs in the same building as a residential board and care occupancy, the requirements of 4-1.11 of this Code shall apply. Exception No. 1: Occupancies that are completely separated from all portions of the building used for a residential board and care facility and i-ts egress system by construCtion having a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours. Exception No. 2: Apartment buildings housing residential board and care occupancies in conformance with Section 23-4. In such facilities, any safeguards required by Section 23-4 that are more restrictive tha~ -those~for other housed occupancies shall apply only to the extent PreScribed by Section 23-4. 23-1.3 Definitions. Evacuation Capability.* The ability of the occupants, res- idents, and staff as a group either to evacuate a building or to relocate from the point of occupancy to a point of safety. Fol- lowing are the levels of evacuation capability covered by this chapter: (a) Prompt. Evacuation capability equivalent to the capa- bility of the general population where applying the require- ments for residential occupancies covered by Chapters 17, 19, 20, and 21. (b) Slow. Evacuation capability of a group to move to a point of safety in a timely manner, with some of the residents requiring assistance from the staff. (c) Impractical. Evacuation capability of a group that, even with staff assistance, cannot reliably move to a point of safety in a timely manner. Hazardous Area. Any space where there is storage or activity having fuel conditions exceeding that of a one- or two- family dwelling and that possesses the potential for a fully involved fire. Hazardous areas include, but are not limited to, areas for cartoned storage, food or household maintenance items in wholesale or institutional-type quantities and concen- trations, or mass storage of residents' belongings. Areas con- 1994 EDITION taining approved, properly installed and maintained furnaces and heating equipment, furnace rooms, and coOking and laun- dry facilities shall not be classified:as hazardous areas solely on the basis of such equipment. Personal Care. The care of residents who do not require chronic or convalescent medical or nursing care. Personal care !nvolves responsibility for the safety of the resident while ness by merits, th{ of a medical care. Point of Safety. A location that meets one of the following criteria: (a) It is exterior to and away from the building. either: 1. Within an exit enclosure meeting the requirements~of this Code, or 2. Within another portion of rated by smoke barriers least a 20-minute fire building has access to a means to the requirements return to the area of fire involvement. (c) It is within a building of Type:Ii Type II(222); Type II(111), Type III(211), Type IV, or Type V(lll) construction (see 6-21) and is either: 1. Within an exit enclosure meeting the requirements of this Code, or 2. Within another portion of the building that is sepa- rated by smoke barriers in accordance with Section 6-3, with at least a ~0-minute fire resistance rating, and that portion of the building has access to a means of escape or exit that conforms to the requirements of this Code and that does not require return to the area of fire involvement. Resident. A person who receives personal care and resides in a residential board and care facility. Residential Board and Care Occupancy.* A building or part thereof that is used for lodging and boarding of four or more residents, not related by blood or marriage to the owners or oper, ators, for the purpose of providing personal care services. Staff. P. ersons who provide personal care services, supervi- sion, or assistance. Thermal Barrier.* A material that limits the average tem- perature rise of the unexposed surface to not more than 250°F (120°C) for a specified fire exposure complying with the stan- dard time-temperature curve of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. 23-1.4 Acceptability of Means of Egress or Escape. No means of escape or means of egress shall be considered as complying with the minimum criteria for acceptance unless emergency evacuation drills are regularly conducted using that route in accordance with the requirements of 31-7.3. EXISTING RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-185 SECTION 23-2 SMALL FACILITIES 23-2.1 General. 23-2.1.1 SCOpe. This section shall apply to residential board and care occupancies providing sleeping accommodations for noI more than 16 residents. Where there are sleeping accom- mqdations for more than 16 residents, the occupancy shall be classified as a large facility. The requirements for large facili- tie~ are in Section 23-3. 2372.1.2 Requirements Based on Evacuation Capability. Small facilities shall comply with the requirements of this sec- tion as indicated for the appropriate evacuation capability. ~tion No. I*: Facilities where the authority having juris- tion has determined equivalent safety is provided in accor- ~ce with Section 1-5. :eption No. 2: Facilities that were previously approved as nplying with the requirements for a large facility having the ne evacuation capability. CO~ sal 23 re, 23 hc la~ m; p~ gi~ sh be II (~ sp sii al at oJ A 2~ st 6- · 2.1.3 Minimum Construction Requirements. .2.1.3.1 Prompt Evacuation Capability. (No special tuirements.) · 2.1.3.2 Slow Evacuation Capability. The facility shall be used in a building where the interior is fully sheathed with h and plaster or other material providing a 15,minute ther- d barrier, including all portions of bearing walls, bearing rtitions, floor construction, and roofs. All columns, beams, 'ders, and trusses shall be similarly encased or otherwise all provide a minimum of a 20-minute fire resistance rating. ception No. 1: Exposed steel or wood columns, girders, and ~ms (but not joists) located in the basement. 'ception No. 2: Buildings of Type I, Type H(222), Type 'Ill), Type III(211), Type IV, or Type V(lll) construction. ee 6-2.1.) :ception No. 3: Areas protected by approved, automatic qnkler systems in accordance with 23-2.3.5. :ception No. 4: Unfinished, unused, and essentiaEy inacces- ,le loft, attic, or crawl spaces. ~eption No. 5: Where the facility can demonstrate to the :thority having jurisdiction that the group is capable of evacu- !ng the building in eight minutes or less or achieves an E-Score three or less using Chapter 5 of NFPA IO1M, Manual on ternative Approaches to Life Safety. ,-2.1.3.3 Impractical Evacuation Capability. Buildings alt be of any construction type in accordance with Section 2 other than Type II(000), Type III(200), or Type V(000) ~nstruction. cception: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, pervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with -2.3.5 shall be permitted to be of any type of construction. 22 l-2.2 Means' of Escape. p2~e-2.2.1 Number of Means of Escape. Each normally occu- d story of the facility shall have at least two remotely l~cated means of escape that do not involve windows. At least one of these means of escape shall comply with 23-2.2.2. The provisions of Chapter 5 shall not apply to means of escape unless specifically referenced in this chapter. Exception No. 1: In prompt evacuation capability facilities, one means of escape shah be permitted to involve windows comply- lng with 23-2.2.3(c). Exception No. 2: A second means of escape from each story shah not be required where the entire building is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system comply- ing with 23-Z3.5 and the facility has two means of escape. This exception shah not be permitted to be used in conjunction with Exception No. 2 to 23-2. Z3. 23-2.2.2 Primary Means of Escape. 23-2.2.2.1 Every sleeping room and living area shall have access to a primary means of escape located to provide a safe path of travel to the outside of the building without traversing any corri- dor or other space exposed to unprotected vertical openings. Where sleeping rooms or living areas are above or below, the level of exit discharge, the prima~y means of escape shall be an enclosed interior stair in accordance with 23-2.2.4, an exterior stair, a horizontal exit, or an existing fire escape stair. 23-2.2.2.2 In slow and impractical evacuation capability facili- ties, the primary means of escape for each sleeping room shall not be exposed to d0mmon spaces such as living rooms and kitchens. Exception: Buildings equ~oped with quick response or residential sprinklers throughout. Standard response sprinklers shall be permit- ted for use in hazardous areas in accordance with 23-Z3.Z 23-2.2.3 Secondary Means of Escape. In addition to the pri- mary. route, each sleeping room shill have a second means of escape or alternate protection that consists of one of the following: (a) A door, stairway, passage, or hall prov!ding a way of unobstructed travel to the outside of the dwelling at street or ground level that is independent of and remotely located from the primary means of escape. (b) A passage through an adjacent nonlockable space, independent of and remotely located from the primary means of escape, to any approved means of escape. (c) An outside window or door operable from the inside without the use of tools and providing a clear opening of not less than 20 in. (50.8 cra) in width, 24 in. (61 cm) in height, and 5.7 sq ft (0.53 sq m) in area. The bottom of the opening shall be no more than 44 in. (112 cm) above the floor. Such means of escape shall be acceptable if: 1. The window is within 20 ft (6.1 m) of grade, or 2. The window is directly accessible to fire department rescue apparatus as approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, or 3. The window or door opens onto an exterior balcony. (d) The sleeping room shall be separated from all'other parts- of the facility by construction having a fire resistance rating of at least 20 minutes and shall be equipped with a door that resists passage of fire for at least 20 minutes and is designed and installed to minimize smoke leakage. A means of providing smoke venting and fresh air to the occupants shall be provided. 1994 EDITION 101-186 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. I: If the sleeping room has a door leading directly to the outside of the building with access to grade or to a stairway that meets the requirements of exterior stairs in 23-Z3.1.2; that means of escape shall be considered as meeting all the escape requirements for the sleeping room. Exception NO. 2: A second means Of escape or alternate pro- tection from each sleeping room shall not be required where the facility is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprin- Met ffyste[n c°rnp!ying wi~h 23-2~3,5. . . . Exception NO. 3: Existing approVed means of escape shall be permitted to be COntinued Jo b~ Used. 23-2.2.4 Enclosed Interior Stairs. Interior stairways shall be enclosed with 20-minUte fire with ail openings eqmpped with smoke or self- closing comparable to that ret with 5-2.Z6.5. If primary are not unless that :onstruction Exception No..I: .~ , mitred to be that does floor by Exception No. 3: In that house stories in height pro- system in residential provided there sleeping area a portion of a that rating. · stories in height in shall be I each sleep- ing room and living shall be maintained. Exception No. 4: In, prompt evacuation capability facilities accommodating not more th-an eight residents in buildings two t .... s ones or less tn height, having an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance!with 2J-2.~).5 ~ftsing q~ick response or resi- dential sprinkler, stair enclosures fh~ll ~t 'be req~i;ed. Exception No. 2 to 23-ZZ3 shall nbt' be ufcdin conj[tnction wit~ this exception. The ExceptiOns tq 23-2.3.4.3 shall ~ot be used in con- junction with this exceptton. 23-2.2.5 Doors. 23-2.2.5.1 No door or path of travel to a means of escape shall be less than 28 in. (71 cm) wide. Exception: Bathroom doors shaft be a minimum of 24 in. (61 cm.) wide. 23-2.2.5.2 Every closet door latch shall be readily opened from the inside in case of an emergency. 23-2.2.5.3 Every bathroom door shall be designed to allow opening from the outside during an emergency when locked. 23-2.2.5.4 No door in any means of escape shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied. Exception: Delayed release locks complying with 5-2.1. 6.1 shaft be permitted on exterior doors. 23-2.2.5.5 Doors shall comply with 5-2.1.4.4. 23-2.2.5.6 Doors shall comply with 5-2.1.5.3. 23-2.2.6 Stairs. 23-2.2.6.1 Stairs shall comply with 5-2.2. Exception: Existing noncomp~ing stairs shall be permitted to be continued in use in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 5-221. 23-2.2.6.2 Winders complying with 5-2.2.2,8 shall be permitted. 23-2.3 Protection. 23-2.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 23-2.3.1.1 Vertical openings shall be protected so that no pri- mary means of escape is exposed to an unprotected vertical opening. The vertical opening shall be considered protected if the opening is cut off and enclosed in a manner that provides a fire-resisting capability of not less than 20 minutes and resists the passage of smoke. Any doors or openings shall have fire- and smoke-resisting capability equivalent to that of the enclo- sure and shall be self-dosing or automatic-closing in accor- dance with 5-2.1.8. Exception: Stair enclosures shaft not be required where comply- ing with Exceptions No. 2, 3, or 4 to 23-Z2.4. 23-2.3.1.2 Exterior stairs shall be reasonably protected against blockage caused by fire that would simultaneously expose both the interior and the exterior means of escape. This shall be accomplished through separation by physical distance, arrange- ment of the stairs, protection of the openings exposing the stairs, or other means acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 23-2.3.2 Hazardous Areas. Any hazardous area shall be pro- tected in accordance with the following: (a) Any hazardous area that is on the same floor as, and is in or abuts a primary means of escape or a sleeping room, shall be protected by either: 1. An enclosure with a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour with a self-closing or automatic-closing fire door in accor- dance with 5-2.1.8 having a fire protection rating of at least 3/4 hour, or 2. Automatic sprinkler protection, in accordance with 23-2.3.5, of the hazardous area and a separation that will resist the passage of smoke between the hazardous area and the sleeping area or primary escape route. Any doors in such sep- aration shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 5-2.1.8. (b) Other hazardous areas shall be protected by either: 1. An enclosure having a fire resistance rating of at least 20 minutes with a self-closing or automatic-closing door in accordance with 5-2.1.8 equivalent to at least a 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core construction, or 1994 EDITION EXISTING RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-187 2. Automatic sprinkler protection, in accordance with 23-2.3.5. of the hazardous area regardless of enclosure. 23-2.3.3 Interior Finish. Interior wall and ceiling finish shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. There shall be no requirements for interior floor finish. Exception: Class C interior wall and ceiling finish shall be per- mitted in prompt evacuation capability facilities. 1 23-~.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 23-2.3.4.1 Fire Alarm Systems. A manual fire alarm system sh~ll be provided in accordance with Section 7-6. Ex~:eption No. 1: If there are interconnected smoke detectors me ~ting the requirements of 23-2.3.4.3 and there is at least one ma ual fire alarm station per floor arranged to continuously sot cd the smoke detector alarms. Ex ~.ption No. 2: Other manually activated continuously sot :nding alarms acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 23.2.3.4.2 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification sh'. 11 be in accordance With 7-6.3. PreSignal systems shall be pr, hibited. 23 2.3.4.3* Smoke Detectors. Approved Smoke detectors sh dl be Provided in accordance with 7-6.2.9. These detectors sh dl be powered from the bUilding electrical system and, when ac :ivated; shall initiate an alarm that is audible in all sleeping ar~ '.as. Detectors shall be installed on all levels, including base- m~ :nts, but excluding crawl spaces and unfinished attics. Addi- tic hal detectors shall be installed for living rooms, dens, day ro 3ms, and similar spaces. E;qception No. 1: Buildings protected throughout by an approved, aUtomatic sprinkler system in accordance with 2'3~2.3.5 using quick r~spOnse o~' residential sprinklers with approved, single-station smoke detectors installed in each sleep- !ng room, in a~cordance with 7-6.2.9 and powered by the build- ing electrical system. EsceptiOn No. 2: Buildings protected throughout by an al~roved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with ~-2.3.5 Using quick resl~onse or residential sprinMers with exist- in~ battery-p~'w~red detectors in each sleeping room and where in th~ opinion of the authority having jurisdiction the facility .has dOnonstrated testing, maintenance, and a battery replacement p)~gram that ensur~ the reliability of power to the detectors. 2."-2.3.5 Automatic Extinguishing Systems. 2~ ~-2.3.5.1' Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed, fcr either total or partial building coverage, the system shall be in a{ cordance with Section 7-7 and shall activate the fire alarm sys- Ite m in accordance with 23-2.3.4.1. The adequacy of the water st.pply shall be documented to the authority having jurisdiction. Ecception No. 1: In prompt and slow evacuation capability cilities, a sprinMer system complying with NFPA 13D, Stan- trd for the InStallation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two- F ,mily Dwellings and Mobile Homes, shall be permitted. Auto- rr atic sprinMers shall not be required in closets not exceeding 2 ~ sqft (2.2 sq m) and bathrooms not exceeding 55 sq fl (5.1 sq rr ), provided -such spaces are finished with lath and plaster or n ateriats providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. Exception No. 2: In impractical evacuation capability facilities, a sprinkler system complying with NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Mobile Homes, With a 30-minute water supply shall be permitted. All habitable areas and closets shall be sprin- klered. Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in bathrooms not exceeding 55 sq fi (5. t sq m), provided such spaces are fin- ished with lath and plaster or material providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. Exception No. 3: In prompt and slow evacuation capability facilities, where an automatic sprinkler system is installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, sprinklers shall not be required in closets not efxceeding 24 sq ft (2.2 sq m) and bathroOms not exceeding 55 sq fl (5.1 sq m), p~ovided such spaces are finished with lath and plaster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. Exception No. 4: In prompt and slow evacuation capability facilities up to and includ~'ng four stories in height, systems installed in accordance with NFPA 13R, Standard for the Instal- lation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Includ'ing Four ~todes in Height,: shall be pe'rrnitted. Exception No. 5: In impractical evacuation capability facilities up to and including four stories in height, systems installed in accordance with NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Includ- ing Four Stories in Height, shall be permittecL All habitable areas and closets shall be spdnklered. Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in bathrooms not exceeding 55 sq ft (5.1 sq m), Provided such spaces are finished with lath and pla~ter, or rr[ate~[d provid- ing a 15-minute thermal barrier. 23-2.3.5.2 Impractical Evacuation Capability. All impracti- cal evacuation capability facilities shall be protected through- out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 23-2.3.5.1. 23-2.3~.3 Sprinkler piping serving not more than six sprin- klers for any isolated hazardous area shall be permitted to be installed in accordance with 7-7.1.2. In new installations, where more than two sprinklers are installed in a single area, water flow detection shall.be provided to initiate the fire alarm system required by 23-2.3.4.1. Duration of water supplies shall be as required by 23-2.3.5.1. 23-2.3.6 Construction of Corridor Walls. 23-23.6.1 The separation walls of sleeping rooms shall be capable of resisting fire for at least 20 minutes, which is consid, ered to be achieved if the partitioning is finished on both sides with the lath and plaster or material providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. Sleeping room doors shall be substantial doors, such as those of 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core construction or of other construction of equal or greater stability and fire integrity. Any vision panels shall be of wired glass not exceeding 1,296 sq in. (0.84 sq m) each in area and installed in approved frames. Exception No. 1: In prompt evacuation capability facih'ties, all sleeping rooms shah be separated from the escape route by walls and doors that are at least smoke resistant. Exception No. 2: Corridor walls and doors that are capable of resisting the passage of smoke and that are protected by auto- matic sprinklers in accordance with 23-2.3.5 on both sides of the wall and door. In such instances, there shah be no limitation on the type or size of glass panels. 1994 EDITION 101-188 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 3: Sleeping arrangements that are not located in sleeping rooms shall be permitted for nonresident staff members, provided the audibility of the alarm in the sleeping area. is suffi- cient to waken staff ~vh~ might be sleeping. Exception' No: 4: In previously approved facilities where the the or less NFPA and doors t 23-2.3. Exception No. 1': Facilities where the authority having juris- diction has determined equivalent safety is provided in accor- dance with Section 1-5. Exception No. 2: Facilities that were previous~ apprdved as complying with 23~ 3.1.2. 2. ' 23-3.1.2.2 Impractical. Large facilities classified as impracti- cal evacuatiOn Capability shall' meet the requirements f$r lim- ited care facilities in Chapter 13. ~ Exception*: Facilities where the .authority having jurisdiction has determined equivalent safety is provMdd in accordance with Section 1-5. be Exception:. Door-c~ devices shall not be required in build- ings 'protected th ;t .by an approved, auto'matic sprinkler syste~n in a~cordan~e Wfth ~ ~3-2.3. ~ '1., 23-3.1.3 Minimum Construction Requirements. 23-3.1.3.1 Construction requirements for large facilities, shall be as required by' this section. Where n~ted as : fully sheathed," the interior shall be covered with lath and plaster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. 23-3.13.2 For the purpose of construction requirements, sto- ries shall be counted starting with the primary level of exit dis- charge and ending With the highest ~ccupi~d level. For ~he purpose of this section, the prin~hry level o~ exit discharge of a building shall be that story that is level with or above finished 23-2.5.1 Utilities. Utilities Shall comply with Section 7-1. 23-2.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equipment. 23-2.5.2.1 Heating, veI!tilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply ~ith the provisions of 7-2.1 and 7-2.2, except as otherwise required in this chapter:. 23-2.5.2.2 shall be located, to block of the stove 23-2.5.2.3 Unrented fuel-fired heaters shall not be used in any residential board and care facility. SECTION 23-3 LARGE FACIL/TIES 23-3.1 General. 23-3.1.1 Scope. This section shall apply to residential board and care occupancies providing sleeping accommodations for more than 16 residentS. Facilities hax~in~ ~leeping accommoda- tions for not more than 16 residents shall be' evaluated in accordance with Section 23-2. However, existing facilities meeting the requirements of this section shall be considered to meet the requirements of Section 23-2 for prompt evacuation capability or slow evacuation capability. 23-3.1.2 Requirements Based on Evacuation Capability. 23-3.1.2.1 Prompt and Slow. Large facilities classified as prompt or slow evacuation capability shall comply with the requirements of this section as indicated for the appropriate evacuation capability. 1994 EDITION 23-3.1.33 The (see 6-Z1), based on the.. and care residents, shall (a) One- or Two-Story Facilities. Any construction type that meets the requirements for 1-hour ~r greater fire resis- tance rating, or is Typ~ IV(2HH), or"is ~full~ Sheathed, o~ is protected throUghout .~y an appro~d, autoMatiC sprinkler sys. tem in accordance with 23-3.3.5. ' Exception to (a): One,story prompt evacuation ca~pability facil- ities having 30 or fewer residents shall be permitte~ to be Of any type construction~ ~ (b) Three- to Six-Story Facilities." TYPe I, Type :II, or Type III construction that r~eets the requirements foe l:hour or greater fire r6sistance rating, Type IV construction that is pro; tected throughout bY a~ approved,~automatic sprinkler SY~t~tfl in accordance With ~3-3.3.S, or any other type of C°nStrfictiorl that is both sheathed and protected throughoht by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 23-3.3.5, other than TYP~ V(000). Exception to (b): ' Three- to four-story facilities of Type V(O00) construction that are both fully sheathed and protected through- out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler SYstem in accordance With 23-3.3.5. (c) Facilities More Than Six Stories H/gh. Any Type I or Type II(222) construction. Any Type II(lll), Type III(211), or Type IV(2HH) construction that is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 23-33.5. Exception to (a), (b), and (c): Any building of.Type,L Type H(222), or Type H(lll) construction shall be permitted to include roofing SYstems involving combustible supports, decking, or roofing, provide& EXISTING RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-189 1. The roof covering meets Class A requirements in accor- dance:with NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, and Z The roof is separated from all occupied portions of the building by a noncombustible floor assembly having at least a 2-hour fire resistance rating that includes at legist 21/2 in. (6.4 cra) of concrete or gypsum fill. To qualify for this exception, the ~ttic or other space so developed shall be either unused or 'Cted througho[~t by an appro~ed, automatic sprinkler system prot~ in a~ 23-3 per: on I floo sect pan the mm 23-~ Ch~ 23-; the egr Exx Iwit~ de, Ex~ acc I we she Su, the los col 23. :cordance with 23-3.3.5.1. .1.4 Occupant Load. The occupant load in numbers of ms for whom egress is to be provided shall be determined ~e basis of One ~ers°n per 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m) of gross area or the maximum probable population of any room or ,On under consideration, whichever is greater. The occu- : load of any open meZZanine or balcon~ shall be added to ~ccUpant l~ad of th6 floor below for the pUrpose of deter- ng egress capacity. Means of Egress. 1:2.1 All means of egress shall be in accordance with ~ter 5. 2.2 Means of Egress Components. .2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to types described in 23-3.2.2.2 through 23-3.2.2.8. 2373.2.2.7 Exit Passageways. with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. ~,2;2.2 Doors. a) Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. b) No door in any means of egress shall be locked against :ss when the building is occupied. eption No. 1 to (b): Delayed egress locks in accordance 5-Z1.6. I shall be permitted, provided not more than one ce occurs in a means of egress. 'eption No. 2 to (b): Access-controlled egress doors in ~rdance with 5-2.1.6.2 shall be permitted. c) Every stairwell door shall allow reentry from the stair- I to the interior of the building, or an automatic release 11 be provided to unlock all stairwell doors to allow reentry. :h automatic release shall be activated with the initiation of building fire alarm system. Also, doors shall unlock upon of power controlling the lock or locking mechanism. d) Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be permitted. L2.2.3 Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. L2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures nplying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 3.2.2.5 Horizontal Exits, Horizontal exits complying with .4 shall be permitted. 3.2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be :mitred. Exit passageways complying I23-3.2.2.8 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 23-3.2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 23-3.2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Section 5-3. 23-3.2.3.2 Street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occu- pant load of the street floor plus the required capacity of stairs and ramps discharging onto the street floor. 23-3.2.33 The width of corridors shall 'be sufficient for the occupant load served, but shall be not less than 44 in. (112 cm). Exception: Corridors serving an occupant load fewer than 50 shall be not less than 36 in. (91 cm) in wMth. 23-3.2.4 Number of Exits. Not fewer than two exits shall be accessible from every story, including floors below the level of exit discharge and occupied for public purposes. 23-3.2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 23-3.2.5.1 Access to ail required exits shall be in accordance with Section 5-5. 23-3.2.5.2 No common path of travel shall exceed 110 ft (33.5 m). Exception: In buildings protected throughout by automatic sprinkler systems in accordance with 23-3.3.5, common path of travel shall not exceed 160 ft (48.8 m). 23-3.2.5.3 No dead-end corridor shall exceed 50 ft (15 m). 23-3.2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 23-3.2.6.1 Travel distance from the doorwithin a room, suite, or living unit to a corridor door shall not exceed 75 ft (23 m). Exception: Travel distance shall not exceed 125 ft (48 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprin- kler system in accordance with 23-3.3.5. 23-3.2.6.2 Travel distance, measured in accordance with Sec- tion 5-6, from the corridor door of any room to the nearest exit shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m). Exception No. 1: Travel distance to exits shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m) for exlerior ways of exit access arranged in accordance with 5-5.3. Exception No. 2: Travel distance to exits shah not exceed 200 fl (60 m) if the exit access and any portion of the building that is trib- utary to the exit access are protected throughout by approved, auto- rnatic sprinkler systems. In addition, the portion of the building in. which the 200-fi (60-m) travel distance is permitted shall be sepa- rated from the remainder of the buiMing by construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour for buildings not more than three stories in height and 2 hours for buiMings more than three stories in height. 23-3.2.7 Discharge from Exits. Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7. 23-3.2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 1994 EDITION 101-190 LIFE SAFETY CODE 23-3.2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting in accor- dance with Section 5-9 shall be proVic~ed in all buildings with more than 25 rooms. Exception: Where each sleeping room has'a direct exit to the outside of the building at ground leve~ no emergency ~lighting shall be required. 23-3.2.10 of egress 23-3.2.11 Special Means of Egress Featurei. (ReserVed.) 23-3.3 Protection. 23-3.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 23-3.3.1.1 Every stairway, elevator shaft, and other vertical open- lng shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with 6-2.4. Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not more than three floors shall be permitted in accordance with 6-2.4.5. Exception No. 2: Atriums shall be permitted in accordance with 6-2.4.6. Exception No. 3: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 23-3.3.5.1, and where eodts and required ways of travel thereto are adequately safeguarded against fire and smoke within the building, or where every individual room has direct access to' an exterior exit wtthout passing through a public corddor~ the protection of vertical openings not part of required egress shall be permitted to be waived by the authority having jurisdiction to the extent that such openings do not endanger required means of egress. Exception No. 4: In buildings not more than two stories in height, unprotected vertical openings shall be permitted by the authority having jurisdiction if the building is protected thr~ugh- out by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 23-3.3.5. L 23-3.3.1.2 No floor below the level of exit discharge used only for storage, heating equipment, or purposes other than resi- dential occupancy shall have unprotected openings to floors used for residential occupancy. 23-3.3.2 Protection from Hazards. 23-3.3.2.1 Any room containing high-pressure boilers, refriger- ating machinery, transformers, or other service equipment sub- ject to possible explosion shall not be. located directly under or adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively separated from other parts of the building as specified in Section 6-4. 23-3,3.2.2 Every hazardous area shall be separated from other parts of the building by construction having a fire resis- tance rating of at least 1 hour with communicating 9penings protected by approved self-closing fire doors, or such area shall be equipped with automatic fire extinguishing systems. Hazardous areas include, but are not limited to: (a) Boiler and heater rooms, (b) Laundries, (c) Repair shops,~and (d) Rooms or spaces used for storage of combustible sup- plies and equipment in quantities deemed hazardous ,by the authority ha~,i~g jurisdicti~n. ' 23-3.3.3 Interior FiniSh. Interior wall and ceiling finish shall be Class A or Class B in aceordance with Section 6-5. Interior floor finish shall be Class I Or Class II in corridors andexits. 23-3.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. ~ in r~COrdance with Exception: acco'rdanc e stories 23-3.3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by: ~- (a) Manual means in accordance with 7-6.2, and Exception to (a): ,4 manual means, as specified in 7-6.~ in excess of the alarm station ~at a constantly at~qnded lqcation: per (b) below shall not be required whe?e there'~re' Oth~r effke-tive means. (such as a complete automa!iq sprinkler or automatic detection system) for ndtification Of fire aJ req~tired. . (b) A manual fire alarm station located at a convenient cen- tral control point under continuous supereision of responsible employees, and (c) Any automatic sprinkler system, and Exception to (c): Automatic sprinkler systems that are not required by another section of this Code shall not be required to initiate the fire alarm system: (d) Any required detection system. Exception to (d): .Sleeping room smoke detectors shall not be required to initiate the building fire alarm system. 23-3.3.4.3 Occupant Notification. OccUpant notification shall be provided automat!cally, withOut delay, by internal audible alarm in accordance with %6.3. Presignal systems shall he prohibited. ' .... 23-3.3.4.4*'Fire Department Notification. In case of a fire, provisions shall be made for the immediate notification of the public fire department by either telephone or 'Other 'means. Where there is no public fire department, this notification shall be made to the private fire brigade. 23-3.3.4.5 Smoke Deteeiors. Each sleeping room shall be pro- vided with an approved, single-station smoke detector in accor- dance with 7-6.2.9, powered from the building electrical system. Exception No. 1: Existing battery-powered detectors, rather than .building electrical service-powered detectors, shall be accepted where, in the opinion of the authority having jurisdic- tion, the facility has demonstrated testing maintenance, and bat- ~ery replacement programs that ensure the reliability~ q£ power to the detectors. 1994 EDITION EXISTING RESIDENTIAL BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 101-191 Exception No. 2: Facilities having an existing corddor smoke d, e{e, ction system in accordance with Section 7-6 connected to the building fi're alarm system. si{ -3.3.4.6 Smoke Detection Systems. All living areas as fined in Section 3-2 and corridors shall be provided with .oke detectors in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire :rm Code, arranged to initiate an alarm that is audible in all eping areas. ception No. 1: Detectors shah not be required in common zces in by an approved, auto- at : Unenclosed corridors, passageways, balco- or other arrangements with one or more sides dimension fully or extensively open to the exterior Extinguishment Requirements. 22-3.3.5.1' Automatic Extinguishment SYstems. Where an at tomatic sPrinkler system is installed either for total or par- ti: tl bUildin~ coverage, the system shall be installed in accor- d~ .ncc with Section 7-7 and shall initiate the fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. E:ception No. 1: In buildings not more than four stories in tu ight, a spdntder system cornp~ing with NFPA 13R; Standard for th ,. Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four Stories in Heigh6 shall be permitted. E ~:eption No. 2: Automatic sprinMers shall not be required in ct ~sets not exceeding 24 sq fl (2.2 sq m) and bathrooms not exceed- in ~ 55 sq fi (5.1 ~sq m), provided such spaces are finished with lath a~d plaster or material with a 15-minute thermal barrier. 23-3.3.5.2 Sprinkler piping serving not more than six sprin- klers for any isolated hazardoUs area in accordance with 747.1.2 Shall be permitted. In new installations where more t.~an two sprinklers are installed: in a single area, water flow dgtection shall be provided to initiate the fire alarm system reqUired by 23-3.3.4.1. 2.3-33.53 Portable Fire Extinguishers. Portable fire extin- gdishers' in accordance with 7-7.4.1 shall be provided near haz- ardous areas. ~ 1-3.3.6 Corridors and Separation of Sleeping Rooms. 23-3.3.6.1 Access shall be provided from every resident use area to at least one means of egress that is separated from all o~her rooms or spaces by fire barriers complying with 1-3.3.6.3 through 23-3.3.6.6. Exception No. 1: Rooms or spaces, other than sleeping rooms, tcaep tected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system lied in accordance with 23-3.3.5. tion No. 2: Prompt evacuation capability facilities in didings not over two stories in height where at least one quired means of egress from each sleeping room provides a zth of travel to the outside without traversing any corridor or ther spaces exposed to unprotected vertical openings or common 2ing spaces such as living rooms and kitchens. xception No. 3: Rooms or spaces, other than sleeping rooms, p 'ov~ded with a smoke detection and alarm system connected to a 1irate the building evacuation alarm. Furnishings, finishes, b and furniture, in combination with all other combustibles within the spaces, shall be of minimum quantity and arranged so that a fully developed fire is unlikely to occur. 23-3.3.6.2 Sleeping rooms shall be separated from corridors and other common spaces by fire barriers complying with 23-3.3.6.3 through 23-3.3.6.6. 23-3.3.63 Fire barriers required by 23-3.3.6.1 or 23-3.3.6.2 shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 20 minutes. Exception No. 1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 23-3.3.5, no fire resistance rating shall be required, but bar- riers shall resist the passage of smoke. Exception No. 2: In buildings classified as prompt evacuation capability, not more than two stories in heigh6 and with a max- imum of 30 residents, no fire resistance rating shall 'be required, but barriers shall resist the passage of smoke. 23-3.3.6.4 Doors in fire barriers required by 23-3.3.6.1 or 23-3.3.6.2 shall have a fire protection rating of not less than 20 minutes. Exception No. 1: Existing lS/4-in~ (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core doors shall be permitted to be continued to be used. Exception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 23-3.3.5, doors that are nonrated shall be permitted to be continued to be used Exception No. 3: Walls that are required only to resist the pas- sage of smoke, without a fire resistance rating, shall be permitted to have doors that resist the passage of smoke but no fire protec- tion rating shall be required. 23-3.3.6.5 Walls and doors required by 23-3.3.6.1 and 23-3.3.6.2 shall be constructed to resist the passage of smoke. There shall be no louvers, transfer grilles, operable transoms, or other air passages penetrating such walls or doors except properly installed heating and utility installations. 23-3.3.6.6 Doors in walls required by 23-3.3.6.1 and 23-33.6;2 shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 5-2.1.8. Doors in walls separating sleeping rooms from corridors shall be automatic-closing in accordance with 5-2.1.8. Exception No. 1: Doors to sleeping rooms that have occupant control locks such that access is normally restricted to the occu- pants or staff personnel shall be permitted to be self-closing, Exception No. 2: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with 23-3.3.5, doors, other than doors to hazardous areas, verti- cal openings, and exit enclosures, shall not be required to be self- closing or automatic-closing. 23-3.3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. Every sleeping room floor shall be divided into at least two smoke compartments of approximately the same size, with smoke barriers in accordance with Section 6-3. Smoke dampers shall not be required.. Additional smoke barriers shall be provided such that the maximum travel distance from a sleeping room corridor door to a smoke barrier shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m). 1994 EDITION 101-192 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 1: Buildings protected throughout by an approveg automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 23-3.3,5. Exception No. '2: Where each sleeping room ~ provided with' exterior ways of exit access arranged in accordance with 5-5.3. Exception No. 3: Smoke barriers shall not be required where thk ~tggregate: corridor length on each:floor is not more than I50 fl (45m). 23-3.4 Special ProVisions.: (Reserved.) 23-3.5 Operating Features. (See Chapter 3L) 23-3.6 Building Services. 23-3.6.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comPly with provisions of Section 7-1. 23-3.6.2 Heating, Ventilating~ and Air Conditioning. 23-3.6.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip- ment shall comply with the proviSions of-Section 7-2. 23-3.6.2.2 No stove or combustion heater shall be located to block escape in case of fire caused by the malfunction of the stove or heater. 23-3.6.2.3 Unvented fuel-fired heaters shall not be used in any board and care occupancy. 23-3.6.3 Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and Vertical Conveyors. Elevators, dumbwaiters, and vertical conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 23-3.6.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators~ and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of SectiOn 7-5. SECTION 23-4' SUITABILITY OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING TO HOUSE A BOARD AND CARE : 'OCCUPANCY 23-4.1 General. 23-4.1.1 Scope. This section shall apply to apartment build- ings that have one or more individual apartments used as a board and care occupancy. This section determines the suit- ability of such buildings to house a residential board and care facility. The suitability of such buildings for apartments not used for board and care occupancies is covered in Chapter 19. 23-4.1.2 Requirements for individual apartments used as res- idential board and care occupancies are specified in Section 23-2. Egress from the apartment into the common building corridor shall be considered acceptable egress from the board and care facility~ ~. 23-4.13 Requirements Based on Evacuation Capability. 23-4.1.3.1 Apartment buildings housing board and care facil- ities shall con'Ply with the reqt~irements.~)f this section Exception*: Fabi§ties where the. quthodty having n ~as determined that equivalent safety for housing a residential ~rd and care facility is provided ~n: acbordance W[th Sedtion '1-5, 23-4.1;3.2 All facilitieS shall meet the requirements of Chap- ter 19 and the additiOnal requirements of this sectiOn. 23-4.1.4 Minimum ConstrUction l to the sifted as meet the construction the primary 234.2 Means. shall 23-4.3 Protection. 23-4.3.1 Interior Finish. The requirements of 19-3.3 shall apply only to 'the parts of means of egress serving the apart- ment(s) used as a residential board and care occupancy. 23-4.3.2 Construction of Corridor Walls. of 19-3.6 shall apply only to corridors board and care facility, including that [ wall separating the residential bc~ard common corridor. The requiiements 23-43.3 Subdivision of Building Spaces. The requirements of 19-3.7 shall apply to those stories with an apartment(s) used as a residential board and care occupancy. 23-4.4 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 'lgg4 EDITION NEW MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES 101-193 CHAPTER 24 NEW MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 24-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 24-111 Application. ~,4-1~1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to: (~ New buildings or portions thereof used as mercantile :ct )ancies (see Section 1-4); and (1 Additions made to, or used as, a mercantile occupancy :ee -4.5 and 24-1.1.3); and 0 :) Alterations, modernizations, or renovations of existing ~er ~antile occupancies (see 1-4.6); and (~ ~ Existing buildings or portions thereof upon Change of cc~ )ancy to a mercantile occupancy (see 1-6.3). 24-1.1.2 This chapter establishes life safety requirements for all nex~ mercantile buildings. Specific requirements for suboccu- pan .'y groups such as Class A, Class B, and Class C stores and cow :red malls are contained in paragraphs pertaining 'thereto. 24-1.13 Additions to existing buildings shall conform to the req~ drements for new construction. Existing portions of the struc- ture need not be modified, provided that the new construction has not diminished the fire safety features of the facility. Existing pot ions shall be upgraded if the addition results in a change of me] cantile subclassification. (See 24-1.4.2.) .2 Mixed Occupancies. L2.1 Mixed occupancies shall comply with 4-1.11. .2.2 Combined Mercantile and Residential Occupancies. 24-7.2.2.1 No dwelling unit shall have its sole means of egress through any mercantile occupancy in the same building. / 24-1.2.2.2 No multiple dwelling occupancy shall be located abc vea mercantile occupancy. Ex( str~ Exx thn da~ 24- Stt cai les rat, the eption No. 1: Where the dwelling occupancy and exits efrom are separated from the mercantile occupancy by con- ction having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. eption No. 2: Where the mercantile occupancy is protected ,ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- :ce with Section 7-Z 1.2.3 Combined Mercantile Occupancies and Parking actures. Walls separating parking structures from mcr- tile occupancies shall have a fire resistance rating of not ; than 2 hours. :eption: In enclosed parking structures that are protected )ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- ~ce with Section 7-7 or in open-air parking structures, non- ;d glazing and opening protectives shall be permitted if all of following conditions are met: (a) The openings do not exceed 25 percent of the area of the wall in which they are located, and (b) The openings are used for main entrance and associated sidelight functions, and (c) The enclosed connecting mercantile building is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-7, and (d) The floor elevation of the mercantile occupancy is at least 4 in. (10.2 cra) above the floor level of the parking struc- lure, and (e) No vehicle is able to park or drive within 10 fl (3 m) of the openings, and 0t) The openings have a minimum of a ghzss membrane, and (g) Any doors in the glass membrane are self-closing. 24-1.3 Special Definitions. Anchor Store. A department store or major merchandis- ing center having direct access to the covered mall but having alt required means of egress independent of the covered mall. Class A Store. [See 24-L4.2.1(a).] Class B Store. [See 24-1.4.2.1(b).] Class C Store. [See 24-1.4.2.1(c).] Covered Mall. A covered or roofed interior area used as a pedestrian way and connected to a building(s) or portions of a building housing single or multiple tenants. Covered Mall Building. A building, including the covered mall, enclosing a number of tenants and occupancies, such as retail stores, drinking and dining establishments, entertain- ment and amusement facilities, offices, and other similar uses, wherein two or more tenants have a main entrance into the covered mall. Gross Leasable Area. The total floor area designated for tenant occupancy and exclusive use, expressed in square feet (square meters), measured from centerlines of adjoining parti- tions and exteriors of outside walls. Open-Air Mercantile Operations. Operations conducted outside of all structures with the operations area devoid of all walls and roofs except for small, individual, weather canopies. 24-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. 24-1.4.1 Mercantile occupancies shall include all buildings and structures or parts thereof with occupancy as descn~oed in 4-1.7. 24-1.4.2 Subclassification of Occupancy. 24-1.4.2.1 Mercantile occupancies shall be subclassified as follows: (a) Class A. All stores having an aggregate gross area of more than 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) or utilizing more than three levels, excluding mezzanines, for sales purposes. (b) ClassB. All stores of more than 3,000 sq ft (280 sq m) but not more than 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) aggregate gross area, or uti- lizing floors above or below the street floor level for sales purposes. Mezzanines shall be permitted. (See 24-1.4.2.3.) 1994 EDITION 101 - 194 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception to (b): If more than three floors, excluding mezza- nines, are utilized, the store shall be Class A regardless of area. (c) ClassC. Allstoresofnotmorethan3,000sqft(280sqm) gross area used for sales purposes on one story only, excluding mezzanines. 24-1.4.2.2 For the purpose of the classification required in 24-1.4.2.1, the aggregate gross area shall be the total gross area where a:store is .all the purposes only their 24-1.4.2.3 The floor area of a mezzanine or the aggregate floor area of multiple mezzanines shall noi exceed on~ third of the floor are the a story or stories. 24-1.4.2.4 Where a number of stores under different man- agement are located in the same building, the aggregate gross area (see 24-1.4.2.2) of all such stores shall be used in deter- mining classification per 24-1.4.2.1. Exception No. 1: Covered mall buildings. (See 24-4. 4.) Exception No. 2: Where individual stores are separated by fire barriers with a 2-hour fire resistance rating. Exception No. 3: Where stores are separated by fire barriers with a 1-hour fire resistance rating, and the building is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-Z 24-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents of mercantile occupancies shall be classified as ordinary haz- ard in accordance with Section 4-2. Exception: Mercantile occupancies shall be classified as high hazard if high hazard commodities are displayed or handled without protective wrappings or containers, in which case the fol- lowing additional provisions shall apply: (a) Exits shall be located so that not more than 75 fi (23 m) of travel from any point is required to reach the nearest exit. (b) From every point there shall be at least two exits acces- sible by travel in different directions (no common path of travel). (c) All vertical openings shall be enclosed. 24-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No special requirements.) 24-1.7' Occupant Load. For purposes of determining required means of egress, the occupant load of mercantile buildings or parts of buildings used for mercantile purposes shall be not less than required in the following: (a) Street floor: One person for each 30 sq ft (2.8 sq m) of gross floor area of sales space. In stores with no street floor, as defined in Chapter 3, but with access directly from the street by stairs or escalators, the principal floor at the point of entrance to the store shall be considered the street floor. 1994 EDITION Exception to (a): In mercantile qccupaneies where, due to dif- ferences in grade of streets on differe~nt,sides, there are two or more floors directly accessible from streets (not including alleys or similar back streets), for the purpose of determining occupant load, each such fl°or shall be considered a street (toor. The occupant load factor shall be one person for eac~ 40 sq fl (3, 7 sq m) of gross floor area of sales spac~ (b) Sales floors below the street floor: Same as street floor. (5.~ One person for each 60 sq fl (d) son for (e) Floors or ing, son (f) FloorS or Occupant ~ for such (g) Occupani 10ad determined in accordance with ~f). /neat/x an .gross leasable area (not lowest whole num- ber occupant, the outside Each shall have means of egress inde- · pendent of the covered mall. 55 50 '~45 o ~ 40 o 30 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I Illllll[llllllll I[llllllllllll ~ Illl IIIIIIIIIIIIt,~ I IIII Illlllll'llll ~ II llll Illllllllll ~ 111 IIII ~ III IIII II Illll [ ~ · ' I ~ IIIIIIII II III Il 11 ~ IIIIIIltllll II I ~ 11 IIIIII ~ ,11 Illltlllll Illllllt Iii IIIllllltlllllll ill,I 'llrlilllllllll, ,Ill 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Gross .... leasable area [sq 9 x 1000) Figure 24-1.7(g) - Covered mall occupant load factors. SECTION 24-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 24-2.1 General. 24-2.1.1 All means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this chapter. NEW MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES 101-195 24-211.2 No inside open stairway or inside open ramp shall be permitted to serve as a component of the required means of egress system for more than one floor. 24-2 flooJ floo] den! floo~ 24-2 sibk fron stre~ accl2 ject 24-2 see i 1.3 Where there are two or more floors below the street , the same stair or other exit shall be permitted to serve all s, but all required exits from such areas shall be indepen- of any open stairways between the street floor and the below it. .1.4 Where a level, outside exit from upper floors is pos- owing to hills, such outside exits shall be permitted to :-instead of horizontal exits. If, however, such outside exits t the upper floor also serve as an entrance from a principal :t, the upper floor shall be classified as a street floor in rdance with the definition in Chapter 3 and shall be sub- Io the requirements of this chapter for street floors. ,1.5 For special considerations for high hazard contents, ~.4-1.5. 24-2 2 Means of Egress Components. 24-: .2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the opes described in 24-2.2.2 through 24-2.2.10. 24-2.2.2 Doors. 24-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2A shall be permitted. 24-:~.2.2.2' Locks complying with Exception No. 2 to 5-2.1.5.1 shall be permitted only on principal entrance/exit doo :s. 24-; .2.2.3 Selected doors on stairwells shall be permitted to be ~;quipped with hardware that prevents reentry in accor- dan :e with Exception No. 1 to 5-2.1.5.2. 24-; .2.2.4 Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be pe .rmitted. . 24':L2'2'5 Access-controlled egress doors complying with 5-2. L6.2 shall be permitted in buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised fire detection system in accordance witl) S~ction 7-6 or an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7. ~.2.2.6 Where horizontal or vertical security grilles or rs are used as a part of the required means of egress from nant space, such grilles or doors shall comply with Excep- No. 4 to 5-2.1.4.1. !.2.2.7 All doors at the foot of stairs from upper floors or he head of stairs leading to floors below the street floor 1 swing in the direction of egress travel. ate tio~ 24-: at 1 sha 24-:~.2.2.8 Revolving dOors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be per ~itted. 24-: 24-: 24-2.2.3.2 permitted. 2.3 Stairs. 2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. Spiral stairs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be 24-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 24-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 24-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 24-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. Exception*: In lieu of the provisions of 5-2. 6. 4, an exit p.ctssage- way in a covered mall building shall be permitted to accommo- date independently: (a) Its assigned occupant load from only the covered mall/ pedestrian way, and (b) The largest occupant load assigned to it from a single tenant space/store. 24-2.2.8 Fire Escape Ladders. Fire escape ladders comply- ing with 5-2.9 shall be permitted. 24~2.2.9 Alternating Tread Devices. Alternating tread devices complying with 5-2.11 shall be permitted. 24-2.2.10 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be Permitted. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7, two rooms or spaces separated from each other by smoke- resistant partitions in accordance with the 5-1.2 definition of area of refuge shall not be required. 24-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 24-2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Section 5-3. 24-2.3.2 In Class A and Class B stores, street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occupant load of the street floor plus the required capacity of stairs and ramps discharging through the street floor. 24-2.4 Number of Exits. (See also Section 5-4.) At least two separate exits shall be: (a) Provided on every story, and (b) Accessible from every part of every story or mezzanine. Exception to (b): Exit access travel shall be permitted to be common for the distances allowed as common paths of travel by 24-2.5.3. Exception No. 1: A single means of egress shall be permitted in a Class C mercantile occupancy provided that one of the follow- ing conditions is met: (a) The travel distance does not exceed 75 f~ (23 m) to the exit or to a covered mall (if it is considered a pedestrian way), or (b) The travel distance does not exceed 100 ft (30 m) to the exit or to a covered mall (if it is considered a pedestrian way), and the story on which the occupancy is located and all commu- nicating levels that must be traversed to reach the exit or covered mall are protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprin- kler system in accordance with Section 7-7. 1994 EDITION 101-196 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 2: A single means of egress to an exit or to a covered mall (if it is considered a pedestrian way) shall be per- mitted from a mezzanine within any Class A, Class B, or ~lass C mercantile occupancy, provided that the common path of travel does not exceed 75 ft (23 m), or lOO ft (30 m) if protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-7. 24-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 24-2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. 24-2.5.2 No dead-end corridor shall exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic spdnMer system, dead-end corridors shah not exceed 50 ft (15 m). 24-2.5.3 No common path of travel shall exceed 75 ft (23 m). Exception: A common path of travel shah be permitted for the first 100 fi (30 m) in a building protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-Z 24-2.5.4 Aisles leading to each exit shall be required. The aggregate width of such aisles shall be equal to at least the required width of the exit. 24-2.5.5 In no case shall any required aisle be less than 36 in. (91 em) in dear width. 24-2.5.6 In Class A stores, at least one aisle of 5 ft (1.5 m) minimum width shall lead directly to an exit. 24-2.5.7 If the only means of customer entrance is through one exterior wall of the building, two thirds of the required egress width shall be located in this wall. 24-2.5.8 At least one half of the required exits shall be located so as to be reached without passing throUgh checkout stands. In no case shall checkout stands or associated railings or barriers~ obstruct exits, required aisles, or approaches thereto. 24-2.5.9* Where wheeled carts or buggies are used by cus- tomers, adequate provision shall be made for the transit and parking of such carts to minimize the possibility that they might obstruct means of egress. 24-2.5.10' Exit access in Class B stores that have an occupant load not exceeding 200 and are protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system and exit access in all Class C stores shall be permitted to pass through storerooms, provided the following conditions are met: (a) Not more than 50 percent of exit access shall be pro- vided through the storeroom. (b) The storeroom shall not be subject to locking. (c) The main aisle through the storeroom shall be not less than 44 in. (112 em) wide. (d) The path of travel, defined with fixed barriers, through the storeroom shall be direct and continuously maintained in an unobstructed condition. 1994 EDITION 24-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. Travel distance to exits, measured in accordance with Section 5~6, shall not exceed 100 ft (30 m). Exception: Travel distance shall not exceed 200 fl (60 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, :automatic sprin- kler system in accordance with Section 7-Z 24-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 24-2.7.1 Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7 and 24-2.7.2. 24-2.7.2' Fifty percent of the exits shall be permitted to dis- charge through the level of exit discharge in accordance with 5-7.:~ only where the building is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler ~stem in aCCordance ~vith Section 7-7, and the distance of travel from the termination of the exit enclosure to an outside street door shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). 24-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 24-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Class A and Class B mercantile occupancies and. covered mall buildings shall have emergency lighting facilities in accordance with Section 5-9. 24-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-10. Exception: Where an exit is immediately apparent from all por- tions of the sales area, the exit marking shah not be required. 24-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 24-3 PROTECTION 24-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Each stairway; ele- vator shaft, escalator opening, or other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 6-2. Exception No. 1: In Class A or Class B mercantile occupancies protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic spdnMer system in accordance with Section 7- 7, unprotected ver- tical openings shall be permitted as follows: (a) Between any two floors, or (b) Between the street floor and the first adjacent floor below and the first adjacent floor (or mezzanines) above, or (c) In accordance with 6-2.4.5. Exception No. 2: In Class C mercantile occupancies, unpro- tected opemngs shall be permitted between the street floor and mezzanine. Exception No. 3: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shah be permitted. 24-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 24-3.2.1' Hazardous areas, including but not limited to areas used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, janitor Clos- ets, and maintenance shops including woodworking and paint- ing areas shall: NEW MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES 101-197 (a) Be separated from other parts of the building by fire bayriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour wi~h all openings therein prOtected b~ 3/4-hour fire Protection raled self-closing fire doors, or (b)~ The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- ing system in accordance with Section 7-7. Exception: In general storage and stock areas protected by an aulo-matic extinguishing syste-rn in accordance w'ith Section 7-7, an enclosure, if provided, shall: be exempt'from the provisions of 6-&I.Z ~ 24 -3.2.2* High hazard content areas, as defined in Section 4-2, sh all: b~ wi ra in (a) Be seParated from other parts of the building by fire rriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour th all openings therein protected by 3/4-hour fire protection :ed self-closing fire doors, and (b) The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- ; system in accordance with Section 7-7. 24-3.3 Interior Finish. 24-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish on wl dis and ceilings shall be Class A or Class B in accordance wi th Section 6-5. 24-3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 24-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 24-3.4.1 General. Class A mercantile occupancies shall be p~ ~vided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. 24.3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required' fire alarm sys- te aa shall be by manual means per 7-6.2.1(a). Ez :ception No. 1: Initiation shall be permitted to be by means oJ an approved, automatic fire detection system in accordance wi th 7-6.2.1(b) that provides protection throughout the building. E: 'ception No. 2: Initiation shall be permitted to be by means oJ an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 7- 5. Z 1 (c) that provides protection throughout the building. 2~-3.4.3 Notification. 2~.-3.4.3.1 During all times the store is occupied (see 5-2.1.1.3 ), the required fire alarm system shall: (a) Sound a general audible alarm throughout the store, or (b) Sound an audible alarm in a continuously attended lc ration for purposes of initiating emergency action. 2, ['3.4.3.2 0ccu pant Notification. Occupant notification st.all be by means of live voice public address system m mouncement originating from the attended location where tte alarm signal is received. (See 24-3.4.3.1.) The system shall be: permitted to be used for other announcements. (See 7-6.3.9 [E~ception No. 2.) A presignal system in accordance with E cception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. E :qeption: Any other occupant notification means allowed by 7. 6.3 shall be permitted in lieu of live voice public address sys- ten announcement. 24-3.4.3.3 Emergency Forces Notification. Emergency forces notification shall include notifying: (~) The fire department in accordance with 7-6.4, and (b) The local fire brigade, if provided, via the attended location where the alarm signal is received. (See 24-3.4.3.1.) 24-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 24-3.5.1 Mercantile occupancies shall be protected through- out by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7 as follows: (a) In all buildings three or more stories in height. (b) In all buildings exceeding 12,000 sq ft (1,100 sq m) in gross area. (c) Throughout stories below the level of exit discharge where such stories have an area exceeding 2,500 sq ft (230 sq m) where used for the sale, storage, or handling of c°~nbustible goods and merchandise. 24-3.5.2 Automatic sprinkler systems in Class A mercantile occupancies shall be supervised in accordance With 7-7.2. 24-3.5.3 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all mercantile occupancies in accordance with 7-7.4.1. 24-3.6 Corridors. 24-3.6.1 Where access to exits is provided by corridors, such cor- ridors shall be separated from use areas by fire barriers in accor- dance with 6-2.3 having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. Exception No. 1: Where exits are available from an open floor area. Exception No. 2 Corridors need not have a fire resistance rat- ing within a space occupied by a single tenant. Exception No. 3: Corridors need not have a fire resistance rat- ing within buildings protected throughout by an approved, auto~ matic sprinMer systerr~ 24-3.6.2 Openings in corridor partitions required to have a fire resistance rating in accordance with 24-3.6.1 shall be Pro- tected in accordance with 6-2.3. 24-3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. (No special require- meats.) 24-3.8 Special Protection Features. 24-3.8.1 Nonrated glazing and opening protectives per the Exception to 24-1.2.3 shall be permitted between mercantile occupancies and parking structures. SECTION 24-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 24-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. (See Section 30-7.) 24-4.2 High Rise Buildings. High rise buildings shall comply with the automatic sprinkler requirements of 30-8.2.1. 24-4.3 Open-Air Mercantile Operations. 24-4.3.1 Open-air mercantile operations, such as open-air markets, gasoline filling stations, roadside stands for the sale of farm produce, and other outdoor mercantile operations 1994 EDITION 101-198 LIFE SAFETY CODE shall be arranged and conducted so as to maintain free and unobstructed ways of travel at all times to permit prompt escape from any point of danger in case of fire or other emer- gency, With no ~iSad ends in ~vhich persOns might be trapped due tb display stands, adjoining buildings, fen~s, vehicle~i or other obstructions. 244.3.2 in roofed- stitute buildings fo! is mall 24-4.4.1 and shall wid other~ Exception: The covered imall shall be permitted to be consid- ered -a pedestrian way, in which case :the ~distance of travel within a tenant space to an exit or to the Coveredmall sl;tall be a max- imum of 200 fi (60 m) (see 24-2.6 Exception) or shall be the maximum for the appropriate occupancy; Plus, an additional 200 fl (60 'm) Shall de ~itted fo~ travel ~hro'ugh the covered mall space if all the, following requtrements are met: (a) The Covered mall shall be at least of sufficient clear wtdth to accommodate egress req~trements as set forth m other sections of this chapter, :Ou~ in/~'0 case shall be l~ss than 20 fi (6.1 m) ~,Me in its -narroWest dimension. . (b)* On each sidei°flthe maII floor area, the covered mall shall be provided with an unobs~ted exit access of not less than 10 fl (3 m) in clear width p~trallel to and adjacent to the mall tenant frohL Such ~t a~c II lead t.o an exit having a minimum ~'idth o£ 66 in~ ~168 ~cm)~ ($ee 24-4.,~ 2.) (c) The covered mall and all buildings connected thereto shall be protected throughout by an apProVed, electrically super- vised automatic sprinkler syS ter~ in a;dordance with Section 7- Z (d) Walls dividing stores from each other shall extend from the floor to the unde~side of 'the roof deck'or floor deck above. No separation shall be required between a tenant space and the covered mall. (e) * The covered mall shall be provMed with a smoke con- trol system. 24-4.4.2 Means of Egress Details. 24-4.4.2.1 Every floor of a covered mall shall have no less than two exits remotely located from each other. 24-4.4.2.2 No less than one half the required egress width for each Class A or Class B store connected to a covered mall shall lead directly outside without passage through the mall. 24-4.4.2.3* Each individual anchor store shall have means of egress independent of the covered mall. 1094 EDITION 24-4.4.2.4 Every covered mall shall be provided with unob- structed exit access parallel to and adjacent to the mall tenant fronts. This eXit access shall extend t~ each mall exit. I 24-4;4.2.5 Emergency Lighting. (See 24-2.9.) 24-4.4.3 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 24-4,4.3.2 Initiation. Initiation of 24,4;4.3.3 Notificatiom During all times that the covered mallis occuPied (see 5-2.1.1.3), ~the required fire alarm system; once initiated, shall: (a) Sound a general audible alarm throughout the covered mall, o~ (b) Sound an audible alarm in a continuously attended location for the purpose of initiating emergency action. 24-4.4.3.4 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be provided by means of live VOice public address system announcement originating from the attended i~ocafion where the alarm signal is received. (See 24-4.4.3.3.) The system shall be permitted to be used for other announce~nents. (See 7-6.3.9 IEx~eption No. 2.) A presignal system in adcor~ance with Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. Exception: Any other occupant notification means allowed by 7-6.3 shall be permitted in ~eu of live voice public address sys- tem announcement. 24-4.43.5 Emergency Forces Notification. Emergency forces notification shall be provided and shall include notifying: (a) The fire department in accordance with 7-6.4, and (b) The local fire brigade, if provided, via the attended location where the alarm signal is received. (See 24-4.4.3.3.) 24-4.4.3.6 Emergency Control. The fire alarm system shall be arranged to automatically actuate smoke management or smoke control systems in accordance with 7-6.5.2(c). 24-4.5 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 24-5 BUILDING SERVICES 24-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 24-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- ment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 24-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 24-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. EXISTING MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES 101-199 CHAFFER ~25 EXISTING MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31. ) SECTION 25-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 25-1.1 Application. 25-1;1.1 ~.The requirements of this chapter apply, to existing buil~iings or portions thereof currently occupied as mercantile occupancies. (See also 24-1.1.1.) . · : 25-1~1.2 This chapter establishes life Safety requirements for all existing mercantile buildings. Specific requirements for suboccu- panqy groups, such as Class A, Class B, and Class C stores and ~xn, d~ malls are contained in paragraphs pertfiining th~i-eto. reqt ture has mcr 25- 25-1 25-1 .1.3 Additions to existing buildings shall conform to the irements for new construction. Existing portions of the struc- need not be modified, provided that the new construction ~ot diminished the fire safety featUres of the facility. Existing ions shall be upgraded if the addition results in a change of :antile subclassi~ication. (See 25-i.4.20 .2 Mixed Occupancies. ~2.! Mixed occupan¢ie? shall comply with 47.1.11. .. .2.2 COmbined Mercantile and Residential Occupancies. 25-1 thr( 25-] abo Exc ther stru, thr~ dan 25-3 abo mci tior can less .2.2.1 No dWelling unit shall have its sole means of egress ugh any mercantile occupancy in the sa'me building. .2.2.2 No multiple dwelling occupancy shall be lOCated tea mercantile occupancy. ~tion No. 1: Fehere the dwelling occupancy and exits ~om are separated from the mercantile occupancy by con- ion having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. '.ption No. 2: Vehere the mercantile occupancy is protected ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler'system in accor- re with Section 7-Z ~tion No. 3: ,als permitted in 25-1.2.2.3. 2.2.3 A building with not more than two dwelling units ~e a mercantile occupancy shall be permitted, provided the cantile occupancy is protected by an automatic fire detec- system in accordance with Section 7-6. !.2.3 Combined Mercantile Occufiancies and Parking ~etures. Walls separating parking structures from mer- :ile occupancies shall have a fire resistance rating of not than 2 hours. Exception: In enclosed parking structures that are protected thrd3tghout by an approved, automatic sprinMer system in accor- dance with Section 7-7 or' in open-air parking structures, non- rated glazing and opening protectives shall be permitted if all of the following conditions are met: (a)~ The openings do not exceed 25 percent of the area~of the wall in which they are located, and (b) The openings are used.for main entrance and associated sidelight functions, and (c) The enclosed connecting mercantile building is protected throughout :by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-7, and (d) The floor elevation of the mercantile occupancy is at least 4 in. (10.2 cm)'. above the floor level of the parking struc- ture, and (e) No vehicle is able to park or drive within 10 fl (3 rn) of the openings, and (f) The OPenings have a minimum of a glass membrane, and (g) Any doors in the glass membrane are self-closing. 25-1.3 Special Definitions. Anchor Store. A department store or major merchandis- ing center having direct access .to the covered mall but having all required means of egress independent of the covered mall. Class A Store. [See 25-L4.2.1(a).] Class B Store. [See 25-1.4.2.1(b).] Class C Store~ [See 25-L4.2.1(c).] Covered Mall. A covered or roofed interior area used as a pedestrian way and connected to a building(s) or portions of a building housing single or multiple tenants. Covered Mall Building. A building, including the covered mall, enclosing a number of tenants and occupancies, sUch as retail stores, drinking and dining establishments, entertain- ment and amusement facilities, offices, and other similar uses, wherein two or more tenants have a main entrance into the covered mall. Gross Leasable Area. The total floor area designated for tenant occupancy and exclusive use, expressed insquare feet (square meters), measured from centerlines Of adjoining parti- tions and exteriors of outside walls. Open-Air Mercantile Operations. Operations conducted outside of all structures with the operations area devoid of all walls and roofs excePt for small, individual, weather canopies. 25-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. 25-1.4.1 Mercantile occupancies shall include all buildings and structures or parts thereof with occupancy as described in 4-1.7. 25-1.4.2 Subclassification of Occupancy. 25-1.4.2.1 Mercantile occupancies shall be subclassified as follows: (a) Class.4. All stores having an aggregate grOss area of more than 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) or utilizing more than three level§,'excluding mezzanines, for sales purposes: (b) Class B. All stores of more than 3,000 sq ft (280 sq m) but not more than 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) figgregate gross area, or utilizing floors above or-belOW'the street floor level for sales purposes. Mezzanines shall be permitted. (See 25-1.4.2. 3.) 1994 EDITION 101-200 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception to (b): If more than three floors, excluding mezza- nines, are utilized, the store shah be Class A regardless of area. (c) Class C. All stores of not more than 3,000 sq ft (280 sq:m) gross area used for sales purpOSes on one Story 0~y, excluding mezzanines. 25q.4.2.2 For the purpose of the classification required in 25A.4.2.1, the aggregate gross area shall be the total gross area store is for storage the their occupanc~ floor ~ the floor chapters of this Code. half of are excess of be treated as floors. 25-1.4.2.4 Where a number of stores under different man- agement are lOcated in the same bUilding, the aggregate gross area (see 25-1.4.2.2) of all such stores shall be used in deter- mining classification per 25-1.4:2.1. Exception No. 1: Covered mall buildings. (See 25-4·4·) Exception No. 2: Where individual stores are separated by fire barriers with a 1-hour fire resistance rating. 25-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. The contents of mercantile occupancies shall be classified as ordinary haz- ard in accordance ~,ith SeCtiOn 4-2. Exception: Mercantile occupancies shah be classified as high hazard if high hazard commodities are displayed or handled without protective wrappings or containers, in which case the fol- lowing [zdditional pro~sio~s shall apply: (a) Exits shah be located so that not more than 75 fi (23 m) of travel from any point is required to reach the nearest exit. (b) From every point therk shall be at least two exits acces- sible by travel in d~f~rent directions (no common path of travel). (c) AH vertical openings shall be enclosed. 25-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No special requirements.) 25-1.7' Occupant Load. For purposes of determining required means of egress, the occupant load of mercantile buildings or parts of buildings used for mercantile purposes shall be not less than required in the following: (a) Street floor: One person for each 30 sq ft (2.8 sq m) of gross floor area of sales space. In stores with no street floor, as defined in Chapter 3, but with access directly from the street by stairs or escalators, the principal floor at the point of entrance to the store shall be considered the street floor. Exception to (a): In mercantile occupancies where, due to dif- ferences in grade of streets on different sides, there are two or more floors directly accessible from streets (not including alleys 1994 EDITION or similar back streets), for the purpose, of determining occupant load, each such floor shah be considered a street floor. The occupant load .factor shall be one person for each 40 sq fl (3. 7 sq tn) of gross floor area of sales space. (b) Sales floors below the street floor: Same as street floor. (c) Upper: floors used for sales: One person for each 60 sq ft (5.6 sq m) of gross floor area of sales space. (d) Floors or portions of floors used only for offices: One person for each lOOSq ft (93 sq m) of gross floorarea of office space. (e) Floors or receiv- ing, or shipping per- son pe~ area o£ storage, receiving, (0 such able arec~ shah not be means of egress from a covered t for (not outside or to occupant loads figured Each of egress inde- pendent 55 t '1111 IIIIl~,,,q~l t11[ IIIA~'I~IIt !1 I I I~ I'll I I IIII ~ IIIIIItl ~ II1~ III '~'45 I mi ~ ~ III IIIIIlll ~ Illl ~ ~ IIII '"' Ill[ III ~ / , IIII II ' 8 I ~"' ''"'~" Illl Jlllilll o = , ,,,, , ,,,, [I,I 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Gmss.loasableama(sq~xl000} Figure 25-1.7(g) Co~ered mall occupant load factors. SECTION 25-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 25-2.1 General. 25-2.1.1 All means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this chapter ...... EXISTING MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES 101-201 25-2.1.2 No inside open stairway, inside open escalator, or inside open ramp shall be permitted to serve as a component of the required means of egress system for more than one floor. 25-~.1.3 Where there are two or more floors below the street floor, the same stair or other exit shall be permitted to serve all flo~r~, but all required exits from such areas shall be indepen- det~t of any open stairways between the street floor and the floor below it. 25-g. 1.4 Where a level, outside exit from upper floors is pos~ sibl~ owing to hills, such outside exits shall be permitted to ser~e instead of horizontal exits. If, however, such outside exits from the upper floor also serve as an entrance from a principal street, the upper floor shall be classified as a street floor in ac~ ~rdance with ihe definition Of ChaPter 3 and shall be'sub- jec~ to the requirements of this ChaPter for~.street flOors. 25- 2.1,5 For special considerations for high hazard COntents, see 25-1.5. 2.2 Means of Egress Components. Z.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to types described in 24-2.2.2 through 24-2.2.12. 25- the 2~ L2.2 Doors. 25- 2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 25- 2.2.2.2* Locks complying with Exception No. 2 to 5-2.1.5.1 she Il be permitted only on principal entrance/exit doors. 25- 2.2.2.3 The reentry provisions of 5-2.1.5.2 shall not apply. (Se 5-2.1.5.2 Exception No. 3.') 25- .2.2.4 Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be )ermitted. 25. 2.2.2.5 Access-controlled egress doors complying with 5-2.1.6.2 shall be permitted in buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised fire detection system in accordance wil h Section 7-6 or an approved, automatic sprinkler system in ac~ ordance with Section 7-7. 25. 2.2.2.6 Where horizontal or vertical security grilles or dc~ )rs are used as a part of the required means of egress from a tgnant space, such grilles or doors shall comply with Excep- tiot~ No. 4 to 5-2.1.4.1. 25. ~,.2~2.7 All doors at the foot of Stairs from upper floors or at the head of stairs leading to floors below the street floor sh,' ~ll swing in the direction of egress travel. 25, 2.2.2.8 Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be pe 'mitred. 25. 2.2.2.9 In Class C mercantile occupancies, doors shall be pe maitted to swing inward against the direction of egress travel wl~ ere such doors serve only the street floor area. 25. 2.2.3 Stairs. 25. 2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 25. 2.2.3.2 Spiral stairs complying With 5-2.2.2.7 shall be pe 'mitted. 25 2.2.3.3 Winders complying with 5-2~2.2.8 shall be permitted. 25-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 25-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 25-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 25-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. Exception*: In lieu of the provisions of 5-2. 6. 4, an exit passage- way in a covered mall building shall be permitted to accommo- date independently: (a) Its assigned occupant load from only the covered mall~ pedestrian way, and (b) The largest occupant load assigned to it from a single tenant space[store. 25-2.2.8 Escalators and Moving Walks. Escalators and mov- ing walks complying with 5-2.7 shall be permitted. 25-2.2.9 Fire Escape Stairs.' Fire escape stairs complying with 5-2.8 shall be permitted2 25-2.2.10 Fire Escape Ladders. Fire escape ladders comply- ing with 5-2.9 shall be permitted. 25-2.2.11 Alternating Tread Devices. Alternating tread devices complying with 5-2.11 shall be permitted. 25-2.2.12 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinMer system in accordance with Section 7-7, two rooms or spaces separated from each other by smoke- resistant partitions in accordance with the 5-1.2 definition of area of refuge shall not be required. 25-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 25-2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Section 5-3. 25-2.3.2 In Class A and Class B stores, street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occupant load of the street floor plus the required capacity of stairs, ramps, escalators, and moving walks discharging through the street floor. 25-2.4 Number of Exits. At least two separate exits shall be: (a) Provided on every story, and (b) Accessible from every part of every story or mezzanine. Exception to (b): Exit access travel shall be permitted to be common for the distances allowed as common paths of travel by 25-2.5.3. Exception No. 1: /1 single .means of egress shall be permitted tn a Class C mercantile occupancy provided that one of the follow- ing conditions is met: (a) The travel distance does not exceed 75 ft (23 m) to the exit or to a covered mall (if it is considered a pedestrian way), or 1994 EDITION 101-202 LIFE SAFETY CODE (b) The travel distance does not exceed 100 fi (30 m) to the exit .or to a covered mall (if it is considered a pedestrian way) and the story on which the occupancy is located and all commu- nicating levels that must be traversed to reach the exit or covered mall are Protected throughout by an apProved, automatic SPrin- kler system in accordance with Section 7-7. Exception No. 2: A single means of egress to an exit or to a covered mall (if it is considered a pedestrian way) shall be per- mitted from a mezzanine with~ arty Class A, c~ass B, or ~luss C mercantile o¢cUpancY' Pr°~videc~ that the: common path of travel does not exceed: 7~ fi (23 m), or lOO fi:(30 m) if p'rotecte~ throughout by an apprOvE'd, aut°r~'atic sprifikl'er sysiem in accor- danc~ With ~ecti°n 3- Z. 25-2.5 Arrangement of Means. of Egress. 25-2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. 25-2.5.2* No dead-end corridor shall exceed 50 ft (15 m). 1 25-2.5.3* No common path of travel shall exceed 75 ft (23 m). Exception.' A common path of travel shall be permitted for the first lO0 fi (30 m) on a s[ory protected thrOughout by an ap~proved, automatic sprinMer system in accordance wi~h Sect[on 7-Z 1 25-2.5.4 Aisles leading to each exit shall be required. The aggi'egate width of such aisles shall be equal to at least the required width of the exit. 25-2.5.5 In no case shall any required aisle be less than 28 in. (71 cm) in clear width. 25-2.5.6 In Class A stores, at least one aisle of 5 ft (1.5 m) minimum width shall lead directly to an exit. 25-2.5.7 If the only means of customer entrance is through one exterior wall of the building, two thirds of the required egress width shall be located in this wall. 25-2.5.8 At least one half of the required exits shall be located so as to be reached without passing through checkout stands. In no case shall checkout stands or associated railings or barriers obstruct exits, required aisles, or approaches thereto. 25-2.5.9* Where wheeled carts or buggies are used by cus- tomers, adequate provision shall be made for the transit and parking of such carts to minimize the possibility that they might obstruct means of egress. 25-2.5.10 Exit access in Class A stores protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7 and exit access in all Class B or Class C stores shall be permitted to pass through storerooms provided the following conditions are met: (a) Not more than 50 percent of exit access shall be pro- vided through the storeroom. (b) The storeroom shall not be subject to locking. (c) The main aisle through the storeroom shall be not less than 44 in. (112 cm) wide. (d) The path of travel, defined with fixed barriers, through the storeroom shall be direct and continuously maintained in an unobstructed condition. 1994 EDITION 25-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits, Travel distance to exits, measured in accordance with Section 5-6, shall not exceed 150ft (45 m). Exception: Travel distance~ shall not exceed 200 fl (60 m) in 'buildings protected: throughout by an approved, automatic sprin- Mcr sy~te~n in accordan~e With ~ectio[t ~7- Z 25-2.7 Discharge from Exits. 25-2.7.1 Exit discharge shall comply with Section 5-7 and 25-2.7.2. 25-2.7.2* Fifty percent of the exits shall be permitted to dis- charge through the level of exit discharge in accordance with 5-7.2 only where the building is protected throughout~ by an approved~ automatic sprinkler ~ystem in accordance ~vith SeCtion 7-7, and the distance of travel from the termination of the exit enclosure to an outside street door shall not exceed 50 tt (.15 m). 25-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 25-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Class A and Class B mercantile I occupancies and covered mall buildings shall have emergency lighting facilities in accordance with Section 5-9. 25-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 5-102 Exception: ~ere an exit is immediately apparent from all por- tions of the sales area, the exit marking shall not be require~. 25-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved2) SECTION 25-3 PROTECTION 25-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Each stairway, ele- vator shaft, escalator opening, or other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 6-2. Exception No. 1: In Class A or Class B mercantile occupan- cies, unprotected openings shall be permitted between any two floors, such as between the street floor and the floor below, or between the street floor and mezzanine, or between the street floor and second floor. Exception No. 2: In Class A or Class B mercantile occupancies protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7, unprotected vertical openings shall be permitted as follows: (a) Between the street floor and floor below and above the street .floor, or to mezzanines above the street floor; or (b) Between the street floor and street floor mezzanine and second floor, but not among more than three floor levels; or (c) In accordance with 6-2.4.5; or (d) Among all floors permitted in Class B mercantile occu- pancies; or (e) One floor above those permitted shall be permitted to be open if such floor is not used for sales purposes. Exception No. 3: In Class C mercantile occupancies, unpro- tected vertical openings shall be permitted as follows: EXISTING MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES 101-203 (a) Between the street floor and mezzanine, or (b) Between the street floor and the floor below or the sec- ond floor, if not used for sales purposes. Exception No. 4: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be permitted. 25-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 25-3.2.1' Hazardous areas, including but not limited to areas use~! for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, janitor c!os- ets~ and ~haintenance shops including woodworking and paint- ing areas shall: {a) Be separated from other parts of the building by fire barriers havihg a fire resistance rating ~f not less than 1 hour wit h all openings therein protected by :h-hour fire protection rat :d self2closing fire doors, or .b) The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- in system in accordance with Section 7-7. ~ :eption: In general storage and stock areas protected by an auJ omatic extinguishing system in accordance with Section 7-7, an enclosure, if provMed, shall be exempt from the provisions of 6-q.1.2. 25. 3.2.2* High hazard content areas, as defined in Section 4-2, sh~ 1t: ~,a) Be separated from other parts of the building by fire ~riers having a fire resistance rhting of not less than I hour h all openings therein protected by 3/4-hour fire protection ed self-closing fire doors, and (b) The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- ; system in accordance with Section 7-7. 25.3.3 Interior Finish. 25.3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior finish on w~ lis and ceilings shall be Class A or Class B in accordance wi :h Section 6-5. Ea ception: Existing Class C interior finish shall be permitted as follows: 25 vi~ 25 te (a) On wails, and (b) Throughout Class C stores. -3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) -3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. -3.4.1 General. Class A mercantile occupancies shall be pro- ted with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. -3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- m shall be by manual means per 7-6.2.1(a). E~ :ception No. I: Initiation shall be permitted to be by means oJ an approved, automatic fire detection system in accordance w~th 7-6.2.1 (b) that provides protection throughout the building. E. ~eption No. 2: Initiation shall be permitted by means of an al,proved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 7- 6.2.1 (c) that provides protection throughout the building. 25-3.4.3 Notification. 25-3.4.3.1 During all times the store is occupied (see 5-2.1.1.3), the required fire alarm systemshall: (a) Sound a general audible alarm throughout the store, or (b) Sound an audible alarm in a continuously attended location for purposes of initiating emergency action. 25-3.4;3.2 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be by means of live voice public address system a anouncement originating from the attended location where the alarm signal is received. (See 25-3.4.3.1.) The system shall be permitted to be used for other announcements. (See 7-6.3. 9 Exception No. 2.) A presignal system in accordance with Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. Exception: /lny other occupant notification means allowed by 7-6.3 shah be permitted in lieu of live voice public address sys- tem announcement. 25-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. 25-3.5.1 Mercantile occupancies shall be protected through- out by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7 as follows: (a) In all buildings with a story over 15,000 sq ft (1,400 sq m) in area. (b) In all buildings exceeding 30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) in gross area. (c) Throughout stories below the level of exit discharge where such stories have an area exceeding 2,500 sq ft (230 sq-In) where used for the sale, storage, or handling of combustible goods and merchandise. Exception: Single-story buildings that meet the requirements of a street floor as defined in Section 3-2. 25-3.5.2 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all mercantile occupancies in accordance with 7-7.4.1. 25-3.6 Corridors. (No special requirements.) 25-3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. (No special require- ments.) 25-3.8 Special Protection Features. 25-3.8.1 Nonrated glazing and opening protectives per the Exception to 25-1.2.3 shall be permitted between mercantile occupancies and parking structures. SECTION 25-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 25-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. (See Section 30-7.) 254.2 High Rise Buildings. (No additional requirements.) 25-4.3 Open-Air Mercantile Operations. 25-4.3.1 Open-air mercantile operations, such as open-air markets, gasoline filling stations, roadside stands for the sale of farm produce, and other outdoor mercantile operations 1994 EDITION 101-204 LIFE SAFETY CODE shall be arranged and conducted so as to maintain free and unobstructed ways of travel at all times to permit prompt escape from any point of danger in case of fire or other emer- gen~,, with' no ~lead ends in which persons might be trapped due to display stands, adjoining buildings, fences, vehicles', 'or other obstructions. 25-4.3.2 If mercantile operations are conducted in roofed- over areas, they shall be treated as ~ , pro- stil 25-4.4 is to: , for covered 25-4.4.1 The covered mall building shall be treated as a sin- gle building for the purpose of calculation Of means of egress and shall be subject to the requirements for appropriate occu- pancies. The covered mall shall be at least of sufficient clear width to accommodate egress requirements as set forth in other sections of this Code. Exception: The covered mall shah be permitted to be consid- ered a pedestrian way, tn which case the distance of travel within a tenant space to an exit or to the covered mall shah be a max- imum of 200 ft (60 m) (see 25-2-6 Exception) or shall be the maximum for the appropriate occupancy; plus, an additional 200 ft (60 m) shall 'b'e p-ermitted for travel through the covered mall space if all the following requirements are met: (a) The covered mall shall be at least of sufficient clear width to accommodate egress requirements as set forth in other sections of this chapter, but in no case shall be less than 20 ft (6.1 m) wide in its narrowest dimension. (b)* On each side of the mall floor area, the covered mall shall be provided with an unobstructed exit access of not less than 10 fi (3 m) in cleat' width parallel to and adjacent to the mall tenant front. Such exit access:shall lead to an exit having a minimum width of 66 in. (168 cm). (See 25-4.4.2.) (c) The covered mall and all ~buitdings connected thereto shall be protected ~throughout by an approved, electrically super- vised automatic sprinkler SY ste/n in a~'c'ordance with Section 7-7. (d) Wails dividing stores from each other shall extend from the floor to the underside of the roof deck or floor deck above. No separation shall be required between a tenant space and the covered mall. (e)* The covered mall shah be provMed with a smoke con- trol system. 25-4.4.2 Means of Egress Details. 25-4.4.2.1 Every floor of a covered mall shall have no less. than two exits remotely located from each other. 25-4.4.2.2 No tess than one half the required egress width for each Class A or Class B store connected to a covered mall shall lead directly outside without passage through the mall. 25-4.4.2.3* Each individual anchor store shall have means of egress independent of the covered mall. 1994 EDmON 25-4.4.2.4 Every covered mall shall be provided with unob- structed exit access parallel to and adjacent to the mall tenant fronts2 This :exit access shall extend to each mall exit. I 25-4.4.2.5 Emergency Lighting. (See 25-2.9.) 25-4.4.3 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 25-4.4.3.1 General. Covered malls shall be provided witha fire alarm system in accordance with Section '[-6. alarm ~C system in , ). covered mall is system, once initi (a) Sound a general audible alarm throughoUt the covered malt, or (b) Sound an audible alarm in a continuously attended location for the purpose of initiating emergency action. 25-4.4.3.4 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be provided by means of live vOice pubiic address system announcement originating from the attended 16cation where the alarm signal is received. (See 25-4.4.3.3.) Th~ system shall be permitted to be Used for 0iher a'nnounce~en~s~ (See 7-6.3.9 IException No. 2.) A presignal system in accordance with Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 ~hall be permitted. Exception: Any other occupant notification means allowed by 7-6.3 shall be permitted in lieu o£liye voice publiC address sv~: tern announcement. 25-4.4.3.5 Emergency Forces Notification. Emergency forces notification shall be provided and shall include notifying: (a) The fire department in accordance with 7-6.4. and (b) The local fire brigade, if provided, Via t:he attended location where the alarm signal is received. (See ~5-4.4.3.3.) 25-4.4.3.6 Emergency Control. The fire alarm system shall be arranged to automatically actuate smoke.management or smoke control systems in accordance with 7-6.5.2(c). 25-4.5 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 25-5 BUILDING SERVICES 25-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 25-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip2 ment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 25-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 25-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. NEW BUSINESS OCCLIPANC[ES 101-205 CHAPTER 26 NEW BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) ' SECTION 26-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 26-1.1 Application. / 26-1~1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to: OCCI 0 (see (, busi (, oct1 has Seo 26-1 all ~ bui] grat 26-~ reft tur~ has 26- 26- 26- 26- thr, 26- abc Ex( str[ thn ~) New buildings or portions thereof used as business .pancies (see Section 1-4); and ~) Additions made to, or used as, a business occupancy 1-4.5 and 26-1.1..3); and Alterations, modernizations, or renovations of existing ness occupancies (see 1-4. 6); and l) Existing buildings or portions thereof upon change of tpancy to a business OCCupancy (see 1-6.3). 7ation*: Facilities where the authority having jurisdiction ~etermined equivalent safety is provided in accordance with ion 1-5. ' ,1.2 This chapter establishes life safety requirements for tew business buildings. Specific requirements for high rise dings (see Section 3-2 definition) are contained in para- )hs pertaining thereto. _.1.3 Additions to existing buildings shall conform to the firements for new construction. Existing portions of the struc- need not be modified, provided that the new construction not diminished the fire safety features of the facility. [.2 Mixed Occupancies. [.2.1 Mixed occupancies shall comply with 4-1.11. [.2.2 Combined Business and Residential Occupancies. t.2.2.1 NO dwelling shall have its sole means of egress )ugh any business occupancy in the same building. i.2.2.2 No multiple dwelling occupancy shall be located vea business occupancy. eption No. 1: Where the dwelling occupancy and exits · efrom are separated from the business occupancy by con- ction having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. eption No. 2: Where the business occupancy is protected ~ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- 'ce with Section 7-7. 26. Stt ne.~ th, 1.2.3 Combined Business Occupancies and Parking uctures. Walls separating parking structures from busi- s occupancies shall have a fire resistance rating of not less n 2 hours. Ex~:eption: In enclosed parking structures that are protected thr, ~ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- da~ ~ce with Section 7-7 or in open-air parking structures, non- rat, :d glazing and opening protectives shah be permitted if all of the following conditions are met: (a) The openings do not exceed 25 percent of the area of the wall in which they are located, and (b) The openings are used for main entrance and associated sidelight functions, and (c) The enclosed connecting business building is protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-7, and (d) The floor elevation of the business occupancy is at least it in. (10.2 cra) above the floor level of the parking structure, and (e) No vehicle is able to park or drive within 10 ft (3 m) of the openings, and (f) The openings have a minimum of a glass membrane, and (g) Any doors in the glass membrane are self-closing. 26-1.3 Special Definitions. (None.) 26-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. Business occupancies shall include all buildings and structures or parts .thereof with occupancy described in 4-1.8. 26-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. 26-1.5.1 The contents of business occupancies shall be classi- fied as ordinary hazard in accordance with Section 4-2. 26-1.5.2 For purposes of the design of an automatic sprinkler system, a business occupancy shall be classified as "light haz- ard occupancy," as identified by NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. 26-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No require- ments.) 26-1.7' Occupant Load. For purposes of determining required means of egress, the occupant load of business build-. ings or parts of buildings used for business purposes shall be not less than one person per 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) of gross floor area. The occupant load for parts of buildings used for other purposes shall be calculated using occupant load factors asso- ciated with the use. SECTION 26-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 26-2.1 General. 26-2.1.1 All means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this chapter. 26-2.1.2 If, owing to differences in grade, any street floor exits are at points above ~or below the street or ground level, such exits shall comply with the provisions for exits from upper floors or floors below the street floor. 26-2.1.3 Where two or more floors below the street floor are occupied for business use, the same stairs or ramps shall be permitted to serve each. Exception: No inside open stairway or inside open ramp shall be permitted to serve as a required egress facility from more than one floor level. 26-2,1.4 Floor levels below the street floor used only for stor- age, heating, and other service equipment and not subject to business occupancy shall have means of egress in accordance with Chapter 29. 1994 EDITION 101-206 LIFE SAFETY CODE 26-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 26-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 26-2.2.2 through 26-2.2.101 26-2.2.2 Doors. 26-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. to 5-2.1.5.1 26-2.2.2.3 Selected doors on stairwells shall be permitted to be equipped, with r in accor- dance with 26-2.2.2.4 Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted. 26-2.2,2.5 Access-controlled egress doors complying with 5-2.1.6.2 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.2.6 Where horizontal or vertical security grilles or doors are used as part ofthe required means of egress from a tenant space, such grilles or doors shall Comply with Exception No. 4 to 5-2.1.4.1. 26-2.2.2.7 Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.3 Stairs. 26-2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.3.2 Spiral stairs COmplying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps permitted. 26-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. 5-2.6 shall be permitted. Horizontal exits complying with complying with 5-2.5 shall be Exit passageways complying with 26-2.2.8 Fire Escape Ladders. Fire escape ladders comply- ing with 5-2.9 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.9 Alternating Tread Devices. Alternating tread devices complying with 5-2.11 shall be permitted. 26-2.2.10 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. Exceptton: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7- 7, two rooms or spaces separated from each other by smoke- resistant partitions in accordance with the 5-1.2 definition of area of refuge shah not be required. 26-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 26-2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Section 5-3. 1994 EDITION 26-2.3.2* The minimum width of any corrido,r or passageway shall be 44 in. (112 cm) in the clear. 26-2.3.3 Street floor.exits shall be sufficient for the occupant load of the street floor plus the required capacity of stairs and ramps discharging through the street floor. 26-2.4 Number of Exits. At least two separate exits shall be: (a) Provided on every story, and (b) Accessible from every part of every story and mezzanine. Exception common 26-2.5.3. Exception No. 1: For a load directly to the outside at th~ lng, with a mitted. (4.5t dance with 5-2.2 shall be within the 15-fi Exception No. and not be permitted a distance to m) and, i no other outside stair aH floors. Exception No. 3: from a cominon (30 m) kler system Exception No. 4: two-story approved, 7-7if the A single means of, single exit shah la 7-7. complete ~ifding, , an 26-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 26-2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. 26-2.5.2 No dead-end corridor shall exceed 20 ft (6.1 m). Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved sup~-rvised autOmatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7, dead-end corridors shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). 26-2.5.3 No common path of travel shall exceed 75 ft (23 .m). Exception No. 1: A common path of travel shall be permitted for the first 100 ft (30 m) in a building protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor- dance with Section 7-7. Exception No 2: /1 common path of travel shah be permitted for the first 100 ft (30 m) for single tenant spaces with an occu- pant load of nOt more than 30 persons. N~EW BUS~N~$S 0C~UPANCIES / 26~2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. Travel distance to exits, m~asured in accordance with Section 5-6, shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). Exception: Travel distance shall not exceed 300 ft (91 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto- ne, ttic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7. 2{-2.7 Discharge from Exits. Exit discharge shall comply wi th Section 5-7. 2(-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress slq all be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 2¢-2.9 Emergency Lighting. 2¢ -2.9.1 Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance w th Section 5-9 in any building where: (a) The building is two or more stories in height above the le eel of exit discharge, or [ (b) The occupancy is subject to 50 or more occupants above ti below the level of exit discharge, or I (c) The occupancy is subject to 300 or more total occupants. 21;-2.9.2 Emergency lighting in accordance with Section 5-9 shall be provided for all windowless or underground structures a,, defined in 30-1.3. 2~ i-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall h rye signs in accordance with Section 5-10. 2~-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 26-3 PROTECTION 2 ~-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 2 $-3.1.1 Every stairway, elevator shaft, escalator opening, a ad other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in :cordance with Section 6-2. xception No. t: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not lore than three floors used for business occupancy only shall be p ?rrnitted in accordance with 6-2.4.5. xception No. 2: A vertical opening enclosure shall not be 'quired where the vertical opening: (a) Connects only two adjacent floors, neither of which is a ~sement, and (b) Is not a required means of egress, and (c) Is not connected with corridors or other stairways. ',xception No. 3: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be ,~rmitte& ~ception No. 4: Exit access stairs shall be permitted to be unen- ~osed in two-story single tenant spaces provided with a single exit in ccordance with the provisions of Exception No. 4 to 26-24. 6-3.1.2 Floors below the street floor used for storage or ther than business occupancy shall have no unprotected penings to business occupancy floors. 101-207 26-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 26-3.2.1' Hazardous areas, including but not limited to areas used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, janitor clos- ets, and maintenance shops including woodworking and paint- ing areas shall: (a) Be separated from other parts of the building byfire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour with all openings therein protected by 3/n-hour fire protection rated self-closing fire doors, or (b) The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- ing system in accordance with Section 7-7. 26-3.2.2* High hazard content areas, as defined in Section 4-2~ shall: (a) Be separated from other parts of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour with all openings therein protected by 3/4-hour fire protection rated self-closing fire doors, and (b) The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- ing system in accordance with Section 7-7. 26-3.2.3 Laboratories that use chemicals shall comply with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. 26-3.3 Interior Finish. 26-3.3.1 Interior finish on walls and ceilings of exits and of enclosed corridors furnishing access to exits shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 6-5. 26-3.3.2 In office areas, Class A, Class B, or Class C interior finish shall be provided in accordance with Section 6-5. 26-3.3.3 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish in corri- dors and exits shall be Class I or Class II in accordance with Section 6-5. 26-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 26-3.4.1 General. A fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6 shall be provided in any business occupancy where: (a) The building is two or more stories in height above the level of exit discharge, or I (b) The occupancy is subject to 50 or more occupants above or below the level of exit discharge, or I (c) The occupancy is subject to 300 or more total occupants. 26-3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- tem shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2.1(a). Exception No. 1: Initiation shall be permitted by means of an approved, automatic fire detection system in accordance with 7-6.2.1 (b) that provides protection throughout the building. Exception No. 2: Initiation shall be permitted by means of an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 7-6.2.1 (c) that provides protection throughout the building. 26-3.4.3 Notification. 26-3.4.3.1 During all times the building is occupied (see 5-2.1.1.3), the required fire alarm system shall: 1994 EDITION 101-208 LIFE SAFETY CODE (a) Sound a general audible alarm throughout the building, or (b) Sound an audible alarm in a continuously attended location for, purposes of initiating emergency acti°~. 26-3.4.3.2 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be be [~ with Exception: Any other occupant notification means .allowed by 7-6.3 shall be ~ermitted in lieu of li6~ Volde public:~address sy~- tern announcement. 26-3,5 Extinguishment, Requirements. Portable fire extin- guishers shall be provided in every business occupancy in accordance with 7-:7.4.1. (See also Sdction 26-4.) 26-3.6 Corridors. 26-3.6.1 Where access to exits is provided by corridors, such corridors shall be separated from use areas by fire barriers hav- ing a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour. Exception No. 1': Where exits are available from an open floor area. Exception No. 2*: Corridors need not have a fire resistance rating within a space occupied by a single tenant. Exception No. 3: Corridors need not have a fire resistance rat- ing within buildings protected throughout by an approved, auto- matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-Z 26-3.6.2 Openings in corridor partitions required to have a fire resistance rating by 26-3.6.1 shall be protected in accor- dance with 6-2.3. 26-3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. (No special require- meats.) 26-3~8 Special Protection Features. 26-3,8.1 Nonrated glazing and opening protectives per the Exception to 26-1.2.3 shall be permitted between business occupancies and parking structures. SECTION 26-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 26-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. (See Section 30-7.) 26-4.2* High Rise Buildings. High rise buildings shall com- ply with Section 30-8. 26-4.3 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 26-5 BUILDING SERVICES 26-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 26-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- ment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 26-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 26-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION EXISTING BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES 101-209 CHAPTER 27 EXISTING BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) 27-1. 27-1. buik OCCll Exce has Secti 27-1 exisl built graf 27- 27- 27-i 27- Sty nes,' thru thro dan rate the wal si& thr~ dar 4ir the 27 27- sh~ ocl 27. 27. fie SECTION 27-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Application. .1 The requirements of this chapter apply to existing ings or portions thereof currently occupied as business mncies. (See also 26-1.1.1.) ~tion*: Facilities where the authority having jurisdiction etermined equivalent safety is provided in accordance with 9n 1-4. 1.2 This chapter establishes life safety requirements for lng business buildings. Specific requirements for high rise lings (see Section 3-2 definition) are contained in para- hs pertaining thereto. .2 Mixed Occupancies. .2.1 Mixed occupancies shall comply with 4-1.11. .2.2 (Reserved.) .2.3 Combined Business Occupancies and Parking ctures. Walls separating parking structures from busi- occupancies shall have a fire resistance rating of not less ~ 2 hours. ;ption: In enclosed parking structures that are protected ,~ghout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- re with Section 7-7 or in open-air parking structures, non- ~ glazing and opening protectives shall be permitted if all of Collowing conditions are met: ~) The openings do not exceed 25 percent of the area of the in which they are located, and ~) The openings are used for main entrance and associated light functions, and ~) The enclosed connecting business building is protected ,ughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accor- ce with Section 7-7, and d) The floor elevation of the business occupancy is at least · (10.2 cra) above thefloor level of the parking structure, and e) No vehicle is able to park or drive within 10 ft (3 rn) of openings, and f) The openings have a minimum of a glass membrane, and g) Any doors in the glass membrane are self-closing. 1.3 Special Definitions. (None.) 1.4 Classification of Occupancy. Business occupancies 11 include all buildings and structures or parts thereof with :upancy described in 4-1.8. 1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. 1.5.1 The contents of business occupancies shall be classi- l as ordinary hazard in accordance with Section 4-2. 27-1.5.2 For purposes of the design of an automatic sprinkler system, a business occupancy shall be classified as "light haz- ard occupancy," as identified by NFPA 13; Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. 27-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No require- ments.) 27-1.7' Occupant Load. For purposes of determining required means of egress, the occupant load of business build- ings Or parts of buildings used for business purposes shall be not less than one person per 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) of gross floor area. The occupant load for parts of buildings used for other purposes shall be calculated using occupant load factors asso- ciated with the use. SECTION 27-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 27-2.1 General. 27-2.1.1 All means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this chapter. 27-2.1.2 If, owing to differences in grade, any street floor exits are at points above or below the street or ground level, such exits shall comply with the provisions for exits from upper floors or floors below the street floor. 27-2.1.3 Where two or more floors below the street floor are occupied for business use, the same stairs, escalators, or ramps shall be permitted to serve each. Exception: No inside open stairway, inside open escalator, or inside open ramp shall be permitted to serve as a required egress facility from more than one floor level. 27-2.1.4 Floor levels below the street floor used only for storz age, heating, and other service equipment and not subject to business occupancy shall have means of egress in accordance with Chapter 29. 27-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 27-2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 27-2.2.2 through 27-2.2.12. 27-2.2.2 Doors. 27-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 27-2.2,2.2* Locks complying with Exception No. 2 to 5-2.1,5.1 shall be permitted only on principal entrance/exit doors. 27-2.2.2.3 The reentry provisions of 5-2.1.5.2 shall not apply. (See 5-2.1.5.2 Exception No. 3.) 27-2.2.2.4 Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted. I27-2.2.2.5 Access-controlled egress doors complying with 5-2.1.6.2 shall be permitted, 27-2.2.2.6 Where horizontal or vertical security grilles or doors are used as part of the required means of egress from a tenant space, such grilles or doors shall comply with Exception No. 4 to 5-2.1.4.1, 1994 EDITION 101 - 2 ! 0 LIFE SAFETY CODE 27-2.2.2.7 Existing horizontal sliding or vertical rolling fire doors shall be permitted in existing means of egress under the following conditions: (a) They are held open by fusible links, (b) The links are rated at.not less than 165°F (74°C), (c) The fusible links are located not more than 10 ft (3 m) above the.floor, (d) The fusible link is in 'immediate proximity to the door op~aing, (e) The fusible link is not located above a ceiling, and (f) The door is not credited with providing any protection under this Code. 27-2.2.2.8 Revolving doors complying with 5-2.1.10 shall be permitted, 27-2.2.3 Stairs. 27-2.2.3.1 27-2.2.3.2 mitted. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. Spiral stairs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be per- 27-2.2.3.3 Winders complying with 5-Z2.2.8 shall be permitter[ 27-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.8 Escalators and Moving Walks. Escalators and mov- ing walks complying with 5-2.7 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.9 Fire Escape Stairs. Fire escape stairs complying with 5-2.8 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.10 Fire Escape Ladders. Fire escape ladders comply- ing with 5-2.9 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.11 Alternating Tread Devices~ Alternating tread devices complying with 5-2.11 shall be permitted. 27-2.2.12 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7, two rooms or spaces separated from each other by smoke- resistant partitions in accordance with the 5-1.2 definition of area of refuge shall not be required. 27-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. 27-2.3.1 The capacity of means of egress shall be in accor- dance with Section 5-3. 27-2.3.2 The minimum width of any corridor or passageway shall be 44 in. (112 cm) in the clear. 27-2.3.3 Street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occupant load of the street floor Plus the required capacity of stairs, ramps, escalators, and moving walks discharging through the street floor. 27-2.4 Number of Exits. 27-2.4.1 The number of exits shall be in accordance with 27-2.4.2. The requirements of 5-4.1.2 shall not apply. 27-2.4.2 At least two separate exits shall be: (a) Provided on every story, and (b) Accessible from every part of every story and mezzanine. Exception to (b): Exit access travel shall be permitted to be common for the distances allowed as common paths of travel by 27-2.5.3. Exception No. 1: For a room or area with a total occupant load of fewer than 100 persons having an exit that discharges directly to the outside at the level of exit discharge for the build- ing with a total distance of travel, including travel within the exit, from any point not over 1~00 fl (30 m), a sJngle exit shall be per- mitred. 'Such travel shall be on the same floor level or, if travers- ing of stairs is required, such stairs shall not be more than 15 fl (4.5 m) in height, and the stairs shall be provided with complete enclosures to separate them:from any ot[-ter part of the bui[ding, with no door openings therein..4 single outside stair in accor- dance with 5-2.2 sha'tl be permitted [o serve alt flOOrs allowed within the 15-ft (4.5-m) vertical travel limitat~on~ Exception No 2: Any business occupancy not over three StOries and not exceeding an occupant load of 30 people per floor shall be permitted a single separate exit to each floo~ if the total travel distance to the outside of the building does not eXCeed t00 fi (30 m) and, if such exit is enclosed in accordance with 5-1.3, serves no other levels, and discharges directly to the outside. A single outside stair in accordance with 5-2.2 shall be permitted to serve all floors. Exception No. 3: A single means of egress shall be permitted from a mezzanine within a business occupancy, provided that the common path of travel does not exceed 75 fl (23 m), or 100 1~ (30 m) if protected throughout by an approvea~ automatic sprin- kler system in accordance with Section 7- Z Exception No. 4: A single exit shall be permitted for a maximum two-story single tenant space/building protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinlder system in accordance with Section 7-7 if the total travel to the outside does not exceed tOO fl (30 m). 27-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 27-2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. 27-2.5.2* No dead-end corridor shall exceed 50 ft (15 m). 27-2.5.3* No common path of travel shall exceed 75 ft (23 m). Exception No. 1: A common path of travel shall be permitted for the first lOO fl (30 m) on a story protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7- 7. 1994 EDITION EXISTING BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES 101-211 Exception No. 2: A single tenant space that does not exceed an occupant load of 30 people shall be permitted to have a single exit aCcess, provided the 'corridor to ~hich that exit access leads does not have a dead end in excess of 50 fi (15 m). 1 27-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. Travel distance to exits, measured in accordance with Section 5-6, shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). ExccPtiom Travel distance Shall not exceed 300 fl (91 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprin- Mer sy~'te[n in accordance with Sectio~t '7- Z l 27-~.7 Discharge from Exits. Exit discharge shall comply wittl Section 5-7. 27-~.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section 5-8. 27< 27-: wit] ( lew ab~ 27 sha as '.9 Emergency Lighting. L9.1 Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance ~ Section 5-9 in any building where: a) The building is two or more stories in height above the .,l of exit discharge, or b) The occupancy is subject to 100 or more occupants ye or below the level of exit discharge, or ) The occupancy is subject to 1,000 or more total occupants. ~.2 Emergency lighting in accordance with Section 5-9 [1 be provided for all windowless or underground structures lefined in 30-1.3. 27-¸ an{ acc Ext mo per, ret per cio: acc L10 Marking of Means of Egress. Means of egress shall e signs in accordance with Section 5-10. LI1 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 27-3 PROTECTION t.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. 3.1.1 Every stairway, elevator shaft, escalator opening, other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in ~rdance with Section 6-2. eption No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not 'e than three floors used for business occupancy only shall be nitted in accordance with 6-2.4.5. eption No. 2: A vertical opening enclosure shall not be tired where the vertical opening: a) Connects only two adjacent floors, neither of which is a ement, and b) Is not a required means of egress, .and c) Is not connected with corridors or o~ther stairways. eption No. 3: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shall be nitted. 'eption No. 4: Exit access stairs shall be permitted to be unen- ed in two-sto~ single tenant spaces provided with a single exit in 9rdance with the provisions of Exception No. 4 to 27-2.4.2 Exception No. 5: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinMer system in accordance with Section 7- 7, unprotected vertical openings shall be permitted if no unpro- tected vertical opening serves as any part of any required means of egress and all required exits consist of outside stairs in accor- dance with 5-2.2, smokeproof enclosures in accordance with 5-2.3, or horizontal exits in accordance with 5-2. 4. 27-3.1.2 Floors below the street floor used for storage or other than business occupancy shall have no unprotected openings to business occupancy floors. 27-3.2 Protection from Hazards. 27-3.2.1' Hazardous areas, including but not limited to areas used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, janitor clos- ets, and maintenance shops inclUding woodworking and paint- ing areas shall: (a) Be separated from other parts of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour with all openings therein protected by 3/42hour fire protection rated self-closing fire doors, or (b) The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- ing system in accordance with Section 7-7. 27-3.2.2* High hazard content areas, as ~defined in Section 4-2, shall: (a) Be separated from other parts of the building by fire barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour with all openings therein protected by 3/n-hour fire protection rated self-closing fire doors, and (b) The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguish- ing system in accordance with Section 7-7. 27-3.3 Interior Finish. 27-3.3.1 Interior finish on walls and ceilings of exits and of enclosed corridors furnishing access thereto or ways of travel therefrom shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Sec- tion 6-5. 27-3.3.2 In office areas, Class A, Class B, or Class C interior finish shall be provided in accordance with Section 6-5. 27-3.3.3 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 27-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 27-3.4.1 General. A fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6 shall be provided in any business occupancy where: (a) The building is two or more stories in height above the level of exit discharge, or (b) The occupancy is subject to 100 or more occupants above or below the level of exit discharge, or (c) The occupancy is subject to 1,000 or more total occupants. 27-3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- tem shall be by manual means in accordance with 7-6.2.1(a). Exception No. 1: Initiation shall be permitted by means of an approved, automatic .fire detection system in accordance with' 7-6.2.1(b) that provides protection throughout the building. 1994 EDITION 101-212 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 2: Initiation shall be permitted by means of an approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with ~6. Z 1 (c) thatProvides protection throughOut the building. 27-3.4.3 Notification. 27-3.43.1 During all times the building is occupied (see 5-2.1.1.3), the required fire alarm system shall: (a)' Sound a general audible alarm throughout the building, or (b) Sound an audible alarm in a continuously attended location for purposes of initiating emergency action. 27-3.4.3.2 Occupant Notification. Occupant notification shall be by me~ns: of live voice pUblic address system announcement originating from the ~tttended location Where the alarm signal is received. (See 27-3.4.3~1.)The system shall be permitted to be used for Other announcements. (See 7-6.3.9 IException No. 2. Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be Exception: Any other occupant notification means allowed by 7-6.3 shall be permitted in lieu of live voice public address sys- tem announcement. 27-3.5 Extinguishment Requirements. Portable fire extin- guishers shall be provided in every business occupancy in accordance with 7-7.4.1. (See also Section 27-4.) 27-3.6 Corridors. (Reserved.) 27-3.7 Subdivision of Building Spaces. (No special require- ments.) 27-3.8 Special Protection Features. 27-3.8.1 Nonrated glazing and opening protectives per the Exception to 27-1.2.3 shall be permitted between business occupancies and parking structures. SECTION 27-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 27-4.1 Windowless or Underground Buildings. (See Section 30-7.) 27-4.2 High Rise Buildings. 27-4.2.1 All high rise business occupancy buildings shall be provided with:a reasonable degree of safet~ from fire that shall be accomplished by the installation of a complete, approved, automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7 or an engineer[d life sa{ety system prepared by a registered pro- fessional engineer who is ekPerienCe~I in fire and li]~e safety sys_ tems design ~tnd approved by the authority having jurisdiction, which might consist of a combination of any or all of the fol- lowing Systems: (a) Partial automatic sprinkler protection (b) Smoke detection alarms. (c) Smoke control. (d) Compartmentation. (e) Other aPproved: systems. 27-4.2.2* A limited but reaSonable time shall be allowed for compliance with any part of 27-4.2.1 commensurate with the magnitude of expenditure and the disruption of services. 27-4.2.3 In addition to the above requirements, all buildings, regardless of height, shall comply with all other applicable pro- visions of this chapter. 27-4.3 Operating Features. ~ (See Chapter 31.) SECTION 27-5 BUILDING SERVICES 27-5.1 Utilities. Utilities Shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 27-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- ment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 27-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 27-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES 101-213 CHAPTER 28 INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 28-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 2871.1 Application. The requirements of this chapter shall apply to both new and existing industrial occupancies. Indus- tri~tl occupancies shall include factories makin~ products of all kinds and Properties Used for operations such as processing, assembling, mixing, packaging, fi~ishing or decorating, repair- in~, and similar operations. 28~1.2~ Mixed Occupancies. In any building occupied for bo :h industrial and other Purposes, n~eans of egress shall com- pl~ with 4-1.11o 28.1.3 Special Definitions. (None.) 28.1.4 Classification of Occupancy. (See 4-1.9.) 28.1.4.1 Subclassification of Industrial Occupancies. Each in~ lustrial occupancy shall be subclassified according to its use as follows: (a) General Industrial Occupancy. Ordinary and low haz- ar~l industrial operations conducted in buildings of conven- tional design suitable for various types of industrial processes. InCluded are multistory buildings where floors are occupied by different tenants or buildings si~itable for such occupancy and, therefore, subject to possible use for types of industrial pro- ceases with a high density of employee population. (b) Special Purpose Industrial Occupancy. Includes ordi- m~y and low hazard industrial operations in buildings d~ signed for and suitable only for particular types of opera- ti(ms, characterized by a relatively low density of employee p(,pulation, with much of the area :occupied by machinery or et uipment. (c)* High Hazard Industrial Occupancy. Includes build- in gs having high hazard materials, processes, or contents. Inci- d(ntal high hazard operations in lbw or ordinary occupancies ax ~d protected in accordance with Section 4-2 and 28-3.2 shall m Bt fie the basis for overall occupancy classification. 21;-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Classification o~ hazard of contents shall be as defined in Section 4-2. 21 i-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No require- n~ ents.) 21 l-LT* Occupant Load. The occupant load for which means o 'egress shall be provided from any floor of an industrial occu- tPtmcy shall be the maximum number of persons intended occupy that floor, but not less than one person for each 1~ 10 sq ft (9.3 sq m) of gross floor area. E rcepaon: In a special purpose industrial occupancy, the occu- p, mt load shall be the maximum number of persons to occupy ti area under any probable condition& ECTION 28-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS ~-2.1 General. Each required means of egress shall be in a :ordance with the applicable portions of Chapter 5. 28-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 28-2,2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 28-2.2.2 through 28-2.2.13. 28-2.2.2 Doors. 28-2.2.2;1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.2.2 Delayed egress locks complying with 5-2.1.6.1 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.2.3 Access-controlled egress doors complying with 5-2.1.6.2 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.2.4 Existing horizontal sliding fire doors shall be per- mitted in the means of egress under the following conditions: (a) They are held open by fusible links, (b) The links are rated at not less than 165°F (74°C), (c) The fusible links are located not more than 10 ft (3 m) above the floor, (d) The fusible link is in immediate proximity to the door opening, (e) The fusible link is not located above a ceiling, and (f) The door is not credited with providing any protection under this Code. 28-2.2.3.1 Exception: floor& 28-2.23.2 28-2.2.3.3 28-2.2.3 Stairs. Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. Noncombustible grated stair treads and landing Spiral stairs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be permitted. In existing buildings, winders complying with 5-2.2.2.8 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.4 Smokepruof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. 28-2.2.5.1 Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.5.2* In horizontal exits where the doorway is pro- tected by a fire door on each side of the wall in which it is located, one fire door shall be of the swinging type as provided in 5-2.4.3.6 and the other shall be permitted to be an automatic sliding fire door that shall be kept open whenever the building is occupied. 28-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complyingwith 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.8 Escalators and Moving Walks. In existing build- ings, previously approved escalators and moving walks comply- ing with 5-2.7 and located within the required means of egress shall be permitted. 1994 EDmON 101-214 LIFE SAFETY CODE 28-2.2.9 Fire Escape Stairs. Existing fire escape stairs com- plying with 5-2.8 shall be permitted. Exception: Fired industrial stairs in accordance with ANSI A1264.1, Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railings ~ystems, minimum requirements for fixed stairs shall be Permitted where fire escape ladders are permitted in accordance with 5-2.9.1. 28-2.2.11 Slide Escapes. Approved slide escapes complying with 5-2.10 shall be p~rmitteci as components in 100 percent ~f the required means of egress for both new and existing :high hazard industrial occupancies. Slide escapes shall be counted as means .of egress''only w~en regularly t~sed in drills so that occupants are familiar with their ~se through practice. 28-2.2,12 Alternating Tread Devices. Alternating tread devices complying with 5-2.11 shall be permitted. 28-2.2.13 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 28-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. The capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-3. Exception: In special purpose industrial occupancies, means of egress shah be sized to accommodate the occupant load as deter- mined in accordance with the Exception to 28-1. 7; spaces not subject to human occupancy because of the presence of machin- ery or equipment shall be excluded from consMeration. 28-2.4 Number of Means of Egress. (See also Section 5-4.) 28-2.4. I There shall 'be n°t less than two means of egress from every story or section, and at least one exit must be reached without traversing another story. Exception: In low and ordinary hazard industrial occupancies, a single means of egress shall be permitted from any story or sec- tion, provided that the exit can be reached within the distance allowed as common path of travel. (See 28-2.5.3.) 28-2.4.2 Floors or portions thereof with .an occupant load of more than 500 shall have the minimum number of separate and remote means of egress specified by 5~4.1.2. Exception: Existing buildings. 28-2.4.3 Areas with high hazard contents shall comply with Section 5-11. 28-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 28-2.5.1 Means of egress shah be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. 28-2.5.2 Dead-end corridors in general industrial and special purpose industrial occupancies shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). 28-2.5.3_ Common paths of travel in general industrial and spe- cial purpose industrial occupancies shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). Exception: In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7- 7, common paths of travel shall not exceed lOO fl (30 m). 1994 EDITION 28-2.5.4 Common paths of travel shall be prohibited in high hazard industrial occupancies. Exception: As permitted by the Exception to 5-11.3. 28-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. 28-2.6.1 Travel distance, measured in accordance with Sec- tion 5-6, shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). nXCeption No. I: Travel distance shall not exceed 25Oft (76 m) b~ildings protected throughout by an.apProved, s'upervise~t automatic sprinkler:system in accordance w~t} Section ~-7. Exception No. 2: As permitted by 28-2.6.2. Exception No. 3: As permitted by 28-2.6.3. Exception No. 4: Travel distance to exits in high hazard indus- trial occupancies shall not exceed 75 fl (23 m). 28-2.6.2 In low or ordinary hazard general industrial occu- pancies, travel distance shall no~t exceed 400 ft (122 m) if the following additional provisions are met i'n fuil: (a) Application shall be limited to one-stOry buildings. (b)* Smoke and heat venting shall be provided by engi- neered means or by building configuration to ensure that occu- pants shall not'be ~vertaken by spread of fire or smoke within 6 ft (183 cra) of floor level befc~re they have time to reach exits. (c) Automatic sprinkler or other automatic: fire extinguish- ing systems in accordanCe with Section 7-7, shall be :provide& The extinguishing sYstem shall be sUpervisedl 28-2.6.3 In low or ordinary hazard.special purpose industrial occupancieS, travel distance shall notleXCee~l 3~0 ft (91 m), or if the building :is protected throUghoUt by a isuperv~sed auto- matic sprinkler s~tem in accord~hce with section 7-7, travel distance shall not exceed 400 ft (1221 m). 28-2.7 Discharge from Exits. Discharge from exits shall be in accordance with Section 5-7. 28-2.8 Illumination of: Means of Egress. Illumination of means of egress shall be Provided in a~rdance with Section 5~8. Exception: Structures occupied only during daylight hours, with skylights or windows arranged to provide the required level of illu- mination on all portions of the means of egress during these hours. 28-2.9' Emergency Lighting. Alt industrial occupancies shall have emergency lighting in accordance with Section 5-9. Exception No. 1: Special purpose industrial occupancies with- out routine human habitation. Exception No. 2: Structures occupied only during daylight hours, with skylights or windows arranged to provide the required level of illumination on all portions of the means of egress dur- ing these hours. 28-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Signs designating exits or ways of travel thereto shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-10. 28-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES 101-215 SECTION 28-3 PROTECTION 28-3.1: Protection of Vertical Openings. Every~stairway, ele- vator shaft, escalator opening, and other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Chapter 5 and Section 6-2.' 6-Z Exc pert cies bull sha, too ottu the Exc ard ma~ tect ope suc~ 5-2 zon 28-. tria ext: the siol pul otb es~ sm~ Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not mote than three )floors shall be permitted in accordance with ¢.5. · .ption No. 2: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4.6 shah be :ittecL · .ption No. 3: In specialpurpose and high hazard occupan- where unprotected vertical openings are in new or existing iings and are necessary to manufacturing operations, they l be permitted beyond the specified limits, provided every ~ level has direct access to one or more enclosed stairs or r exits protected against obstruction by any fire or smoke in ~pen areas connected by the unprotected vertical openings. ,~ption No. 4: Existing open stairs, existing open ramps, and ~ing escalators shah be permitted where connecting only two r levels. eption No. & In existing buildings with Iow or ordinary haz- contents and protected throughout by an approved, auto- c sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7, unpro- d ve~'cal openings shall be permitted, provided the vertical ~ing does not serve as a required exit. All required exits under ~ conditions shall consist of outside stairs in accordance with 2, smokeproof enclosures in accordance with 5-2.3, or hori- al exits in accordance with 5-2. 4. .2* Protection from Hazards. Every high hazard indus- occupancy, operation, or process shall have automatic ~guishing systems or such other protection appropriate to particular hazard, such as explosion venting or suppres- , protecting any area subject to an explosion hazard for the ~ose of minimizing danger to occupants in case of fire or .~r emergency before they have time to utilize exits to !pc. Hazardous areas in industrial occupancies protected 1utomatic extinguishing systems shall be exempt from the ~ke-resisting enclosure requirement of 6-4.1.2. Interior Finish. 28- L3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior wall and cei'~ lng finish shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accor- dm tce with Section 6-5 in operating areas and shall be as rea uired by 5-1.4 in exit enclosures. 28. 28- 28- wit Ex~ }.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) }.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. }.4.1 General. Industrial occupancies shall be provided a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. ~tion: If the total capacitY of the building is under 100 persons and fewer than 25 persons are above or below the level of ~cit discharge. .28-3.4..2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- tem shall be either by manual or automatic means in accor- dance with 7-6.2. 28-3.4.3 Notification. 28-3.4.3.1 The required fire alarm system shall eith6r: (a) Provide occupant notification in accordance with 7-6.3, or (b) Sound an audible and visible signal in a constantly attended location for the purposes of initiating emergency action. 28-3.4.3.2 A presignal system in accordance with Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 28-3.4.3.3 A positive alarm sequence in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 28-3.4.3.4 In high hazard industrial occupancies as defined in 28-1.4, the required fire alarm system shall automatically initiate an occupant evacuation alarm signal in accordance with 7-6.3. 28-3.5 Extinguishing Requirements. (None.) 28-3.6 Corridors. The provisions of 5-1.3.4 shall not apply. SECTION 28-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 28-4.1 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 28-4.2 High Rise Buildings. High rise industrial occupancies shall comply with the automatic sprinkler requirements of 30-8.2.1. Exception No. 1: Exception No. 2: Exception No. 3: Low hazard industrial occupancies. Special purpose industrial occupancies. Existing industrial occupancies. SECTION 28-5 BUILDING SERVICES 28-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 28-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- ment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 28-5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 28-5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. SECTION 28-6' SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR AIRCRAFT SERVICING HANGARS 28-6.1 The requirements of Sections 28-1 through 28-5 shall be met, except as modified by 28-6.2 through 28-6.4. 28-6.2 Exits from aircraft servicing areas shall be provided at intervals of not more than 150 ft (45 m) on all exterior walls. There shall be a minimum of two means of egress from each 1994 EDITION 101-216 LIFE SAFETY CODE aircraft servicing area. Horizontal exits through interior fire walls shall be provided at intervals of not more than 100 ft (30 m) along the wall. Exception: Dwarf or "smash" doom in doors used for accom- modating aircraft shall be permitted to be used for compliance with these requirements. 28-6.3 Means of egress from mezzanine floors in aircraft ser- vicing areas shall be arranged so that the maximum travel dis- tance to reach the nearest exit from any point on the mezza- nine shall not exceed 75 ft (23 m). Such means of egress shall lead directly to a properly enclosed stair discharging directly to the exteriOr, to a suitable Cutoff.area, or to outside Stairs. 28-6.4 No dead end shall be permitted to be more than 50 ft (15 m) deep. Exception: No dead end shall be allowed for high hazard con-' tents areas. 1~9cJ4 EDITION STORAGE OCCUPANCIES 101-217 CHAPTER 29 STORAGE OCCUPANCIES (See also Chapter 31.) 29- apt oc£ ma pre 29- 29- 29- sh~ agt oct E~ th~ cia gre 29, st£ ha de pa 29 mt re, pa of SECTION 29-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1 Application. The requirements of this ~chapter shall ,ly to both new and existing storage occupancies. Storage upancies shall include all:buildings or structures used pri- fiiy for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise, ducts, vehicles, or animals. ..2 Mixed Occupancies. (See 4-1.11 and 29-1.4.) 1.3 Special Definitions. (None.) 1.4 ClasSification of Occupancy. Storage occupancies Il include all occupancies defined in 4-1.10. Incidental stor- ', in another occupancy shall not be the basis for overall upancy claSsificati°m. :eption: Storage occupancies or areas of storage occupancies t are used for the purpose of packaging, labeling, sorting, spe- ! handling, or other operations requiring an occupant load 2ter than that normally contemplated for storage shall be clas- '.d as industrial occupancies. (See Chapter 28.) .1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Contents of rage occupancies shall be classified as low hazard, ordinary ~ard, or high hazard, in accordance with Section 4-2, )ending upon the character of the materials stored, their :kaging, and other factors. .1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No require- :nts.) -1.7' Occupant Load. For purposes of determining luired egress capacity, the occupant load of storage occu- ncies shall be nt~t tess than the maximum probable number occupants present at any time. ECTION 29-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 29-2.1 General. Every required means of egress shall be in ac :ordance with the applicable portions of Chapter 5. 29-2.2 Means of Egress Components. 28-2.2.1 Components.of means of egress shall be limited to th ~ types described in 29-2.2.2 through 29-2.2.12. 25-2.2.2 Doors. 2~-2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 25 -2.2.2.2 Delayed egress locks complyingwith 5-2.1.6.1 shall b~ permitted. 2~-2.2.2.3 Access-controlled egress doors complying with 5-~.1.6.2 shall be permitted. · ' 1 2~-~2.2.2.4 Existing horizontal sliding fire doors shall be per- m~tted in the means of egress under the following conditions: (a) They are held open by fusible links, (b) The links are rated at not less than 165°F (74°C), (c) The fusible link~ are located not more than 10 ft (3 m) above the floor, ~ (d) The fusible link is in immediate proximity to the door opening, (e) The fusible link is not located above a ceiling, and (f) The door is not credited with providing any protection under this Code. 29-2.2.3 Stairs. 29-2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shalI be permitted. 29-2.2.3.2 Spiral stairs complying with 5-2.2.2.7 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.3.3 In existing buildings, winders complying with 5-2.2.2.8 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 sh'all be permitted. 29-2.2.5 Horizontal E:~iis. 29-2.2.5.1 Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.5.2* In horizontal exits where the doorway is pro- tected by a fire door on each side of the wall in which it is located, one fire door shall be of the swinging type as provided in 5-2.4.3.6 and the other shall be permitted to be an automatic sliding fire door that shall be kept open whenever the building is occupied. 29-2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5-2.5 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.8 Fire Escape Stairs. Existing fire escape stairs com- plying with 5-2.8 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.9 Fire Escape Ladders. Fire escape ladders comply- ing with 5-2.9 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.10 Slide EsCapes. Existing slide escapes complying with 5-2.10 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.11 Alternating Tread Devices. Alternating tread devices complying with 5-2.11 shall be permitted. 29-2.2.12 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 .shall be permitted. 29-2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. The capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-3. 29-2.4 Number of Means of Egress. (See also Section 5-4.) 29-2.4.1 Every building or structure used for storage and every section thereof considered separately shall have at least two separate means of egress as remotely located from each other as practicable. 1994 EDITION 101-218 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 1: In low hazard storage occupancies, a single means of egress shall be permitted from any story or section. Exception No. 2: In ordinary hazard storage occupancies, a single means of egress shall be permitted from any Story or sec- tion, provided that the exit can be react~ed within the distance allow'ed as common path of travel. (See 29-2.5.3.) 29-2;4.2 Floors or portions thereof :with an occupant load of more than 500 shall have the minimum number of separate and remote means of egress specified by 5-4.,1.2. Exception: Existing buiMings. 29-2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 29-2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 5-5. 29-2.5.2 In storage occupancies with low hazard contents, dead-end corridors and common paths of travel shall be per- mitted without limitation. 29-2.5.3 In storage occupancies with ordinary hazard con- tents, dead-end corridors shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). Exception: Dead-end corridors shall not exceed 100 fl (30 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkger system installed in accordance with Section 7-7. 29-2.5.4 In storage occupancies with ordinary hazard con- tents, common paths of travel shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). Exception: Common paths of travel shall not exceed lOO ft (30 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto- matic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 7-7. 29-2.5.5 Dead-end corridors and common paths of travel shall be prohibited in high hazard storage occupancies. Exceptiom As permitted by the Exception to 5-11.3. 29-2.6* Travel Distance to Exits. (See also Section 5-6.) Travel to exits shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m) from any point to reach the nearest exit. Exception No. 1: In a building protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinMer system in accordance with Section 7-7, travel distance shall not exceed 400fl (122 tn). Exception No. 2: There shall be no limitations on travel dis- tance to exits ]hr low hazard storage occupancies. Exception No. 3: Every area used .For the storage of high haz- ard commodities shall have an exit within 75 fi (23 m) of any point in the area where persons might be present. Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 5-6. Exception No. 4: In areas used for the storage of high hazard commodities and protected throughout by an approved, super- vised automatic sprinMer system in accordance with Section 7-7, travel distance to an exit shall be within 100 fi (30 m) of any point in the area where persons might be present. 29-2.7 Discharge from Exits. Discharge from exits shall be in accordance with Section 5-7. 29-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Illumination of means of egress shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-8. 1994 EDiTiON Exception: In structures occupied only during daylight hours, with windows arranged to provide the required level of illumina- tion of all portions of the means of egress .during these hours, illumination requirements shall be perrftitted to be waiVed by spe- cial permission of the authority h[tving judsdiction. 29-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Storage occupancies shall be pro- vided with emergen~ lighting in accordance with Section 5-9 Exception No. ~: Storage occupancies shall not require emer- gen~lighting when :nOt ~brmall~ o~cUpied.' Excepti°n No: 2: 's[%tureS °%upied only during aaylight hours, with Skylights or windows arranged tO P/ovide tl~e req~ecl level ~f illumihat'ion ~of alI portions of ~he rne'ans of egress during these ]tOUrs, eme~gen~y"lig/tting ~hai] nOt bd reqUffedl ' 29-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Signs designating exits or ways of travel thereto shall be Provided in ~aCc~rdanCe with Section 5-10. 29-2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 29-3 PROTECTION 29-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Every stairWay, ele- vator shaft, escalator opening, ~anlift opening, and 6th~r ver- tical opening shall be ehclos~i or Protecied in ~cC°rdanCe with Section 6-2. Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not more than three floors shall be permitted ~ ac~ordan~e'wi~h the conditions Of 6- 2. 4. 5. Exception No. 2: Atriums in accordance with 6-2.4. 6 shall be permitted. Exception No. 3: In existing buildings with low or ordinary haz- ard contents and protected throughout by an approved, auto- matic sprinMer system in accordance with Section 7-7, unpro- tected vertical openings shall be permitted where they do not serve as required exits. ~Ill required exits under such conditions shall consist of outside stairs in accordance with 5-2.2, smoke- proof enclosu~s in accordance with 5-2.3, Or horiZOntal exits in accordance with 5-2.4. 29-3.2 Protection from Hazards. (No requirements.) (See also Section 6-4.) 29-3.3 Interior Finish. 29-3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior wall and ceiling finish shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accor- dance with Section 6-5 in the storage areas and shall be as required by 5-1.4 in exit enclosures. 29-33.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 29-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 29-3.4.1 General. Storage occupancies shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception No. 1: Storage occupancies limited to low hazard contents. Exception No. 2: Storage occupancies with ordinary or high haz- ard contents not exceeding an aggregate floor area of 100,000 sq fl (9,300 sq m). STORAGE OCCUPANCIES 101-219 Exception No. 3: Storage occupancies with complete autom~t'iC extinguishment protection. 29-3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm sys- tem shall be either by manual or automatic means in accor- dance with 7-6.2. 29-3.4-3 Notification. 29-3.4.3.1 The required fire alarm system shall either: / (a) Provide occupant notification in accordance with 7-6.3, or~ 29- No 29- Ex, 29- fir~ Hal 29. 29. 29. b) Sound an audible and visible signal in a constantly attended ttion for the purposes of initiating elnergency action. 5.4.3.2 A presignal system in accordance with Exception 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. ~.4.3.3 A positive alarm sequence in accordance with eption No. 2 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 3.4.3.4 In high hazard storage occupancies, the required alarm system shall automatically initiate an occupant evac- ion alarm signal in accordance with 7-6.3. 3.5 Extinguishing Requirements. (None.) 3.6 Corridors. The provisions of 5-1.3.4 shall not apply. SECTION 29-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS ~.1 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 29~.2 High Rise Buildings. High rise storage occupancies shall comply with the automatic sprinkler requirements of 30-8.2.1. eption No. 1: Low hazard storage occupancies. eption No. 2: Existing storage occupancies. SECTION 29-5 BUILDING SERVICES 29-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Seltion 7-1. 291.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- m~.n,t. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2. 29~5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Seltion 7-4. 29~5.4 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. R~tbbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. SECTION 29-6' SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR AIRCRAFT STORAGE HANGARS 2976.1 The requirements of Sections 29-1 through 29-5 shall bemet, except ds modified by 29-6.2 through 29-6.4. ;~9-6:2 :~E~its from aircraft storage areas shall be provided at intervals of not more than 150 fi (45 m) on all exterior walls. There shall be a minimum of two means of egress serving each aircraft storage area. Horizontal exits through interior fire walls shall be provided at intervals of not more than 100 ft (30 m), along the wall. Exception: Dwarf or "smash" doors in doors used for accom- modating aircraft shall be permitted to be used for compliance with these requirements. 29-6.3 Means of egress from mezzanine floors in aircraft storage areas shall be arranged so that the maximum travel distance to reach the nearest exit from any point on the mezza- nine shall not exceed 75 ft (23 m). Such means of egress shall lead directly to a properly enclosed stair discharging directly to the exterior, to a suitable cutoff area, or to outside stairs. 29-6.4 No dead end shall be permitted to be more than 50 ft (15 m) deep. Exception: No dead end shall be allowed for high hazard con- tents areas. SECTION 29-7* SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR GRAIN OR OTHER BULK STORAGE ELEVATORS 29-7.1 The requirements of Sections 29-1 through 29-5 shall be met, except as modified in 29-7.2 through 29-7.4. 29-7.2 There shall be at least two means of egress from all working levels of the head house. One of these means of egress shall be a stair to the level of exit discharge that is enclosed by a dust-resistant 1-hour fire resistance rated enclosure in accor- dance with 5-1.3. The second means of egress shall be either: (a) An exterior stair or basket ladder-type fire escape accessible from all working levels of the head house that pro- vides a passage to ground level, or (b) An exterior stair or basket ladder-type fire escape accessible from all working levels of the head house that pro- vides access to the top of adjoining structures that provide a continuous path to the means of egress described in 29-7.3. Exception: Stair enclosures in existing structures shah be per- mitted to have non-fire-rated dust-resistant enclosures. 29-7.3 There shall be an exterior stair or basket ladder-type fire escape that provides passage to ground level from the' top of the end of an adjoining structure, such as a silo, conveyor, gallery, or gantry. 29-7.4 Underground Spaces. 29-7.4.1 Underground spaces shall have at least two means of egress, one of which shall be permitted to be a means of escape. The means of escape shall be arranged to eliminate dead ends. 29-7.4.2 Travel distance to means of escape or exit shall not exceed 200 ft (60 m). Exception No. 1: Existing facilities. 1994 EDITION 101-220 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 2: In a building protected throughout by an approved, automatic sprinMer system in accordance with Section 7- Z travel distance shall not exceed 400 fi (122 m). SECTION 29-8 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR PARKING STRUCTURES 29-8.1 General Requirements. 29-8.1.1' Application. The following provisions shall apply to parking structures of closed or open type, ~ above or below ground, but not to mechanical or exclusively attendant-type parking facilities, which are not oCCupied b~ customers. The requirements Of Sections 29-1 throUgh 29-7 ~hall not apply. 29-8.1.2 MiXed Occupancies. 29-8.1.2.1 Where both parking and repair operations are conducted in the same building, the entire building shall com- ply with Chapter 28. Exception: If the parMng and repair sections are separated by a minimum of 1-hour fire-rated construction, the parking and repair sections shall be permitted to be treated separately. 29-8.1.2.2 In areas where repair operations are conducted, the means of egress shall comply with Chapter 28. 29-8.1.3 Special Definitions. Open-Air Parking Structure. Buildings, structures, or portions thereof used for parking motor vehicles and having at least 25 percent of the total wall area open to atmosphere at each level, utilizing at least two' sides of the structure. 29-8.1.4 Classification of Occupancy. Incidental vehicle parking in another occupancy shall not be the basis for overall occupancy classification. 29-8.1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Parking structures used only for the storage of vehicles shall be classi- fied as ordinary hazard in accordance with Section 4-2. 29-8.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (No requirements.) 29-8.1.7 Occupant Load. (No requirements.) 29-8.2 Means of Egress Requirements. 29-8.2.1 General. Means of egress shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 and this section. 29-8.2.2 Means of Egress Components. 29-8.2.2.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the types described in 29-8.2.2.2 through 29-8.2.2.9. 29-8.2.2.2 Doors. 29-8.2.2.2.1 Doors complying with 5-2.1 shall be permitted. 29-8.2;2.2.2 Special locking arranggments complying with 5-2.1.6 shall be permitted. t994 EDITION 29-8.2.2,2.3 An opening for the passage of automobiles shall be permitted to serve as an exit from a street floor, provided no door or shutter is installed therein. 29-8.2.2.3 Stairs. 29-8.2.2.3.1 Stairs complying with 5-2.2 shall be permitted. 29-8.2.2.3.2 In existing buildings, winders complying with 5-2.2.2.8 shall be permitted. 29-8.2.2.4 Smokeproof Enclosures. Smokeproof enclosures complying with 5-2.3 shall be permitted. 29-8.2.2.5 Horizontal Exits. Horizontal exits complying with 5-2.4 shall be permitted. 29-8.2.2.6 Ramps. Ramps complying with 5~2.5 shall be per- mitted and shall not be subject to normal vehicular traffic where used as an exit. Exception No. 1: In a ramp-type open-air parking structure with open vehicle ramps not subject to closure, the ramp shall be permitted to serve in lieu of the second means of egress from floors above the level of exit discharge, provided the ramp dis- charges directly outside at the street level. Exception No. 2: For parking structures extending only one floor level below the level of exit discharge, a vehicle romp leading directly to the outside shall be permitted to serve in lieu of the second means of egress, provided no door or shutter is installed therein. 29-8.2.2.7 Exit Passageways. Exit passageways complying with 5-2.6 shall be permitted. 29-8.2.2.8 Fire Escape Stairs. Fire escape Stairs complying with 5-2.8 shall be permitted for existing parking structures only. I29-8.2.2.9 Areas of Refuge. Areas of refuge complying with 5-2.12 shall be permitted. 29-8.2.3 Capacity of Means of Egress. (See also 29-8. Z 4 and 29-8. Z5.) 29-8.2.4 Number of Means of Egress. (See also Section 5-4.) 29-8.2.4.1 There shall be not less than two means of egress from every floor or section of every parking structure. 29-8.2.4.2 Floors or portions thereof with an occupant load of more than 500 persons shall have the minimum number of separate and remote means of egress specified by 5-4.1.2. Exception: Existing buildings. 29-8.2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. (See also Section 5-5.) 29-8.2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged so that from any point in the parking structure the paths of travel to the two exits will be in different directions. Exception: ,'1 common path of travel shall be permitted for the first 50fi (15 m) from any point. 29-8.2.5.2 Dead ends shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m). STORAGE OCCUPANCIES 101-221 29-8.2.5.3 If fuel dispensing devices are located within a par~cing structure, travel away from the fuel dispensing device in any direction shall lead to ~tn eXit with no dead end in which occupants might be trapped by fire. Within closed parking strtictures, exits shall be arranged and located to meet the fol- lowing additional requirements: a) Exits shall lead to the outside of the building on the sar ~e level or to stairs; no upward travel shall be permitted un ess direct outside eXits are available from that floor, and lb) Any story below that story at which fuel is being dis- ~sed shall have exits leading directly to the outside via out- : stairs or doors at ground level. 8.2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. Means of egress in park- structures shall be arranged so that no point will be more n 150 ft (45 m), measured in accordance with Section 5-6, m the nearest: exit. pe~ sid 29. in~ th~ fr¢ Ex fo, an en, alt mi 29 wi 29 tu E: ar to aL 2~ vi al in 2~ :eption No. 1: Travel distance shall not exceed 200 fi (60 m) open floors of nonspdnklered, open-air parking structures t 300 ft (91 m) in open-air Parking structures protected oughoul by an aPProved, automatic sprinkler system. :eption No. 2: Travel distance shall not exceed 200 fi (60 m) for :l~sed parking structures protected throughout by an approvea~ 'omatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-Z ception No. 3: Travel distance in parking structures open a nimum of SO percent on all sides shall not exceed 400fi (120 m). .8.2.7 DiScharge from Exits, Exit discharge shall comply th Section 5-7: -8.2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Parking struc- res shall be provided with illumination of means of egress in :ordance with Section 5-8. · ception: Structures occupied only during daylight hours, 'anged to provide the required level of illumination of all pot- ns of the means of egress by natural means, shall be permitted have the requirement for artificial illumination waived by the thodty having jurisdiction. -8.2.9 Emergency Lighting. Parking structures shall be pro- ted with emergency lighting in accordance with Section 5-9. :ception: In structures occupied only during daylight hours, ranged to provide the required level of illumination of all por- ~ns of the means of egress by natural means, emergency light- shall not be required. w 2! ~-8.2.11 Special Means of Egress Features. 2' t-8.3 Protection. ne -8.3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. nts.) 29-8.3.2 Protection from Hazards. 29-8.1.2.1.) 8.2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Signs designating :its or ways of travel thereto shall be provided in accordance ith Section 5-I0. (Reserved.) (No require- (No requirements.) (See 29-8.3.3 Interior Finish. 29-8.3.3.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish. Interior wall and ceiling finish shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in accor- dance with Section 6-5 in parking structures and shall be as required by 5-1.4 in exit enclosures. 29-8.3.3.2 Interior Floor Finish. (No requirements.) 29-8.3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 29-8.3.4.1 General. Parking structures exceeding an aggre- gate floor area of 100,000 sq ft (9,300 sq m) shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception No. 1: Open-air parking structures. Exception No. 2: Parking structures protected throughout by an approved, automatic spdnlder system in accordance with Section 7-Z 29-8.3.4.2 Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be either by manual or automatic means in accor- dance with 7-6.2. 29-8.3.4.3 Notification. 29-8.3.4.3.1 The required fire alarm system shall sound an audible alarm in a continuously attended location for purposes of initiating emergency action. 29-83.4.3.2 A presignal system in accordance with Exception No. 1 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 29-8.3.4.3.3 A positive alarm sequence in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 7-6.3.2 shall be permitted. 29-8.3.5 Extinguishing Requirements. (None.) 29-8.3.6 Corridors. The provisions of 5-1.3.4 shall not apply. 29-8.4 Special Provisions. 29-8.4.1 Operating Features. 29-8.4.2 High Rise Buildings. (See Chapter 31.) (No requirements.) 29-8.5 Building Services. 29-8.5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 29-8.5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- ment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-2 except as other- wise required in Section 29-8. 29-8.5.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-4. 29-8.5.4 Rubbish Chates, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-5. 1994 EDITION 101-222 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 30 SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND HIGH RISE BUILDINGS (See also Chapter 31.) SECTION 30,1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 30-1.1 Application. : The requirements of Sections 30-1 through 30-6 appl~; to occupancies regulated by Chapters 8 through 29 that are in a special structure. For these occupancies, the provi- sions of the applicable chapter (i.e., 8 through 29) and the speCial provisions of this chapter ~hall apply, section 30-7 applies to win- dowless and Underg~ound Structures regardless o~ occupancy. SeCtion 30-8 applies to high rise building~ only where specifically required by Chapters 8 through 29. Exception.' Any building tower~ or vessel surrounded by water and under the juriSdicti~)n of thee U.S. Coast Guard, such as a lighthouse, offshore oil platform, or vessel mooring point, and designed an~ arranged in akcordance with:Coast ~uard regula- tions shall be exem~tfr°m the reqUirements of this COde. 30-1.2 Mixed Occupancies. (See 4-1.11.) 30-1.3 Special Definitions. 30-1.3.1 Open structure. Structures supporting equipment and operations not enclosed within building walls, such as those found in oil refining, chemical processing, or power plants. Roofs or canopies without enclosing walls shall not be considered an enclosure. 30-1.3.2 Tower. An independent structure or portion of a Ibuilding for support of equipment or occupied for observation, control, operation, signaling, or similar limited use and not open to general use. 30-1.3.3' Underground Structure. A structure or portions of a structure in which the level is below the level of exit discharge. Exception: A structure or portions of a structure shall not be considered an underground structure if: (a) The level is provided on at least two sides with at least 20 sq ft (1.9 sq m) of opening entirely above the adjoining grade level in each 50 lineal ft (15 lineal m) of exterior enclosing wall area, and (b) The openings have minimum dimensions of not less than 22 in. (55.9 cra) in width and 24 in. (61 cra) in height and are unobstructed to allow for ventilation and rescue operations from the exterior, and (c) The bottom of the openings are not more than 44 in. (112 cra) above the floor, and (d) The openings are readily identifiable from both the exte- rior and interior of the level, and (e) The openings are readily openable from both the exterior and interior of the level. 30-1.3.4 Vehicle. Any trailer~ railroad ~car, street car, bus, or similar conveyance that is not mobile or is attached to a build- ing or is permanently fixed to a foundation. 1994 EDITION 30-1.3.5 Vessel. Any ship, barge, or other vessel permanently fixed to a foundation or mooring or unable to get under way by means of its own power and occupied for purposes other than navigation. 30-1.3.6 Water Surrounded Structure. A structure fully sur- rounded by water. rescue els, more than 125 ft (b) The access panels or windows have a minimum dimen~ sion ~)f not less than 22 in. (55.9 em) in Width and 24 in. (61 em) in height and are unobstru~:ted to allow for ventilation'and res- cue operations, and (d) The openings are readily identifiable from both the exterior and i~tgrio~ of the story, and (e)* The openings are readily openable from both the exte- rior and interl~r'05 the story2 30-1.3.7.2 ^ structure or portion thereof more than one story in height shall not be considered a windowless structUre if: (a) Access openings are provided for the first story as required by 30-1.3.7.1, and (b) Every story above the first floor is provided with access openings or Windows on two sides of the building, sPaced not more than 30 ft (9.1 m) apart, and (c) The openings have minimum dimensions of not less than 22 in. (5~.9 em) in width and 24 in (61 em) in height and are unobstructed tO atlow for Ventilation and rescUe opera- tions, and (d) The bottoms of the openings are not more than 44 i.n. (112 em) above the floor, and (e)* The openings are readily identifiable from both the exterior and interior of the story, and (f) The openings are readily openable from both the exte- rior and' interior of the story. 30-1.4 Classification of Occupancy. Occupancies regulated by Chapters 8 through 29 that are in special structures or buildings shall meet the requirements of those chapters, except as modified by this chapter. 30-1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents. Classification of hazard of contents shall be as defined in Section 4-2. 30-1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements. (See applica- ble occupancy chapter.) 30-1.7 Occupant Load. The occupant load of special struc- -- tures shall be that applicable for the occupancy as regulated by Chapters 8 through 29. ~ SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 101-223 SECTION 30-2 MEANS OF EGRESS REQUIREMENTS 30-2.1 General. Every required means of egress shall be in accoi'dance with the applicable portions of Ct~apter 5. 30-212' Means of Egress Components. 30-242.1 Components of means of egress shall be limited to the type~ permitted for the occupancy by the applicable portions of Chapters 8 through 29~ except as ~odified'by this section. 30-2'2.2 Fire Escape Ladders. Towers and open structures, suchas a forest fire observation or railroad signal tower, that are 0esigned for occupancy by not more than three persons emp~oye~t therein shall be permitted to be served by ladders complying with 5-2.9 instead of stairs. Iof a the~ Exct vide bect side the Exc tos~ strh ma Ex~ the exit Cla inn Ex~ thn 30- 30. wi! chi Capacity of Means of Egress. The width and capacity mean~ of egress shall be in ~ccordance with Chapter 5 and ~pplicable occupancy chapter. ption No. 1: The means of egress for towers shall be pro- ! for the persons expected to occupy the space. ption No. 2: Open structures. 'Ption No. 3: Spaces not subject to human occupancy use of machinery or equipment shall be excluded from con- -ation. .4 Number of Means of Egress. The minimum number teans of egress shall be in accordance with Section 5-4 and applicable occupancy chapter. · .ption No. l: Piers used exclusively to moor cargo vessels and ore materials where provided with proper means of egress from :tures thereon to the pier and a single means of access to the ~land as appropriate with the pier's arrangement. ;ption No. 2: The grade level of open structures, which by very nature contain an infinite number of means of egress. ~tion No. 3*: Towers shall be permitted to have a single f the following conditions are met: ) The tower is subject to occupancy by fewer than 25 persons. b) The tower is not used for living or sleeping purposes and tbject to occupancy by only able-bodied persons. c) The tower is of Type I, Type II, or Type IV construction. ; 6-2.1.) d) The tower interior wall and ceiling finish is Class A or ~sB. e) The tower has no combustible materials in, under, Or in immediate vicinity, except necessary furniture. f) There are no high hazard occupancies in the tower or nediate vicinity. 'eption No. 4: Open structures occupied by not more than 'e people with travel distance to exit not more than 200 ft (60 m). 2.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress. 2.5.1 Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance h Section 5-5 and the applicable portions of the occupancy tpters. 30-~.~.2* Piers~ Piers not meeting the requirements of Exception No. 1 to 30-2.4 and occupied for other than cargo handling and storage shall have means of egress arranged in accordance with chapters 8 through 29. (See 30-1.4.) In addi- tion, one of the following measures shall be provided on piers extending over 150 ft (45 m) from shore to minimize the possi- bility that fire under or on the pier might block escape of occu- pants to shore. (a) The pier shall be arranged to provide two separate ways of travel to shore, such as by two well-separated walkways or independent structures, or (b) The pier deck shall be open and fire resistive, set on noncombustible supports, or (c) The pier shall be open and unobstructed and shall be 50 ft (15 m) or more in width if less than 500 ft (150 m) long, or its width shall be not less than 10 percent of its length if over 500 ft (150 m) long, or (d) The pier deck shall be provided with automatic sprin- kler protection for combustible substructure and all super- structures. 30-2.6 Travel Distance to Exits. Travel distance to exits shall be as regulated by Chapters 8 through 29 for the appro- priate occupancy. Exception No. 1: Where ladders are permitted in 30-2.2.2. Exception No. 2: Open structures. 30-2.7 Discharge from Exits. Discharge from exits shall be in accordance with Section 5-7. Exception: Towers or other structures provided with one exit, as permitted by 30-Z 4, shall be permitted to have 100 percent of the exit discharge through areas on the level of discharge. 30-2.8 Illumination of Means of Egress. Illumination of means of egress to the extent required by the applicable occu- pancy chapter shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-8. Exception No. 1: Exception No. 2: 30-2.2.2. Open structures. Towers with ladders for exits as permitted by 30-2.9 Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting to the extent required by the applicable occupancy chapter shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-9. Exception No. 1: Open structures. Exception No. 2: Towers with ladders for exits as permitted by 30-2.2.2. Exception No. 3: Locations not routinely inhabited by humans. Exception No. 4: Structures occupied only during daylight hours, with windows arranged to provide the required level of illumination of all portions of the means of egress during these hours, upon special approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 30-2.10 Marking of Means of Egress. Signs designating exits or ways of travel thereto to the extent required by the applica- ble occupancy chapter shall be provided in accordance with Section 5-10. 1994 EDITION 101-224 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exception No. 1: Towers with ladders for exits as permitted by 30-2.2.2. Exception No. 2: Open structures. Exception No2 3: Locations not routinely inhabited by humans. 30-2.11 Special Features. (Reserved.) SECTION 30-3 PROTECTION 30-3.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. I be enclosed or Section 6-2. Every stairway, ele- ~ertical opening, to and Exception No. I: In towers.where~ the support structure is open and there is no occupancy below the top floor level, stairs shall be permitted to be open with no enclosure required or fire escape stairs shall be permitted. Exception No. 2: Towers with ladders for exits as permitted by 30-2.2.2. Exception No. 3: Open structures. i30-3.2 Protection from :Hazards. Any hazardous area to the extent required by the applicable occupancy chapter shall be protected in accordance with Section 6-4. Exception No. 1: Every special structure shall have automatic, manual, or other protection as might be appropriate to the par- ticular hazard that is designed to minimize danger to occupants in case of fire or other emergency before they have time to utilize the means of egress. Exception No. 2: Special structures, such as open structures, with only occasional occupancy. 30-3.3 Interior Finish. Interior wall and ceiling finish and interior floor finish shall be as specified for the occupancy by the applicable provisions of Chapters 8 through 29: 30-3.4 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. A fire alarm system, to the extent required by the applicable occupancy chapter, shall be provided in accordance with Sec- tion 7-6. Exception No. I: than three persons. Exception No. 2: Towers designed for occupancy by not more Open structures. 30-3.5 Extinguishing Requirements. (See applicable occu- pancy chapter.) 30-3.6 Corridors. The corridor provisions for the occupancy involved within the special structure shall apply. SECTION 30-4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS 30-4.1 Operating Features. (See Chapter 31.) 30-4.2 High Rise Buildings. The high rise building provi- sions for the occupancy involved within the special structure shall apply. (See Chapters 8 through 29. ) 1094 EDITION SECTION 30-5 BUILDING SERVICES 30-5.1 Utilities. Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 7-1. 30-5.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Equip- ment. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equip~nent shall comply with the provisions of Section 7,2. 30-5.3 Section 7-4. 30-5;4 with the 7-5. SECTION 30-6* SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR VEHICLES AND VESSELS 30-6.1 Any vehicle as defined by 30-1.3.4 that is subject to human occupancy shall comply with the requirements of this Code that are appropriate to buildings of similar occupancy. (See 30-1.4.) 30-6.2 Any ship, barge, or other vessel permanently fixed to a foundation or mooring, or unable to get under way by means of its own power, and occupied for purpOses other thhn naviga- tion shall be subject to the requirements of this Code applica- ble to buildings of similar occupancy. SECTION 30-7 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR UNDER- GROUND AND WINDOWLESS STRUCTURES 30-7.1 General. In addition to meeting the applicable requirements of 30-7.2 and 30-7.3, underground and window- less structures, as defined in 30-1.3.3 and 30-1.3.7, shall meet the requirements of Chapters 8 through 29 apPlicable to the occupancy for Which the structure is used. 30-7.2 Underground and Windowless Structures. 30-7.2.1 Where windowless or underground structures have an occupant load of more than 50 persons in the windowless or underground portions of the structure, the windowless or underground portions and all areas and floor levels traversed in traveling to the exit discharge shall be protected by an auto- matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-7. Exception: Existing windowless or underground structures with an occupant load of 100 or fewer persons in the windowless or underground portions of the structure. 30-7.2.2 Windowless or underground portions of structures and all areas traversed in traveling to the exit discharge shall be provided with emergency lighting in accordance with Sec- tion 5-9. Exception: One- and two-family dwellings. 30-7.3 Underground Structures. 30-7.3.1 Exits from underground structures having an occu- pant load of more than 100 persons in the underground por- tions of the structure and having a floor level used for human occupancy more than 30 ft (9.1 m) or more than one level below the lowest level of exit discharge shall be: SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 101-225 anna) Cut off from the level of exit discharge per Section 5-1, qb) Provided with outside smoke venting facilities or other means to prevent the exits from becoming charged with smoke froha any fire in the areas served by the exits. ExCeption No. 1: Existing underground structures with an occu- I paht load of 1 O0 or fewer persons in the underground portions of [ the structure. Em :eption No. 2: As modified by Chapters 8 through 29. 30. 7.3.2 The underground portions of an underground struc- tm e shall be provided with a~proved~ automatic smoke venting in ~ccordance with Section 7-3 where the underground strue- tm e has: 'a) An occupant load of more than 100 persons in the un ~erground portions of the structure, and I~b) A floor level used for human occupancy more than 30 ft (9. ~ ~n) or mitre than one level below the lowest level of exit dj, charge.~ and Ic) Combustible contents, combustible interior finish, or co nbustible construction. Ex :eption: Existing underground structures. 30.7.3.3 Exit stair enclosures in underground structures hav- in.g a floor level used for human occupancy more than 30 ft (9.1 m]or more than one level below tl~e lowest level of exit dis- ch¢rge shall be provided with signage in accordance with 5-¢.2.6.6 at each floor level landing traVersed in traveling to the exit discharge. The signs shall include a chevron-shaped indi- ca ~or to showy direction to the exit discharge. SECTION 30-8 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 3~ d( pl 3{ 3l b, v~ -8.1 General. -8.1.1 W~here required by Chapters 8 through 29, the pro- ;ions of this section shall apply to high rise buildings as fined in Chapter 3. :ception: As modified by Chapters 8 through 29. -8.1.2 In addition to the requirements of this section, corn- lance with all other applicable provisions of this Code shall required. ~-8.2 Extinguishment Requirements. ~-8.2.1' High rise buildings shall be protected throughout ' an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system stalled in accordance with Section 7-7. A sprinkler control lye and a water :flow device shall be provided for each floor. 30-8.2.2 High rise buildings shall be protected throughout by a Class I standpipe system installed in accordance with Section 7t7 as follows: (a) For buildings less than 150 ft (45 m) in height, the stgndpipe system shall be of any system type defined in NFPA t 4, Standar'd for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems. (b) For buildings 150 ft (45 m) or more in height, the stand- pipe system shall be a wet system as defined in NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems. 30-8.3 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems. 30-8.3.1' A fire alarm system utilizing an approved, emer- gency voice/alarm communication system shall be installed in accordance with Section 7-6. 30-8.3.2 Two-way telephone communication service shall be provided for fire department use. This system shall be in accor- dance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. The commu- nication system shall operate between the central control sta- tion and every elevator car, every elevator lobby, and each floor level of exit stairs. Exception: Where the fire department radio system is approved as an equivalent system. 30-8.4 Emergency Lighting and Standby Power. 30-8.4.1 Emergency lighting in accordance with Section 5-9 shall be provided. 30-8.4.2 Standby power in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, and NFPA 110, Standard for Emer- gency and Standby Power Systems, Class 1, Type 60 shall be provided. The standby power system shall have a capacity and rating sufficient to supply all required equipment. Selective load pickup and load shedding shall be permitted in accor- dance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. The standby power system shall be connected to the following: (a) Emergency lighting system. (b) Fire alarm system. (c) Electric fire pump. (d) Central control station equipment and lighting. (e) At least one elevator serving all floors and shall be transferable to any elevator. (f) Mechanical equipment for smokeproof enclosures. (g) Mechanical equipment required to conform with the requirements of Section 7-3. 30-8.5* Central Control Station. A central control station shall be provided in a location approved by the fire depart- ment. The control station shall contain: (a) Voice fire alarm system panels and controls. (b) Fire department two-way telephone communications service panels and controls. (c) Fire detection and fire alarm system annunciation panels. (d) Elevator floor location and operation annunciators. (e) Sprinkler valve and water flow annunciators. (f) Emergency generator status indicators. (g) Controls for any automatic stairway door unlocking system. (h) Fire pump status indicators. (i) A telephone for fire department use with controlled access to the public telephone system. 1994 EDISON 101-226 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 31 OPERATING FEATURES (See also Sections 31-2 through 31-9 for special occupancy requirements ) SECTION 31-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 31-1.1 Construction, Repair, Improvement Operations. 31-1.1.1 adequate escape facilities shall of' con- walk- ways, means or dewces principles of the Code insofar as they can reasonably be applied to buildings under construction. (See also NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding C°nsiruction, A'lteration, and Demo- lition Operations.) 31-1.1.2 Flammable or explosive substances or equipment for repairs or alterations shall be permitted in a building of normally low or ordinary hazard clarification while the building is occupied only if the condition of use and safeguards provided do not create any additional danger or handicap to egress beyond the normally pei-missibte conditi~nsin the building. 31-L2 Means of :Egress :Reliability. 31-1.2.1 Every:required exit access, exit, or exit discharge shall be continuously mainta]ned free of all obstructions or impediments to full instant use in the case Of fire or other emergency. 31-1.2.2' Means of egress~shall be free of obstructions that would prevent its use, including the accumulation of snow and ice. 31-1.2.3 Furnishings and Decorations in Means of Egress. 31-1.2.3.1 No furnishings, decorations, or other objects shall be placed to obstruct exits, access thereto, egress therefrom, or visibility thereof. 31-1.2.3.2 Hangings or draperies shall not be placed over exit doors or otherwise be located to conceal or obscure any exit. Mirrors shall not be placed on exit doom. Mirrors shall not be placed in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse the direction of exit. 31-1.2.33 There shall be no obstructions by railings, barriers, or gates that divide the open space into sections appurtenant to individual rooms, apartments, or other uses. Where the authority having jurisdiction finds the required path of travel to be obstructed by furniture or other movable objects, the authority shall be permitted to require that they be fastened out of the way or shall be' permitted to require that railings or other permanent barriers be installed to protect the path of travel against encroachment. 31-1.3-Equipment Maintenance and Testing. 31-1.3.1 Whenever or wherever any device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, level of protection, or any other feature is required for compliance with the provisions of this Code, such 1994 EDITION device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, level of protec- tion, or other feature shall be thereafter permanently maintained unless the Code exempts such maintenance. 31-1.3.2' Existing life safety features such as, but not limited to, automatic sprihklers, fire alarm systems, Standpipes, and horizontal exits, if not required by the Code, shall be either maintained or removed. 31-1.3.3 Every tion and and other specified authority having jurisdiction, 31-1.3.5 respon- sible .person :who shall made at specified intervhls and of alt alterations and additions. 31-1.3.6 Systems shall be tested at intervals required by the appropriate standards listed in Chapter 32. 1 31-1.3.7 Periodic Testing of Emergency Lighting Equipment. A functional test shall be conducted on every required emer- gency lighting system at 30-day intervals for a minimum of 30 seconds. An annual test shall be conducted for the ll/2-hour duration. EquiPment shall be fully operatiOnal for the dura- tion of the tESt. Written records Of VisUal insPections and teSts shall be kept by the owner for inspection by the authority haw lng jurisdiction. Exception: Self-testing~self-diagnostic, battery-operated emer- gency lighting equipment that automatically performs a mini- mum 30-second test and diagnostic routine at least once every 30 days and indicates failures by a status indicator shall be exempt from the 30-day functional test, provided a visual inspection is performed at 30-day intervals. 31-1.3.8 Emergency Generators. Emergency generators, where required for compliance with this Code, shall be tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems. 31-1.3.9 Stored Electrical Energy Systems. Stored electrical energy systems shall be maintained in accordance with NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems. 31-1.3.10 Smokeproof Enclosures and Pressurized Stairs. Before mechanical equipment is accepted by the authority having jurisdiction, it shall be tested to confirm that such equipment is operating in compliance with the Code. All oper- ating parts of the system shall be tested semiannually by approved personnel, and a log shall he kept of the results. 31-1.4 Furnishings, Contents, Decorations, and Treated Fin- ishes. (See also 31-1.2.3.) 31-1.4.1' Where required by the applicable provisions of this chapter, draperies, curtains, and other similar loosely hanging furnishings and decorations shall be flame resistant ~'s demOn- strated by passing both the small- and large-scale tests of OPERATING FEATURES 101-227 NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-Resistant Textiles and Films. Exception: For materials that show excessive melting or shrink- age or ongoing combustion at the junction of the specimen and i~s holder 'in the small-scale test, the large-scale test shall be con- ~idered applicable in accordance with the test selection provisions df NFPf4 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests f~r Flame- l~esistant Textiles and Films. 31-1.4;2' Where required by the applicable provisions of this Chapter, upholstered furnitu}e and mattresses shall be resis- tant to a cigarette (i.e., smoldering) ignition in accordance with lhe following: (a) Where required by the applicable provisions of this 9hapter, the components of the upholstered furniture shall meet the requirements for Class I where tested in accordance with NFPA ~_.60~ Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture. 129, Flammabili(y Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Pub- lic Buil&'ngs, or ASTM E1590, Standard Method for Fire Test- ing of Real Scale Mattresses, as follows: (a) The peak rate of heat release for the mattress shall not exceed 250 kW. Exception to (a): Mattresses in rooms or spaces protected by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. (b) The total energy released by the mattress during the first 5 minutes of the test shall not exceed 40 MJ. Exception to (b): Mattresses in rooms or spaces protected by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. 31-1.4.5' Furnishings or decorations of an explosive or highly flammable character shall not be used. 31-1.4.6 Fire retardant coatings shall be maintained to retain the effectiveness of the treatment under service conditions encountered in actual use. cep~o_n_: Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces protected an approvea[ automatic sprinkler system: --(b) Where required by the: applicable provisions of this qhapter, mocked-up composites of the upholstered furniture ~hall have a char length not exceeding 1.5 in. (3.8 cra) where ested in accordance with NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test 9r Determining Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture /laterial Asser~blies to IgnitiOn by Smoldering Cigarettes. ~ception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces protected an approved, automatic sprinkler system. (c) Where required by the applicable provisions of this aapter, mattresses shall have a char length not exceeding 2 in. ~.1 em) where:tested in accordance w~th Part 1632 of the Code Federal Regulations 16. ~ception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces protected by an pproved, automatic sprinkler system. 1-1.4.3' Where required by the applicable provisions of this hapter, upholstered furniture shall have limited rates of heat elease where tested in accordance with ASTM E1537, Stan- 'ard Method for Fire Testing of Real Scale Upholstered Furni- ~re Items, as follows: (a) The peak rate of heat release for the single upholstered arniture item shall not exceed 250 kW. 7xception to (a): Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces in ,cilities or buiMings protected throughout by an approved, auto- ,atic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-Z (b) The total energy released by the single upholstered fur- iture item during the first 5 minutes of the test shall not xceed 40 MJ. Xception to (b): Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces pro- '.cted by an approved, automatic sprinkler system. 1-1.4.4' .Where required by the applicable provisions of this hapter, mattresses shall have limited rates of heat release rare tested in accordance with California Technical Bulletin 31-1.5' Fire Exit Drills. 31-1.5.1 Fire exit drills conforming to the provisions of this chapter shall be regularly conducted in occupancies where specified by the provisions of this chapter, or by appropriate action of the authority having jurisdiction. Drills shall be designed in cooperation with the local authorities. 31-1.5.2 Fire exit drills, where required by the authority hav- ing jurisdiction, shall be held with sufficient frequency to famil- iarize all occupants with the drill procedure and to have the conduct of the drill a matter of established routine. 31-1.5.3 Responsibility for the planning and conduct of drills shall be assigned only to competent persons qualified to exer- cise leadership. 31-1.5.4 In the conduct of drills, emphasis shall be placed on orderly evacuation under proper discipline rather than on speed. 31-1.5.5' Drills shall include suitable procedures to ensure that all persons in the building or all persons subject to the drill actually participate. 31-1.5.6' Drills shall be held at unexpected times and under varying conditions to simulate the unusual conditions that occur in the case of fire. 31-1.6 Flammable Liquids and Gases. 31-1.6.1 The storage and handling of flammable liquids or gases shall be in accordance with the applicable standards listed below: (a) NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. (b) NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code. (c) NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liq- uefied Petroleum Gases. 31-1.6.2' No storage or handling of flammable liquids or gases shall be permitted in any location where it would jeopar- dize egress from the structure. I Exception: As permitted by 31-1.6.1. 1994 EDITION 101-228 LIFE SAFETY CODE 31-1.6.3 Refueling of equipment with liquids with flashpoints below 100°F (38°C) shall not be permitted within the structure. 31-1.7 Laboratories. Laboratories that use chemicals shall comply with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Labora- tories Using Chemicals, unless otherwise modified by other pro- v~sions of this Code. SECTION 31-2 ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES 31-2.1' Crowd Managers, In Class A assembly occupancies, there shall be trained crowd managers or crowd manager supervisors at a ratio of 1 crowd manager/Supervisor for every 250 occupants who shall haVe receive~l apl~roved training in crowd management techniques. Exception No. l: Assembly occupancies used exclusively for religious worship with an occupant load not more than 2 000. Exception No. 2: Where in the opinion of the authority having jurisdiction the existence of an approved, supervised sprinkler system and the nature of the event warrant, the ratio of trained crowd managers to occ[tpants shall be permitted to be reduced. 31-2.2' Drills. 31-2.2.1 The employees or attendants of assembly occupan- cies shall be schooled and ~drilled in the duties they are to per- form in case of fire, panic, or other emergency in order to effect orderly exiting. 31-2.2.2 Employees or attendants of assembly occupancies shall be instructed in the proper use of portable fire ext~ngmsh- ers and other manual fire suppression equipment if provided. 31-2.2.3' In theatres, motion picture theatres, auditoriums, and other similar Class A and Class B assembly occupancies where there are noncontinuous programs, an audible announcement shall be made prior t~ the start of each pro- gram to notify occupants of the location of the exits to be used in case of a fire or other emergency. Exception: Assembly occupancies in schools where used for nonpublic events. 31-2.3 Smoking. 31-2.3.1 Smoking in assembly occupancies shall be regulated by the authority having jurisdiction. 31-2.3.2 In rooms or areas where smoking is prohibited, plainly visible "NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted. 31-2.3.3 No person shall smoke in prohibited areas that are so posted. Exception: The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to allow smoking on a stage only where it is a necessary and rehearsed part ora performance and only where the smoker is a regular performing member of the cast. 31-2.3.4 Where smoking is permitted, suitable ashtrays or receptacles shall be provided in convenient locations. 1994 EDITION 31-2.4 Seating. 31-2.4.1 Seats in assembly occupancies accommodating more than 200 persons shall be securely fastened to the floor except where fastened together in groups of no.t-less than three nor more than seven and as permitted by 31-2.4.2. All seats in bal- conies and galleries shall be secUrely fastened [o the floor, except in places of religious worship. 31-2.4.2 Seats not secured to the floor shall be permitted in restaurantsl night clubs, and other occupancies: wi~ere the fas- tening of seat~ to the door might be i~practiqable, .pr0yided that in the area used for Seating: (excludlhg dance fl0~n', stage, etc.) thdre shall be not more ih~n 0ne s~t for:eaCh 15 sci ft (1.4 sq' m) of net floor area :and adequate hisles t6 ?Each e:~its shall be maintained at all times. tEffception: Seating diagrams shall be submitted for approva! of e authority having jurisdiction to alloW increase :in ioccupant load per8-1. 7.2 and '9- i. Z2, nol-2.4.3 Every room constituting an assembly~ :cupancy ;tnd t having fixe~l seats Shall have the occtlpant 10 ~ ' ' u ~ of Ihe room POsted in a conspicuous place ,near th~ ~. ain- ',xit ~j~rom the i'oom. ~pproved ~ign~ ghal[be maintainediin a I gibl~ ~a!nner by the o~ner or ar~ih°rized ageht, signs sh~ll lc du[ab!e find shall indicate' the number of Occupants perm ted !for ~ach room use: 31-2.5 ClOthing. Clothing' and personal effe. shall n0ti be Stored in C°rfi:dors. Exception No. 1: Corridors protected by an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7-Z Exception No. 2: Corridor areas protected by system in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception No. 3: Storage in metal lockers, :provided !the required egress wMth is 'maintained. SECTION 31-3 EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES 31-3.1 Drills. 31-3.1.1' Fire exit drills shall be conducted regularly in accordance with the applicable provisions of the folIowing paragraphs. 31-3.1.2' There shall be at least two fire exit drills held during the first two weeks of a school term and eight additional fire exit drills during the year. In climates where the weather is severe during the winter months, at least six drills shall be permitted to be held at the beginning of the school term and four drills held after the winter months to complete the 10 required drills. 31-3.1.3' Drills shall be executed at different hours of the day or evening during the changing of classes, when the school is at assembly,'during the recess or gymnastic periods, o~ dur- ing other ti~es to avoid distinction between drills and actual fires. If a drill is called while pupils are going up and down the stairways, such as during the time classes are changing, the pupils shall be instructed to form in file and immedi~teiy pro- ceed to the nearest available exit in an orderly manner. 31-3.1.4' Every fire exit drill shall be an exercise in school management for: principal and teachers with the chief purpose of every drill being the complete control of the class so that the OPERATING FEATURES 101-229 te si: th in 31 m acher can form its ranks quickly and silently, and can halt, rn, or direct the class as desired. Great emphasis shall be put ,on the execution of each drill in a brisk, quiet, and orderly anner~ Running shall be prohibited. If:there are pupils inca- ble of holding their places in a line moving at a re~tsonable eed, provisions shall be made to have them taken care of by e more capable pupils, who will keep them from momng Jependently of the regular line Of march. -3.1.5 Monitors shall be appointed from among the more ~tu~re pupils to assist in th~ proper execution of all drills. shall be instrucled to hc~ld doors open in the line of 'egu!ar mon- be the duty t,: staff. If the teach¢i-s done after they have joined th6ir preceding lines. 31 sh O~ -3.1.6 As'all drills simulate an actual fire condition, pu.pils all not be allowed t° obtain clothing after the alarm is unded; even when in homerooms, due to the confusion teat ~uld rESUlt in forming the lines ~nd the danger of tripplng er dragging apparel 31-3.1.7 Each class o; group shall proceed to a predet~r- m ned point outside the building and remain there while a cl~eck is made t0see that all are accounted for, leaVing only wfien a recall signal is given to return to the building or wt~en dismissed. Such Points shall be sufficiently far away from ihe b4ilding and fro~ each other as to avoid danger from any fire in the building, interference with fire department operations, or confusiOn ~nong different classes or groups. ' 31~3.1.8' Where necessary for drill lines to c,r, oss roadways, signs reading "STOP! SCHOOL FIRE DRILL , or the equiv- alent, shall be carried by monitors to the traffic intersecting pt ints in order to stop traffic during the period of the. drill. 31 31 31 in st: 31 31 31 31 -3.1.9' Fire exit drills in schools shall not include any fire tinguishing operations. -3.2 Inspection. -3.2.1' It shall be the duty of principals and teachers to ;pect all exit facilities daily in order to make sure that all iirways, doors, and other exits are in proper condition. -3.2.2 Open-plan buildings shall require extra surveillance are r ensure that exit paths maintained clea of obstruction d are obvious. -3.3 Furnishings and Decorations. -3.3.1 Draperies, curtains, and other similar furnishi~ d decorations in educational occupancies shall be in acc nce with the provisions of 31-1.4.1. -3.3.2 Clothing and personal effects shall not be store rridors. ception No. l: Corridors protected by an atttomatic sprin~ rem in accordance with Section 7-7. ,gs Exception No. 2: Corridor areas protected by a smoke detection system in accordance with Section 7-6. Exception No. 3: Storage in metal lockers, provided the required egress width is maintained. 31-3.4 Child-Prepared Artwork. Child-prepared artwork and teaching materials shall be permitted to be attached directly to the walls and shall not exceed 20 percent of the wall area. 31-3.5 Day-Care Centers. 31-3.5.1 Fire prevention inspections shall be conducted monthly by a trained senior member of the staff. A copy of the latest inspection form shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the day-care facility. 31-3.5.2' An approved fire evacuation plan shall be executed not less than once per month. 31-3.5.3 Flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored in areas accessible only to designated individuals and as required in 31-1.6. 31-3.5.4 Wastebaskets and other waste containers shall be made of noncombustible or other approved materials. 31-3.6 Group Day-Care Homes. At least one operable flash- light shall be provided for each staff member in a location accessible to the staff for use in the event of a power failure. 31-3.7 Family Day-Care Homes. At least one operable flashlight shall be provided in a location accessible to the staff for use in the event of a power failure. 31-3.8' Day-Care Staff. Adequate adult staff shall be on duty, alert, awake, and in the facility at all times where clients are present. 31-3.9 Unvented Fuel-Fired Heating Equipment. Unvented fuel-fired heating equipment shall be prohibited in educa- tional occupancies and in all categories of day-care facilities, SECTION 31-4' HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES 31-4.1 Attendants, Evacuation Plan, Fire Exit Drills. 31-4.1.1 The administration of every hospital, nursing home, and limited care facility shall have, in effect and available to alt supervisory personnel, written copies of a plan for the protec- tion of all persons in the event of fire and for their evacuation to areas of refuge and for evacuation from the building when necessary. All employees shall be periodically instructed and kept informed with respect to their duties under the plan. A copy of the plan shall be readily available at all times in the telephone operator's position or at the security center. The provisions of 31-4.1.2 to 31-4.2.3 inclusive shall apply. 31-4.1.2' Fire exit drills in health care occupancies shall include the transmission of a fire alarm signal and simulation of emergency fire conditions. Drills shall be conducted quar- terly on each shift to familiarize facility personnel (nurses, interns, maintenance engineers, and administrative staff) with signals and emergency action required under varied conditions. When drills are conducted between 9:00 p.m. (2100 hours) 1994 EDITION 101-230 LIFE SAFETY CODE and 6:00 a.m. (0600 hours), a coded announcement shall be permitted to be used instead of audible alarms. IException: The movement of infirm or bedridden patients to safe areas or to the exterior of the building shall not be required. 31-4.!.3 Employees of health care facilities shall be instructed in life safety prOCedures and devices. 31-4.2 Procedure in CaSe of Fire. 31-4.2.1' For health care occupancies, the proper protection of patients shall require the prompt and effective response of health care personhel. The basic response required of staff shali include the removal of all occtlpants directly involved with the fire emergency~ ~rhnsmission of an apprc~Priate fire alarm signal to warn other building occupants, confinement Of the effects of the fire by c!qsing doors to isolate the fire area, and the execution of those evacuation duties as detailed in the facility's fire safety plan. (See Appendix A for a more detailed suggested emergency plan.) 31-4.2.2 A written facility fire safety plan shall provide for: (a) Use of alarms. (b) Transmission of alarm to fire department. (c) Response to alarms. (d) Isolation of fire. (e) Evacuation of area. (f) Preparation of building for evacuation. (g) Extinguishment of fire. 31-4.2.3 All facility personnel shall be instructed in the use of and response to fire alarms, and, in addition, they shall be instructed in the use of the COde phrase to ensure transmission of an alarm under the following conditions: (a) When the individual who discovers a fire must immedi- ately go to the aid of an endangered person. (b) During a malfunction of the building fire alarm system. Personnel hearing the code announced shall first activate the building fire alarm using the nearest manual alarm station and then shall execute immediately their duties as outlined in the fire safety plan. 31-4.3 Maintenance of Exits. Proper maintenance shall be provided to ensure the dependability of the method of evacua- tion selected. Facilities that find it necessary to lOCk exits shall at all times maintain an adequate staff qualified to release locks and conduct occupants from the immediate danger area to a place of safety in case of fire or other emergency. 31-4.4' Smoking. Smoking regulations shall be adopted and shall include the following minimal provisions: (a) Smoking shall be prohibited in any room, ward, or com- partment where flammable liquids, combustible gases, or oxy- gen is u. sed or stored and in any other hazardous location. Such areas shall be posted with "NO SMOKING" signs. (b) Smoking by patients classified as not responsible shall be prohibited. Exception to (b): Where the patient is under direct supervision. 1994 EDITION (c) Ashtrays of noncombustible material and safe design shall be provided in all areas where smoking is permitted. (d) Metal containers with self-closing cover devices into wh!ch ashtrays can be emptied shall be readily available to all arias Where Smoking is permitted, 31-4.5 Furnishings, Bedding, and Decorations. 31-4.5.1' othe [ Exception: provlsl, of 31-1.4.2(c). 3!74.5.4 Combustible decorations shall be prohibited in any health care occupancy unless flame-retagdant. Exception: Combustible decorations of such limited quantities that a hazard of fire development or spread iis not preSent, subh as photographs and paintings. 31-4.5.5' Soiled linen or trash collection receptacles shall not exceed 32 gal~'(121 L)in capacity. The average density of container capacity }n a ri~°m Or Spac~ shall ~nOt e~ceed 0.5 gal pet' sq ft (20.4 L per sq m). There shall be not more than 32 gal (i21 L) Capaci~ within hny 64 sq ft (5.9 sq m) area. Mol~ile soiled linen or trash Colle~ztion receptacles With Capacities greater than 32 gat (121 L) shall be located in a r0Om protected as a hazardous area wher/not attended. Exception: Container size and density shall not be limited in hazardous areas. 31-4.6' Engineered Smoke Control Systems. Existing engi- neered smoke control systems, unless specifically~ exempted by the authority having jurisdiction, shall be tested in accordance with established engineering principles. Systems not meeting the performance requirements ~f such testin~ shall be continued in operation only x~ith the specific approval of the authority having jurisdiction. New engineered smoke control.systems shall be tested in accordance With established engineering principles and shall meet the performance requirements of such I-e~ting prior to acceptance. FolloWing acceptance, all engineered smOke control systems shall be tested periodically in accordance with recognized engineering principles. Test dOCumentation shall, be maintained on the premises at all times. 31-4.7 Portable Space Heating Devices~ Portable space heating devices shall be prohibited in all health care and ambulatory health care occupancies. Exception: Portable space heating devices shall be permitted to be used in nonsleeping staff and employee areas where 'the heating ele- ments of such devices are limited to not more than 212°F (IO0°C). C 31-4.8 Construction, Repair, and Improvement Operations. 31-4.8.1 Construction, repair, and improvement operations shall comply with 31-1.1. OPERATING FEATURES 101-2.31 51-4.8.2 The means of egress in any area undergoing con- I~truction, repair~ or improvements shall be inspecte~l d~ily for meeting the requirements of 31-1.2.1 and shall also meet the requirements of NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Con- ~tr~ction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations. SECTION 31-5 DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES 31-5.1 Attendants, Evacuation Plan, Fire Exit Drills. ;1-5.1.1 Detention and correctional facilities or those por- ions of facilities having such occupancy shall be provided with ',4-hour staffing. Staff shall be within three floors or 300 ft 91 m) horizontal distance of the access door of each resident ~ousing area. In addition, for Use Conditions III, IV, and V, the arrangement hall be such that the staff involved starts release of locks necessary ar emergency evacuation or rescUe and initiates other necesSary mergency actions within two minutes of alarm. .1-5.1.2' Provisions shall be made so that residents in Use ~onditions III, IV, and V shall be able to notify staff of an :mergency.. 4-5.1.3' The administration of every detention or correc- ional facility shall have in effect; and provide to all supervisory ,ersonnel, written copies of a plan for the protection of all ,ersons in the event of fire and for their evacuation to areas of efuge and for evacuation from the building when necessary. Lll employees shall be instructed and drilled with respect to heir duties under the plan. The plan shall be coordinated with .nd reviewed by the flr~ department legally committed to serve he facility. ,1-5.1.4 Employees of detention and correctional occupan- ies shall be instructed in the proper use of portable fire extin- :uishers and other manual fire suppression equipment. With espect to new staff, such training shall be provided promptly tpon commencement of duty; With respect to existing staff, efresher training shall be provided at a minimum annually. d-5.2 Books, clothing, and other combustible personal ,roperty allowed in sleeping rooms:shall be stored in closable aetal lockers or a fire-resistant container. 1-5.3 The number of heat-producing appliances, such as toast- .rs and hot plates, and the overall use of electrical power within a leeping room shall be controlled by facility administration. ~1-5.4' Furnishings, Bedding, and Decorations. 4-5.4.1 Draperies and curtains, including privacy curtains, a detention and correctional occupancies shall be in accor- lance with the provisions of 31-1.4.1. 1-5.4.2 Newly introduced upholstered furniture within detention and correctional occupancies shall be tested in .ccordance with the provisions of 31-1.4.2(b) and 31-1.4.3. 1-5.4.3 Newly introduced mattresses within detention and orrectional occupancies shall be tested in accordance with the ~rovisions of 31-1.4.2(c) and 31-1.4.4. 1-5.4.4 Combustible decorations shall be prohibited in any letention or correctional occupancy unless flame-retardant. 31-5.4.5 Wastebaskets and other waste containers shall be of noncombustible or other approved materials. Waste contain- ers with a capacity greater than 20 gal (76 L) shall be provided with a noncombustible lid or lid of other approved material. 31-5.5 Keys. All keys necessary for unlocking doors installed in means of egress shall be individually identified by both touch and sight. 31-5.6 Portable Space Heating Devices. Portable space heating devices shall be prohibited. SECTION 31-6 RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES 31-6.1 Hotel Emergency Organization. 31-6.1.1' Employees of hotels shall be instructed and drilled in the duties they are to perform in the event of fire, panic, or other eme'~gency. 31-6.1.2' Drills of the emergency organization shall be held at quarterly intervals, covering such points as the operation and maintenance of the available first aid fire appliances, the testing of devices to alert guests, and a study of instructions for emergency duties. 31-6.2 Emergency Duties. Upon discovery of a fire, employ- ees shall: (a) Activate the facility fire protection signaling system, if provided, and (b) Notify the public fire department, and (c) Take other action as previously instructed. 31-6.3 Dormitories. 31-6.3.1 Drills. Fire exit drills shall be regularly conducted in accordance with 31-1.5. 31-6.4 Emergency Instructions for Residents or Guests. 31-6.4.1' A floor diagram reflecting the actual floor arrange- ment, exit locations, and room identification shall be posted in a location and manner acceptable to the authority having juris- diction on or immediately adjacent to every guest room door in hotels and in every resident room in dormitories. 31-6.4.2' Fire safety information shall be provided to allow guests to decide either to evacuate to the outside, evacuate to an area of refuge, remain in place, or any combination of the three. 31-6.5 Emergency Instructions for Residents of Apartment Buildings. Emergency instructions shall be provided to each liv- ing unit on a yearly basis indicating the location of alarms, egress paths, and actions to be taken, both in response to a fire in the living unit and in response to the sounding of the alarm system. 31-6.6' Furnishings and Decorations. New draperies, cur- tains, and other similar loosely hanging furnishings and deco- rations in hotels and dormitories shall be in accordance with the provisions of 31-1.4.1. 31-6.7 Unvented fuel-fired heaters shall not be used in resi- dential occupancies. Exception: Listed and approved unvented fuel-fired heaters in one- and two-family dwellings. 1994 EDITION 101-232 LIFE SAFETY CODE SECTION 31-7 BOARD AND CARE OCCUPANCIES 31-7.1 .Emergency Plan. The administration of every resi- dential bOard and care facility shall have, in effect and ~vail- able to ali supervisory persohhel, Written copies of a plan for in spe- cial staff res nee cally r duties be reviewed ? of the plan 31-7.2 Resident Trainin emergency plan shall be tra the event of fire. This train~ primary escape route is bl~ tion or habilitation traininl to be taken in:the event of gmm~ Residents shall 'be ti to the extent their physical without additional pe~som All residents participating in the :d in the proper actions t0be taken in shall incl~dd actions to be taken if the ed. If the reSident is given rehabitita- raining in fire prevention and actions ire shill be a 1~a~ of the training pro- ted to assist[ each other in case :o£fire t mental abilities permit them to do so risk. 31-7.3 Fire Exit Drills. Fire exit drills shall be conducted at least six times per year on a bimonthly basis with a minimum of two drills conducted during the night when residents are sleep- ing. The drills shall be permitted to be announced in advance to the residents. The drills Shall involve the actual evacuation of all residents to an assembly point as specified in the emer- gency plan and shall provide residents with experience in egressing through all exits and means of escape required by the Code.: Ex~ts and means of escape not used ~n any fire drill shall not be credited in meeting the requirements of this Code .for board and care facilities. Exception No. I: Actual exiting from windows shall not be required to meet the requirements of this section; opening the window and signa!ing fo~ help shall be an acceptable alternative. Exception No. 2: If the board and care facility has an evacua- tion capability rating of impractical, those resMents who cannot meaniftgfully assist in their own evacuatiOn or Who have special health ~-roblems need not actively participate in the drill. Section 31-4 s[uzll apply in such instances. 31-7.4 Smoking. Where smoking is permitted, noncombusti- ble safety-type ashtrays-or receptacles shall be provided in con- venient locations. . 31-7.5' Furnishings, Bedding, and Decorations. 31-7.5.1 New draperies, curtains, and other similar loosely hanging furnishings and ~deCorations in :board ~and care facili- ties shall be in accordance With the proeiSiOns of 31-1 4.1 31-7.5.2' New upholstered furniture within board and care facilities shall be tested in accordance with the provisions of 31-1.4.2(a). 31-7.5.3' New mattresses within board and care facilities shall be tested ~n accordance with the proms~on's Of 31-1.4 2(c). SECTION 31-8 MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES 31-8.1 Drills. In every Class A or Class B mercantile occu- pancy, employees shall be regularly trained in fire exit drill procedures in general conformance with 31-1.5. 31-8.2 Employees of:mercantile occupancies 'shall be instructed in the proper use of portable fire extinguishers. SECTION 31-9 BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES 31-9.1 Drills. In any business occupancy building subject to occupancy by more than 500 persons or more than 100 persons above or below the street level, emploYees and supervisory Personnel shall be instructed in fire exit drill procedures in accordance with 31-1.5 and shall hold practice drills periodi- cally where practicable. 31-9.2 Employees of business occupancies shall be instructed in the proper use of portable fire extinguishers. (_ 1994 EDITION REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS 101-233 CHAPTER 32 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS (See Appendix B for other referenced publications that are advi- sory and thus do not constitute pan of the requirements of this Code. ) 2-1 The following documents or portions thereof are refer- nced within this Code and shall be considered part of the equirements of this document to the extent called for by the :ode. The edition indicated for each reference is the current dition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. The numbers in parentheses represent the paragraph num- ers from chapters ~f this Code that reference the given Publi- ation in a mandatorY way. ~ The Committee on Safety to Life recognizes that it is some- times impractical to Continually uPgrade existing buildings or installations to comply with all the r~quirements of the follow- ing referenced publications, iExisting [0uildings or installations that do not con'ply With the provisions of the following refer- enced publications shall be i~ermitted to be continued in set- I NFPA I0, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1990 edi- tion. (7~7.4.1) i I NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 1994 edition. [622.4.11 ExcePtion No. 1, 7-7.1.1, 7-7.4.2, 8-3.2.1.7, 8-4.4.3.7 ExcePtiOn 1~o. 1, 9-4.4.3.7 Exception No. 1, 12-3.5.3, 13-3.5.6, 16-1.5, 17-1.5, 21-2.2.3 Exception No. l(b), 2-2.3.5.2 Exception No. 3, 23-2.3.5.1 Exception No. 3, 6-1.5.2, 27-1.5.2] NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems t One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 994 edition. [7-7.1.1 Exception No. 2, 21-2.2.3 Exception No. (b); 22-2.3.5.2 l~xcepti0n No. 1, 22-2.3.5.2 Exception No. 2, 3-2.3.5.1 Exception No. 1, 23-2.3.5.1 Exception No. 2] NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ~ Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four Stories in {eight, 1994 edition. [7-7.1.1 Exception No. 1, 16-3.5.1, 7-3.5.1, 18-3.5.1, 19-3.5.1, 20-3.5.1, 21-2.2.3 Exception No. (b), 22-2.3.5.2 Exception No. 4, 22-2.3.5.2 Exception No. 5, 2-3.3.5.1 Exception No. 1, 23-2.3.5.1 Exception No. 4, 3-2.3.5.1 Exception No. 5, 23-3.3.5.1 Exception No. 1] NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and {ose Systems, 1993 edition. [7-7.4.2, 30-8.2.2(a), 30-8.2.2(b)] NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Mainte- ance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 1992 edition. 7-7.5) NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 1993 edition. (6-4.3, 31-1.6.1) NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, 1992 edition. (7-2.2) NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellu- lo~se Nitrate Motion Picture Film, 1988 edition. (8-3.2.2.1, 8-3.2.2.3, 9-3.2.2.1, 9-3.2.2.3) NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, 1991 edition. (6-4.4, 7-2.4, 10-3.2.4, 11-3.2.4, 26-3.2.3, 31-1.7) NFPA 54, National Fu~l Gas Code, 1992 edition. (7-1.i, 7-2.2, 31-1.6.1) NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Lique- fied Petroleum Gases, 1992 edition. [7-1.1, 8-3.2.4.4(d), 9-3.2.4.4(d), 31-1.6.1] NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 1993 edition. (5-9.2.4, 6-2.4.11 Exception No. 3, 7-1.2, 7-2.2, %6.1.4, 8-4.1.4, 10-4.1.5, 14-5.1.2, 15-5.1.2, 15-5.1.2 Exception, 30-8.4.2) NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 1993 edition. [5-2.1.8 Exception (c), 6-3.5.2, 6-3.5.3, 7-6.1.4, 7-6.2.7, 7-6.2.8, 7-6.2.9, 7-6.3.2 Exception No. 2, 7-6.3.3, 7-6.3.4, 7-6.3.8, 7-6.4, 7-7.2.1, 14-3.4.1.3, 15-3.4.1.3, 22-3.3.4.8, 23-3.3.4.6, 30-8.3.2] NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire W~ndows, 1992 edition. [5-2.1.14(e), 6-2.3.3(a), 6-2.3.4~ 12-3.6.3.4, 13-3.6.3.6] NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment, 1994 edition. (7-5.2) NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures, 1991 edition. (16-3.5.4, 18-3.5.5) NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, 1993 edition. (6-2.6.1 Exception No. 2, 7-2.1, 12-3.1.1 Exception No. 2) NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heat- ing and Air Conditioning Systems, 1993 edition. (7-2.1) NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials, 1992 edition. (7-2.2) NFPA 96, Standard on Ventilation Control and Fire Protec- tion of Commercial Cooking Operations, 1994 edition. (7-2.3) NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities, 1993 edition. [6-4.4 Exception, 7-2.4, 12-2.9.2, 12-2.10.2, 12-3.2.1, 12-3.2.2, 12-3.2.3, 12-3.2.4, 12-5.1.2, 12-5.1.3, 12-6.2.9.2, 12-6.3.2.1, 12-6.3.2.2, 13-3.2.2, 13-3.2.3, 13-3.2.4, 13-6.2.9.2, 13-6.3.2.1, 13-6.3.2.2] NFPA 102, Standard for Assembly Seating, Tents, and Mem- brane Structures, 1992 edition. (9-4.3.3) NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Sys- tems, 1993 edition. (5-9.2.3, 30-8.4.2, 31-1.3.8) NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems, 1993 edition. (5-9.2.3, 31-1.3.9) NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances, 1992 edition. (7-2.2) NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 1992 edition. (6-2.1, 6-5.3.4 Exception No. 2) NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alter- ation, and Demolition Operations, 1993 edition. (31-1.1.1, 31-4.8.2) NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Con- struction and Materials, 1990 edition. [Section 3-2, 6-2.3.1, 6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2, 8-3.2.1.7(e), 22-1.3, 23-1.3] NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assem- blies, 1990 edition. [6-2.3.3(a), 6-2.3.5(b) Exception No. 2, 6-3.4.2(a)] 1994 EDITION 101-234 LIFE SAFETY CODE NFPA 253, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 1990 edition. (Section 3-2, 6-5.4.1) NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 1990 editiOn. [6-5.3.1, 8-3.2.1.7(0] NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Cover- ings, 1993 edition. [12-L6,2 Exception (a); 13-1.6:2 E~ception (a), 15-1.6.3 ExceptiOn No. l(a), 22-3.1.3;3 Exception to (a), (b), and (C), 23-3.~..3.3 Exception to (a), (b), and (c)] NFPA 257, Standard for Fire Tests of Window Assemblies, 1990 edition. [6-2.3.4(a)]~ NFPA 260; ~Standard Methods of Tests and Classification Systecm for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of UphOlstered Furniturei 1994 edition. [3i-1.4.2(a)] NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test for Determining Reds- tance of MockZUp Upholstered Furmture Matenal Assemblies to Ignition by Smbl~led;zg Cigaretres, 1994 edition. [3I-1.4.2(b)] NFPA 265; Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth ContdbUtton Of Textde Wall Covenngs, 1994 edition. (6-5.2.3.5,:6-5.2.3,5,1, 6-5.2.3.5,2) NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-Resistant Textiles andf Films; 21989 edition. [8-3.2.1.10, 8-4.4.3~4(c), 9,3.2.1.10, 9-4 4314(c)~ 3i-1.4. i, 3l-1.4.1 Exception] NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant Impregnated Wood and Fire Retardant Coating~ for Building Materials, 1992 edi- tion. [6-5.6.1, 8-4.4.3.4(b), 9-4.4.3.4(b)] ProNxximFPA 1126, Standard for the UXe of Pyrotechnics before a ate Audience~ ~992 edition. [8-3.2.6, 8-3.2.6(b), 9-3.2.6, 9-3.2.6(b)] 32-1.2 Other Publications. ANSI A14.3-1984, Safety Code for Fixed Ladders, American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018 (5-2.9.2) ICABO/ANSI Al17.1-1992, American National Standard for Accessible and Usable BuiMings and FacilitieS, American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018 (Sec- tion 3-2, 5-1.2, 5-2.12.3.5, 5-2.12.3.6, 5-10.1,3, 7-6.3~4) ANSI A1264.1-1989, Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railing Systems, American National Standards Institute, !430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018 (5-2.9:2 Exception No. 4, 28-2.2.10 Exception) :ASME/ANSI .A!7.1-1993, Safe~ Code for .Elevators and Escalators, tAmerican Society of.Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 100~7 (5-2,12.2.4, 5-SA.4(b), 7-4.2, %4.4; 7-4.8) ~: ' ASME/ANsI A17.3~-1,993, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Esdalators, AmeriCan Society: Of' Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New yOrk, NY 10017 (7-4,3, 7-4.5,7-4.8) ASTM El3{ Materials th a [ ety for Testing PX 19103 ~ ASTM EI53 ~tandard Method for Fire Testing of R~al Scale Upholstered Fti, '~re ItemS, Ameri~n S0cie~ t~6r ;l'esting and Materials, 1916 ce street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (31-1.4.3) ASTM E1590-1994, Standard Method for Fire Testing of Real scale Mattresses;American Society'lfo~ Te~ting and Mate- rials, 1916~Race Street, philadelphia, pA 19103 (31-~.4.4)~ ASTM F851-1983, standard Test Method for Self-~ing Seat Mechan~ms, American Soctety for Testing at~d Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (8,2.5.7.1~ %2.517.1) California Technical Bulletin 129~ Flammability Test Proce- dure for Mattresse~s fol Use in Public Bui!dings, Sta~e o~ Califor- ma Bureau of Home Furmshmgs, 3485 Orange Grove Ave., North Highlands, cA 9S660 (31-1.4.4) Code of Federal Regulations 16, Part 1632 [31-1.4.2(c)] UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed plastic Used for Decorattve Purposes, Underwriters Laboratorms Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062 [8x3.2.11A0, 8-3.2.7.3, 8-424.3.4(f), 8-4.~4,3.4(g), 8-4.4.3.6, 9-322.7.3, 9~4.4.3.4(f), 9-4.4.3A(g), 9-4.4.3 6] 1994 EDITION APPENDIX A 101-235 APPENDIX A EXPLANATORY. MA~T~ This Appendix 'ix not a part of the' requirements of this NFPA docu- ment, but is included for i[:formational ~urposes only. The following notes,.bearing thesa.me number as the text of tb.e'Life Safe~y Code to which they aPply, contain useful eXPlan- atory material and references to standards. CHAPTER 1 following is a suggested procedure for determining requirements fbr a j0Uildi~g or structure. 1. Determine the occupancy classification. Refer tb the definitions in Chapter 4 and the occupancy Chap- 8 through 29. Also see 4-iA1 for buildings with more than le use. 2. Determine if the 'building or structure is new.or existing. 3. Determine the occupant 10ad. Refer to 5-3.1 and the .7 section of occupancy Chapters 8 through 29. -' 4. Determine the hazard of contents. Refer to Section 4-2. 5. Refer to the applicable occupancy chapter of the Code. 8 through 29). Refer as necessary to Chapters 1 rough 7 for general information.. (e.g., definitions).or as the occupancy chapter. 6. Determine the occupancy subclassification or special t, if any. Chapters 8 and 9, "Assembly Occupan- :s~" Chapters 12 and 13, "Health Care Occupancies;" Chap- 14 and 15, "Detention arid Correctional Occupancies;" 17, "Hotels and Dormitories;'? Chapters 22 23, "Residential Board'and Care Occupancies;" and aapters 24 and 25, "Mercantile Occupancies'" contain sub- 7. Proceed through the applicable occupancy chapter ver- ~, with each' referenced section, subsection, subp~ ~d referenced codes, standards, 8. Where the occupancy over the base Chapters 1 7, and where two or more occupancy chapters apply, as in a mixed use building, the most stringent require- apply. 9. Refer to Chapter 31 for operating features requirements. 1-2.2 The phrase'"intimate with the initial fire develop- the person(s) at the ignition source and not to the same room or area. Code provisions at protecting occupants not intimate with the initial fire protect those who are intimate with the fire development. Atl-2.3 The level of life safety from fire is defined through renuirements directed at the: ~ifa) Prevention' Of ignition. (b) Detection of fire. (c) Control of fire development. (d) Confinement of the effects of fire. (e) -Ex~tifi~tiighment of fire. (f) Provision of refuge and/or evacuation faciflties: (g) Staff reactioh. (h) Provision of fire safety information to occupants. A-1-3.2 The Code recognizes that panic in a burning building may be uncontrollable, but deals with the potential panic haz- ard through measures designed to prevent the development of panic. Experience indicates that panic seldom develops, even in the presence of. potential danger, so long as occupants of buildings are moving toward exits that they can see within a reasonable distance with no obstructions or undue congestion in the path of travel. However, any uncertainty as to the loca- tion or adequacy.of means of egress,~the presence of smoke, or the stoppage of egress ~ravel, such as may occur when one per- son stumbles and fails on the stairs, may be conducive to panic. Panic danger is greatest when there are large numbers of peo- ple in a confined area. A-1-4.4 In existing buildings, it is not always practical to strictly apply, the p~t~)visions of this Code. PhySical limitations may requir~ disl~roportionate 'effort: °r ex~ense With little increase in life s~ety. In such cases, the auth~)rity having juris- diction should be satisfied that reasonable life safety is ensured. In existing buildings it is intended that any condition that represents a serious threat to life be mitigated by application of appropriate safeguards. It is not intended to require modifi- cations for conditions that do not represent a significant threat to life, even though such conditions are not literally in .compli- ance with the Code. A-1-4.6 The following is an example of what is intended by 1-4.6. In a hospital that has 6-ft (1.8-m) wide corridors, these corridors cannot be reduced in width even though the require- ments for existing, buildings do not require 6-ft (1.8-m) wide corridors. However, if a hospital has 10-ft (3-m) wide corri- dors, they may be reduced to 8 ft (2.4 m) width, which is the requirement for new construction. If the hospital corridor is 3 ft (0.9 m) wide, it would have to be increased to 4 ft (1.2 m). If alterations require replacement of a portion of a hospital corridor wall, this portion of the corridor would not be required to be increased to 8 ft (2.4 m) in width unless it was practical to do so. A-l-5.1 It is the intent of the Committee on Safety to Life to recognize that future editions o'f this Code are a further refine~ ment of this edition and earlier editions. The changes in future editions will reflect the continuing input of the fire protection/ life safety community in its attempt to meet the goals stated in Chapter 2. A-1-6.2 Fatal fires have occurred when a required stair has been closed for repairs or removed for rebuilding, when a required automatic sprinkler system has been shut off t'o change piping,' etc. A-1-6.3 Examples of changes from one occupancy subclassifica- tion to another subdassification of the same occupancy could include a change from a Class C to a Class B assembly occupancy or a change from a Class B to a Class A mercantile occupancy. Hospitals and nursing homes are both health care occupancies and are defined separately, but they are not established as sepa- rate suboccupancies; thus, a change from one to the other does not constitute a change of occupancy subclassification. 1994 EDITION 101-236 LIFE SAFETY CODE As another example, a building was used as a hospital but has been closed for four years. It is again to be used as a hospi- ~tal. As long as= the building was not used as another occupancy during the time it was closed, it would be considered existing. Hotels and apartments, although both residential occupan- cies, are treated separately, :and a change from one to the other constitutes a change of occupancy. A-1-7.2 'The care needs or such as reduce CHAPTER 2 A-2-1 It is not always necessary to completely evacuate the building or structure ~o escape fr~m a fire or otl~er emergency. An area of refuge formed bY horizontal exits, smoke barriers, other floors, or similar comi3artmentation often can serve as a place for the occupants to remain in relative safety until the emergency is the eXits is by way those occu- pancies with sleeping fire might block access and smoke barri- ers. achieve a greater degree of safety by remainir CHAPTER 3 A-3-2 Definitions. Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate test- ing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installa- tions, p?ocedures, equipment, or materials, the authority hav- ing jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards, in the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdic- tion may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization concerned with product evaluations that is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items. Authority Having Jurisdiction. The phrase "authority having jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner vary, as do theil the authori~ or other fire chief; fire ment, or health tor; or pur- poses, other ' having jt ' owner authority commandi' the the building the but rather i.e., approval) was 'the Code currentb on the Code in effeci build- Existing. See Building, Existing. the outside nless this High Rise I that in determinir reasonable sibility to acces- rain the enforci most logical ahd Limited-Combustible. See NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potenttal ~Heat of Budding Materials and NFPA 220, Standard on Types .of Building Construction. Listed. The may vary for each some of whicl ~s :listed unless it is also labeled, rid utilize the system the a listed product. Smoke Compartment. In the provision of: smoke compart- ments utilizing the outside walls or the roof of a building, it is not intended that outside walls or roofs or any openings therein be capable of resisting the passage of smoke. 1994 EDIT1ON APPENDIX. A 101-237 .) CHAPTER 4 ~-4-1.2 Assembly occupancies are characterized by.the pres- nce or potential presence of Crowds with attendant panic haz- rd in case of fire or other emergency. They are generally open ) the public, or occasionally open to thepublic, and the occu- ants,, present voluntarily, are not ordinarily, subject to disci- line or control. Such buildings are ordinarily occupied by bte-bodied persons and are not used for sleeping purposes. ~he need for:alternate egress routes for small .commercial ssembly occupancies, such as restaurants, lounges, theatres, tc., with capacities of as few as:50 persons, is specially treated ~g this met[od of classification. Special conferenc~ rooms, shack areas, etc., incidental to. and under the control of the fall under an occupant classified as mercan- .4-13 An edUcational occupancy is distinguished from an Ssembly ocCUpanc3 in that [h~ San~e occupahts are regularly resent and they are subject to discipline and control. -4-1.8 Doctors' and dentists' offices are includdd unless of ~ch character as to be classified as ambulatory health care ~:cupancies. Service facilities common to city office buildings s6ch as newsstands, lunch ¢0unters serving fewer than 50 per- s~ns, barber shOps, and beauty parlors are included in the busi- ness occupancy group. ' City halls, town halls, and court houses are included in this o~cupancy grbup insofar aS their principal function is the 'ansaction of public business and the keeping of books and .~cords. Insofar hs they are used for assembly purposes, they re classified as assembly occupancies. -4-1.10 Storage occupancies are characterized by the pres- ace of relative~ small numbers of persons in proportion to ~e area. Any ~ew use that increases the number of occupants ~ a figure comparable with other classes of occupancy changes ~e classificationlof the building to that of the n~w use. -4-1.11 With only a few exceptions, the Code sets no spe- fic occupancy separation requirements. The authority having trisdiction delermines what separation is needed, if any, ased on 4-1.11 and the -1.2 section of each occupancy chap- :r. The local building code or the model building codes may ~ consulted by the authority having jurisdiction in making this etermination, keeping life safety rather than property protec- on in mind. -4-2.i.3 Under this provision, any violation of the reqmre, tents of Chapters 8 through~30 for separation or protection Of azardous operation or storage would inherently involve viola- on of the Other .sections of the Code, unless additional egress tcilities appropriate to high hazard contents were provided. -4-2.2.1 These classifications do not apply to the applica- an of sprinkler protection classifications. See NFPA 13, 'andard for the InStallation of Sprinkler Systems A-4-2.2.2 Chapter 29 recognizes storage of noncombustible materials as low hazard. In other occupancies it is assumed that even where the actual contents hazard may .normally be low, there is sufficient likelihood that some combustible mate- dais or hazardous operations will be introduced in connection with building repair or maintenance, or that some psychologi- cal factor might create conditions-conducive to panic, so that the egress facilities cannot safely be reduced below those spec- ified for ordinary hazard contents. A-4-2.2.3 Ordinary hazard classification represents lhe con- ditions found in mc;st buildings and is the basis for the general requirements of this Code. The fear of poisonous fumes or explosions is necessarily a relative matter to be determined on a judgment basis. All smoke contains some toxic fire gases, but under conditions of ordinary hazard there should be no unduly dangerous expo- sure during the period necessary to escape ~rom the fire area, assuming there ~re proper exit§. A-4-2.2,4 High hazard contents may include occupancies where gasoline and other flammable :liquids' are handled or used or are stored under conditions involving possible release of flammable vapors; where grain dust, wo~d flour or plastic dust, aluminum or magnesium dust, or other explOsive dusts may l~e ptoduced; Whe~ hazardods ~hemicals or eXPlo- sives are manhfactUred, st°redi or handled; where cotto~ or other.combustible fibers are' processed or h~ndled under: con- ditions producing flammable flyings; and other situations of similar hazard. Chapters 28 and 29 include detailed provisions on high haz- ard contents. CHM~ER 5 A-5-1.1 Portable ladders, ropefire escapes, and similar emer- gency escape devices may have a useful function in facilitating escape from burning buildings lacking adequate exits of the stair or other standard type, but they are not the equivalent of standard exits, 'and their use isnot in any way recognized by this Code as satisfying the requirements for means of egress. Furthe'rmore, many such devices are of types quite unsuited to use by aged or infirm persons or by small children. Therefore, such devices may give a false Sense of security and should not be used as an excuse for not providing standard exit facilities. A-5-1.2 Definitions. Accessible Means of Egress. An accessible means of egress should comply with the accessible route requirements of CABO/ANSI A117.1, Amedcan National Standard for Accessi- ble and Usable Buildings and Facilities. Area of. Refuge. An area of refuge has a temporary use during egress. It generally serves as a staging area that pro- vides relative safety to its occupants while potential emergen- cies are assessed, de. cisions are made, and mitigating activities are begun. Taking refuge within such an area is thus a stage of the total egress process; a stage between egress from the immediately threatened area and egress to a public way. An area of refuge might be another building connected by a bridge or balcony, a compartment of a subdivided story, an ele- vator lobby, or an enlarged story-level exit stair landing. An 1994 EDITION 101-238 LIFE SAFETY CODE area of refuge is accessible by means of horizontal travel or, as a minimum, via an accessible route meeting the requirements of ,CABO/ANSI A117.1, American National Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities. This Code recognizes any floor in a building protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler sys- tem asan area of refuge. This is in recognition of the.ability of a partitions consti- ilding. smoke A-5~1.3.4 This for s and in I Aside bes readi] ping 1 in. ]ar m( should level, ; the use of exit enclosures not necessary for essentially be is to control the close attention should the ~ allowed · the: Installation of :rsons who of missteps leading edge espe- least cm) in width. Other col - over the walk- also ~urround- I change of group tra- of the 1994 EDITION level changes), additional warning measures might be needed to ensure that the attention of all individuals is drawn to such ramps, platformS, and steps, especially during descent. These measures include. prominent handrails within reach of users, warning signs, and highlighting each step by illumination. ~ Of be ment. A 1 2~ on (as found Clear width Figure A-5-2.1.2 Clear door width. A-5-2.1.4.1 wli~/re 'doors are subject to two-way traffic, or where their opening may interfere with pedestrian traffic, an appropriately located vision panel can reduce the chance of accidents. A-5-2.1.4.3 This paragraph is not intended to :apply to the swing of cross-corridor doors such as smoke barrier doors and horizontal exits. A-5-2.1.5.2 This arrangement makes it possible to leave the stairway at such floor should the fire render th6 lower part of the stair unusable during egress or should the OccUpants seek refuge on another floor. 101-239 .-5-2.1.5.3 This requirement may be satisfied by the use of anventional types of hardware, whereby the door is released t turning a lever, knob, or handle or pushing against a panic ir, but not by unfamiliar methods of operation such as a blow ,.break glass. The operating devices should be capable of emg operated with one hand and should not require tight rasping, tight pinching, or twisting of the wrist to operate. -5-2.1.6.1(d) In the event that the authority havingjurisdic- on has. allowed increased operation time, the sign should riflect the approPriate time. PI.5-2.1.9 ExceptiOn No. 2 Although a single power-operated d~or leaf located within a two-leaf opening may alone not pro- vtde more than 30 in. (76 em) of clear width in the emergency Weak-out mode, where both leaves are broken out to become slde~hinge~l, the required egress width can be provided by the 'idth of the entire opening. .-5-2.2.2.1: It is the intent of 5-2.2.2.1 to permit use of the tble for existing stairs in existing buildings even where there is change in occupancy per 1-6.3. .-5-2.2.2.1 Exception Safety improvements should be made ~at are reasonable and feasible at minimal cost. Improvements iclude removal, repair, or replacement of step coverings [as escribed in A-5-2.2.23, especial~ Figure A-5-2.2.2.3(e)] and addi- on of functional handrails and guardrails in place of or in conjunc- On with other rails (as described by 5-2.2.4). -5-2.2.2.2 A small drainage slope for stair treads subject wetting may improve tread slip resistance (see also ~-5-2,2.3.4). A consistent slope tO a side of the stair, where drainage is possible, may be preferable to a front-to-back slope f the treads. -5-2.2.2.3 Figures A-5-2.2.2.3(a), (b), (c), and (d) illustrate ~e. method for measuring riser height and tread depth. Stairs ]at will be covered with resilient floor coverings may need :lditional tread depth beyond the minimum specified in the bde. Any horizontal projection of resilient covering materials eyond the tread nosing and riser, such as carpet and under- tyment, can interfere with users' feet and thereby reduce sable tread depth. At the tread nosing, such resilient covering Figure A-5-2.2.2.3(b) Riser measurement with tread slope to back. Tread depth Figure A-5-2.2.2.3(c) Tread depth. Tread Measurements: Curvature or slope here can further reduce tread<h Tread depth Stable support available here 20 degrees~ Figure A-5-2.2.2.3(d) Tread measurement with stable support at leading edge. i; te,rials may not be capable of providing stable support for rs feet. Generally, effective tread depth is reduced by the compressed thickness of such resilient coverings and might Carpeted Stairi further reduced over time if coverings are not well secured d consequently move forward at the nosings. See Figure ~1 5-2.2.2.3(e) ~ ,~ Tread depth .I 2~'~'~'~"'~: :'~ Projection interferes J Figure A-5-2.2.2.3(e) Tread measurement with unstable stepping surt;ace at Figure A-5-2.2.2.3(a} Riser measurement with tread slope to front, leading edge. 1994 EDITION 101-240 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-5-2.2.2.8 If properly designed and constructed, stairs with winders are not necessarily more dangerous than other stairs. Attention to the following factors will help to make Winders generally more' effective for egress and safety. Handrails should be continuous, without breaks at newel posts, from story to story. Indeed, handrails located a greater than .nOrmal distance from the inner turn of winders can improve safety by stair users to walk on the portion of the treads ;is ;over mity that is best A-5-2.2.3.4 The tripping hazard referred to in 5-2.2.3.4 occurs especially during descent, where the tread walking sur- face has projections Such as strips of high. friction materials or lips from metal pan stairs that are not completely filled with concrete or other material: Tread nosings that project over adjacent treads can also be a tripping hozard. CABO/ANSI A117.1, American National Standard for Accessible and Usable BuiMings and Facilities, illustrates projecting nosing configura- tions that minimize the hazard. Regarding the slip resistance of treads, it should be,r_ecog- nized that when walking ~up or down stairs a person s foot exerts a smaller hor~z0ntal force against treads than achieved when walking on level floors. Therefore, materials used for floors that are acceptable as slip resistant (as described by ASTM) provide ade~luate slip resistance where used for stair treads, including th~ important leading edges of treads--the part of the tread that the foot first contacts during descent, the most critical direction of travel. If stair treads are wet, there may be an increased danger of slipping, just as there may be an increased danger of sliPPing on wet floors of similar materials. A small wash or draina~ slope on exterior stair treads is there- fore recommended to shed water (see the Templarpublicatton NBS BSS 120). Where environmental conditions (such as illu- mination levels and d~rectlonahty or a complex visual field drawing away from stair treads) lead to a 's ability to perceive stair treads, permits ready discrim- ination of treads. In all cases, the leading edges of ~ , visible during both ascent and in. injury-producing stair accidents and in the ability tO use stairs efficiently in conditions such as egress is the Clari~y Of the stair treads as separate step- ping surfaces. A-5-2.2.4.2 The intent of this provision is to place handrails for the required egress width of stairs only, regardless of the actual width of the stairs. The required egress width is along the natural path of travel to and from the building. Examples of this requirement are shown in Figure A-5-2.2.4.2. The reduced intermediate handrail spacing of 60 in. (t52 cm) along with a handrail height within the permissible height limits per- mits everyone to reach and grasp one handrail:. Except as noted in 5-2.2.4.3 and 5-2.2~4.5, handrails are not ,required on stair landings. A-5-2.2.4.5 Figure A-5-2.2.4.5 illustrates some of the require- ments of 5-2.2.4.5. Building or structure required egress _ 60 in. Assumed natural path of travel Building or structure required egress _< 60 in. Handrails [n 30in.:: 30in.;[ Assumed natural path of travel Building or structure required egress > 60 in. but _< 120 in. Handrails~landrails Assumed natural path of travel Figure A-5-2.2.4.2 Assumed natural paths of travel on monumental stairs with various handrail locations. 1994 EDITION APPENDIX A _--. 101-241 . Min. 12 in. (30.5 cm) required by 5-2.2..4.5(e). ~(86 cm) il. to 38 / -' , //~ I , ' Max. 7 in. (17.8 em) I I~.-~l One thread depth Where a guarder whll' exists Elevation (straight stair) Min. 1 1/2 in. (3.8 cm) required by 5-2.Z4.5(b) slid along the rail without encountering obstructions. The pro- file of the rail should comfortably match the hand grips. For example, a round profile such as is provided by the simplest round tubing or pipe having an outside diameter of 11/2 in. to 2 in. (3.8 em to 5 cra) provides good graspability for adults. Factors such as the use of a handrail by small children and the wall-fixing details should be taken into account in assessing handrail graspability. The most functional as well as the most preferred handrail shape and size is circular with a ll/2-in. (3.8-cm) outside diameter (acCOrding to research conducted using adults). Handrails used predominantly'by children should be designed at the lower end of the permitted dimen- sional range. Handrails are one of the most important components of a stair; therefore, design excesses such as oversized wood hand- rail sections should be avoided unless there is a readily per- ceived and easily grasped handhold provided. In handrail design, it is useful to remember at all times the effectiveness of a simple round profile that permits some locking action by fin- gers as they curl around the handrail. This turn required · by 5-2.2.4.3 . required by · ,~/5-2.2.4.5(d) '1 One thread depth where --~-~ a guard or wall exists as required by 5-2.2.4.5(e) Plan view (return stair) Figure A-5-2.2.4.5 Handrail details. -5-2.2.4.5(a) Exception No. 3 Additional handrails, beyond lose required by the Code, are permitted at heightg' other mn those stipulated. For example, where children under the ge of 5 are major users of a facility, an additional handrail at height in the range of 28 in. to 32 in. (71 cm to 81 cm) might e useful. Generally, children apparently prefer to use, and m effectively use, handrails that are located at shoulder to cad height due' to their developmental characteristics and ]eir less developed balance and walking abilities. At 36 ionths of age, head height ranges from 35 in. to 40 in. (89 cm ) 102 cm); shoulder height averages 29 in. (74 cm). At 60 lonths of age, head height ranges from 39 in. to 46 in. (99 cm ) 117 cm); shoulder height ranges from 31 in. to 37 in. (79 cm 94 cm). · 5-2.2.4.5(b) This ll/2-in. (3.8-cm) clearance assumes that the all adjacent to the handrail is a smooth surface. Where rough all surfaces are used, greater clearances are recommende& -5,2.2.4.5(c) Handrails should be designed so they can be rasped firmty with a comfortable grip and so.the hand can be A-5-2.2.4.5(0 Vertical intermediate rails are preferred to reduce climbability. A-5-2.2.4.6(c) Vertical intermediate rails are preferred to reduce climbability. A-5-2.2.5.2 The guards that are required by 5-2.2A will usu- ally meet this requirement where the stair is not more than three stories high. Special architectural treatment; including application of such devices as metal or masonry screens and grilles, will usually be necessary to comply with the intent of this requirement for stairs over three stories in height. A-5-2.2.6.2 The purpose of this provision is to protect the exterior wall of a stairway from fires in other portions of the building. If the exterior wall of the stair is flush with the build- ing exterior wall, the fire would need to travel around 180 degrees in order to impact the stair. This has not-been a prob- lem in existing buildings, so no protection is required. How- ever, if the angle-of exposure is less than 180degrees, protec- tion of either~the stair wall or building wall is required. Figures A-5-2.2.6.2 (a), (b), and (c) illustrate the require- ment (assuming nonrated glass on exterior wall of stair is used). Inside I I i!~ I I I''? I No protection required Figure A-5-2.2.6.2(a) Stairway with nonrated exterior wall in same plane as building exterior wall. 1994 EDITION 101-242 LIFE SAFETY CODE No p~oteCtion required Figure A-5-2.2.6.2(b) Stairway with unprotected exterior perimeter protrud- ing past building exterior wall. A-5-2.4.1 Example: One way to provide the required egress capacity from the upper floor of a department store building 350 ft X ~0 fi (!07 m x 60 m) (oCCUpant load 1, i66 per floor) W°ui~l be to furnish eight 44-in. (112-cm) stairs. See Figure A-5-2.4.1(a). Assume that this building is divided into two sections by a fire barrier meeting the requirements for a horizontal exit, one 130 ft x 200 ft (40 m x 60 m) and the other 220 ft with two a each door larger: serve as two of the ~ onF three for the stain wall Protection required / No protection required Figure A-5-2.2.6.2(c) Stairway with nonrated exterior wall exposed by adja- cent exterior wall of building. A-5-2.2.6.6 The intent of this provision is to provide vital egress information to the occupants of a building and to fire fighters. To reduce information overload to occupants during emergency egress, a sign indicating the floor level of and the direction to the exit discharge may be placed as a separate sign with another sign indicating the floor level, the terminus of the top and bottom of the stair enclosure, and the identification of the stair. A-5-2.3.2 For further guidance, see: ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory--Fundamentals. Design of Smoke Control Systems for Buildings, by Kiote and FothergilL NFPA 105, Recommended Practice for the Installation of Smoke-Control Door Assemblies. A-5-2.3.9.1 The design pressure differences required by 5-2.3.9.1 are based on specific gas temperatures and ceiling heights. The system is required to be approved because antici- pated conditions may be different from those on which the design pressure differences were calculated and, thus, different design pressure differences may be needed. For additional information on necessary minimum design pressure differences, including cal- culational techniques, or maximum pressure differences across doors to ensure reasonable operating forces, see NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke-Control Systems. Figure A-5-2.4.1(a) Eight exits, none via horizontal exit, required to provide the necessary egress capacity. Figure A-5-2.4.1(b) Number of stairs reduced by three through use of two horizontal exits; egress capacity not reduced. 1994 EDITION APPENDIX A 101-243 igure A-5-2.4.1(c) Number of stairs further reduced by widening stairs in krger compartment, but not to less than one half the required number and apacity of exits from that compartment. ,-5-2.4.3.7 For further information, see NFPA 105, Recom- mended Practice for the Installation of Smoke-Control Door lssemblies. ,-5-2.4.3.8 Fusible link-actuated automatic-closing doors do tot qualify for use in horizontal exits under these provisions, as moke might pass through the opening before there is suffi- lent heat to release the h°ld Open device. Such doors are also objectionable because, once closed, they are difficult to open a~d would inhibit orderly egress. ~-5-2.5.5.2 The guards required by 5-2.2.4 for the unen- {losed sides of ram~s will Usually meet this requirement where the ramp is not more than three stories high. ~pecial architec- t)ral treatment, including application of such devices as metal o r masonry screens and grilles, will usually be necessary to mply with the inte.nt of the requirements for ramps over three stories in he3~ii~'. ' &-5-2.6 An exit passageway serves as a horizontal means of 6xit travel that is l~rotected from fire in a manner similar to an :nclosed interior exit stair. Where it is desired to offset exit tairs in a multistory building, an exit passageway can be used o preserve the continuity of the protected exit by connecting he bottom of one stair to the top of the other stair that contin- res to the street floor. Probably the most important use of an :xit passageway is to satisfy the requirement, that at least 50 ~ercent of the exit stairs discharge directly outside from multi- .tory buildings. (See 5-Z2.) Thus, if it is impractical to locate he stair on an exterior wall, an exit passageway can be con- ~ected to the bottom Of the stair to convey the occupants safely o an outside exit door. In buildings of extremely large area, .uch as shopping malls and some factories, the exit passageway :an be used to advantage where the d~stance of travel to reach tn exit would otherwise be excessive. ,-5,2.6.4 Exception No. I Where an exit passageway serves >ccupants on the level of exit discharge as well aS other floors, here should be no need to add the occupant loads and thus ncrease the wadth of the exit passageway. The s~tuat~on Is the ;ame as having Occupants from. the level of exit discharge join >ccupants from upper floors for a few :feet of horizontal travel hrough a stair enclosure. [-5,2.8.7 Swinging stairs, although ;superior ~o fire escape adders, are generally unsatisfactory, even for emergency use. Mthough they are p~rmitted by thi~ Code, they should not be used where it is reasonably possible to terminate the fire escape stair at the ground. A-5-2.8.7.9 A latch is desirable to hold swinging stairs down after they have swung to the ground. A-5-2.11 Special consideration should be given prior to the application of such devices where children, the elderly, or physically disabled persons may have to utilize such devices. These devices present obstacles in ascent and descent that dif- fer from stairs and ladders. A-5-2.12.2.3 The minimum 48-in. (122-cm) clear width is needed for a three-person carry of an occupied wheelchair up or down a stair. This procedure, as well as: the more difficult two- person wheelchair caret or roil, requires training and experience. Safer, alternative stair descent m6asures for transportihg a per- son who normaliyrequires a wheelchair include. eva~uati0n chairs and self-braking stai~ descent devices. In addition to having such devices available where needed, and persons trained and experi- enced in their use, it is important to have people trained and experienced in wheelchair transfer techniques. In view of the logistical difficulties as well as the dangers inherent in carrying ~ceupied wheelchairs or otherwise trans- porting~ their ; on ms of egress from an facilities normally using wheelchairs. the fire Safety Code for Escalators. A-5-2.12.2.4 The use of elevators,for egress, especially during an emergency such as a fire, is not an approach to be taken without considerable planning, ongoing effOrt, and a high degree of understanding by everyone involved with the evacu- ation of persons with mobility impairments. Due in part to the limited capacity of elevators, as well as the conflicting demands for elevator use for fire-fighting activities, even these special elevators cannot be considered as satisfying any of the Code's requirements for egress capacity; number of means of egress, or travel distance t~ an exit. A-5-2.12.2.6 The instructions should include: (a) Directions to find other means of egress, and (b) Advice that persons able to use exit stairs do so as soon as possible unless they are assisting others, and (c) Information on planned availability of assistance in the use of stairs or supervised operation of elevators and how to summon such assistance, and (d) Directions for use of the emergency communications ~ystem. To facilitate an adequate degree of understanding of the use of areas of refuge and of the associated assisted egress pro- ceduros, information should be provided to those using the facil:i,ti~s. The exact content of the information, its organiza- tion'(e.g.; .as a set Of instructions), and its format (e.g., either posted instructions in the area of refuge or information other- wis~ t{ansmitted to. facility users) should be determined on a case-by-case basis. The information should be tailored tO the specific facility, its emergency Plan, the.intended audience, and the mlended presentation format. The following provides suggestedlinformatio.n.~ontent addressing two situations: (a) an ar~a of refuge utilizing an elevator~ for assisted egress and (b) an area of refuge utilizing a stair for assisted egress. 1994 EDITION 101-244 LIFE SAFETY CODE (a) Refuge with Elevator Use. The area of refuge, provided in the elevator lobby, serves as a staging area for persons unable to use stairs and needing assistance f~r their evacuation during an emergency. The elevator(s) will be taken out of automatic service and o~er~{ted by emerge~ service personnel Persons unable'to evacuate down the exit stairs Witliout assistance and needing Figure A-5-2.12.3.1 Exit stair used as an area of refuge. A-5-2.12.3.2 The methoO c mance criteria requi~ed of hn'i (93 sq m) in area may involve via automatic sprinkler protc doors in the sn~okeireSi~ti!ng mended PraCtiCe fOr the: l~ts~ Assemblies), meeting the tenability perfor- rea of refuge less than 1,000 gq ft x~ntroliing the exposing fire (e.g., :tion), installing smoke-resisting )arders (see NFPA 105, Recom- dlation of Smoke-Control Door limit smoke other means or a Calculations, neering dures are Systems for ~ tion the tem 200°F ] floor, (1.5-m) level i below the 5:fl (1 or providing established engi- for of Smoke Control Protec- maintain refuge at less than ne smoke descends require at least 16 percent oxygen and no more than 30,000 ppm-m]n exposure to carbon monoxide. The exposing conditions used in the calcula- tions should be in accordance with the following: (a) Exposing space is sprinkler protected. The temperature of th~: exposin~ s;noke is 200°F (93°C), the smoke layer extends to the floor, the oxygen content is 16 percent, and the carbon monoxide concentration is 2,000 ppm (0.2 percent). . (b) Exposing space is a nonsprinkleredcorridorfinished with Class A interior wall and ceiling finish. Thetemperature of the exposing smoke ii 600°F (31~a~), the smoke la½er extends to'a level 2 ft (0.6 m)above the floor, the oxygen content is 3 per- Cent, and the cfirbon monoxide c0hcentr~tion is 50i000 ppm (5 percent). finish. The ~ 8t5 C, the, '~ the floor, the oxygen content is 3 oxide A-5~2, excess of 1 utes and irtoll- to have more than one, au sures. The for the ~ ava an han to A-5-3.4.1 Exce mum intent is. ! able walll Il- data for 1994 EDITION 101-245 70- --~ Chair back heights Table heights 20 in. (97.5 P) static 20-30 in. with sway 14 in. pregnant / / 12 in. pregnant 11 in. 17in. rotund 10 in. rotund Seating 22 in. (97.5 18 in. (97.5 P) female 8 in. height with sway static average 15 in. (07.5 P) male static 1 in. = 2.54 cm - 70 60 5O 40 30 20 10 Figure A-5-3.4.1 AnthropometHc data for adults. The male and female figures depicted here are average, 50th percentile, size. Some dimensions apply to very large, 97.5 percentile, adults (noted as 97.5 P). 1994 EDITION 101-246 LIFE SAFETY CODE Table A-5-3.1.2 Occupant Load Factors Use Sq Ft Sq M Assembly Lass concentrated use without fixed seating 15 net 1.4 Concentrated use without fixed seating 7 net 0.65 Waiting space 3 net 0.28 Library stack areas 100 gross 9.3 Library reading areas 50 net 4.6 Mercantile Street floor and sales basement 30 gross 2.8 Multiple street floors each 40 gross 3.7 Other floors 60 gross 5.6 Storage, shipping 300 gross 27.9 Malls See 24-1.7/25-1.7 Educational Classroom area 20 net 1.9 Shops and other vocational areas 50 net 4.6 Day-care centers 35 net 3.3 Business (offices), industrial 100 gross 9.3 Hotel and apartment 200 gross 18.6 Health care Sleeping departments 120 gross 11.1 Inpatient treatment departments 240 gross 22.3 Detention and correctional 120 gross 11.1 These figures, based on counts of typical buildings, represent the average mare- mum density of occupancy. A-5-5.1.2 See A-5-5.1.6. A-5-5.1:4 Figures A-5-5.1.4(a) through (e) illustrate the method of measurement intended by 5-5.1.4. A-5-5.1.5 It is difficult in actual practice to construct scissor stairs so that products of combustion that have entered one stairway do not penetrate into the other. Use as separate require~ exits is discouraged. The term "limited-combustible" is intentionally not included in this paragraph. The user's attention is directed to the definitions of noncombustible and limited-combustible in Chapter 3. A-5-5.1.6 The terms "dead end" and "common path of travel" are commonly used interchangeably. While the concepts of each are similar in practice, they are two different concepts. A common path of travel exists where a space is arranged so that occupants within that space are able to travel in only one direction to reach any of the exits or to reach the point at which the occupants have the choice of two paths of travel to remofe exits. Part (a) of Figure A-5-5.1.6 is an example of a common path of travel. While a dead end is similar, a dead end may occur where there is no path of travel from an occupied space, but where an occupant may enter a corridor or space thinking there is an exit at the end and, finding none, must retrace his or her path to 1994 EDITION Room or area / Minimum distanco = uno-half of diaoonal Figure A-5-5.1.4(a) Room "A" Room "B" Figure A-5-5.1.4(b) again reach a choice of exits. Part (b) of Figu{e A-5-5.1.6 is an example of such a dead-end arrangement. Combining the two concepts, Part (c) of Figure A-5-5.1.6 is an example of a combined dead-end/common path of travel problem. Common paths of travel and dead-end travel are measured using the same principles used to measure travel distance as described in Section 5-6 of the Code. Starting in the room in Part (d) of Figure A-5-5.1.6, measurement is made from the most remote point in the room along the natural path of travel, and through the doorway along the centerline of the corridor to Point C, located at the centerline of the corridor, which then provides the choice of two different paths to remote exits; this is common path of travel. The space between Point B and Point C is a dead end. See 5-1.2 for a definition of common path of travel. APPENDIX A 101-247 I \/ I ~0~ .~,ti! // Figure A-.~5.1.4(c) Diagonal of the area served Lease area Lease space Figure A~5-5.1.4(d) (Not to scale) I/2 D minimum ~0~~~~ SO~.~i~(Not ,o scale) j -- iNot to scale) ~ -. (Not to scale) (Not to scale) Figure A-5-$.1.4(e) 1994 EDITION 101-248 LIFE SAFETY CODE · Exit ~ ' (a) (b) (c) B (d) Figure A-5-5.1.6 Common paths of travel and dead-end corridors. A-5-5.2.2 Doors that lead through wall paneling and that har- monize in appearance with the rest of the wall to avoid detract, lng from st~n~e desired aesthetic or decorative effect are not acceptable, as casual occupants may not be aware of such mea~s Of egress even thougl~ actually visible. A-5-5.4,4(c) For further information on stair enclosure pres- surization systems and elevator smoke control, see NFPA 92A~ Recomrnen[led Practice for: Srnoke-: contro! SYdtems : A-5-6.1 Table of the 29) end co required exits. retrace travel uirements a corridor none, must of egress wherever in case of' have been met. This s or be length of dea( A-5-6.2 The natural exit access (path of travel} will be influ- enced by the contents and occupancy of the building. Furni- ture, fixtures, machinery, or storage may serve to increase the length of travel, It is good practice in building design to recognize this by spacing exits for a completely open floor area at closer intervals than would be needed, thus reducing the hazard of excessive travel distances due to introduction of furniture, fixtures, machinery, or storage, and minimizing the possibility of violating the travel distance requirements of this Code. Table A-5-6.1 Common Path, Dead-End, and Travel Distance .Limits (By Occupaney) Common Path Limit "' Dead-End Limit Travel Distance Limit Unsprinklered Sprinldered Unsprinklered Sprinklered Unsprinklered Sprinklered Type of Occupancy ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) Assembly New 20/75~'b 20/75"'b 20h (6.1) 20b (6.1) 150c (45) 200c (60) (6.1/23) 6.1/232 Existing 20/752.0 20/75~'" 20~ (6.1) 20~ (6.1) 150c (45) 200c (60) (6.1/23) (6.1/23) Educational New 75 (23) 75 (23) 20 (6.1) 20 (6,1) 150 (45) 200 (60) Existing 75 (23) 75 (23) 20 (6.1) 20 (6.1) 150 (45) 200 (60) New Day-Care Center N.R? N.R~~'c 20 (6.1) 20 (6.1) 150[ (45) 200f (60) Existing Day-Care Center N.R.a'c N.R.a'c 20 (6.1) 20 (6.1) 15ff (45) 200r (60) Health Care New N.Rfi N.R.d 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) N.A.g 200r (60) Existing N.Rfi N.Rfi N.Rfi N.Rfi 150r (45) 200" (60) New Ambulatory Care N.Rfi N.Rfi 30 (9. I) 30 (9.1) ' 150~ (45) 200[ (60) Existing Ambulatory Care N.Rfi N.Rfi 50 (15) 50 (15) 150~ (45) 20ff (60) 1994 EDITION (continued) APPENDIXA 101-249 Table A-5-6.1 (continued) Common Path Limit Dead-End Limit Travel Distance Limit Unsprinklered Sprinldered Unsprinklered Sprinldered Unsprinldered Sprinldered Type of Occupancy ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ~etention and Correctional New - Use Conditions II, III, IV 50 (15) 100 (30) 50 (15) 50 (15) 150f (45) 200f (60) V 50 (15) 100 (30) 20 (6.1) 20 (6.1) 150* (45) 200' (60) Existing - Use Conditions II, II1, IV, V 50h (15) 100h (30) N.R.a N.R.d 150r (45) 200f (60) '.esidential Hotels and Dormitories New 35' (10.7) 50i (15) 35 (10.7) 50 (15) 175q (53) 325f'j (99) Existing 35' (10.7) 5ff (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 175q (53) 325q (995 Apartments New 35' (10.7) 50~ (15) 35 (10.7) 50 (15) 175q (53) 325r~i (99) Existing 35' (10.7) 50' (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 1¢5q (53) 325q (99) Board and Care Small, New and Existing N.Rfi N.Rfi N.Rfi N.R.d N.Rfi N.R.d L~rge, New 35k (10 m) 35t (10 m) N.R.a N.Rfi 175t'j (53) 325q (99) . Large, Existing 35 (10 m) 35 (t0 m) N.Rfi N.R.a 175f'j (53) 325f'i (99) Lodging and Rooming Houses N.R.a N.R.a N.Rfi N.Rfi N.Rfi N.R.a One- and Two-Family Dwellings N.Rfi N.R.a N.Rfi N.Rfi N.Rfi N.R.a lercantile Class A, B, C , New 75 (23) 100 (30) 20 (6.1) 50 (15) 100 (30) 200 (60) Existing 75 (23) I00 (30) 50 (15) 50 (15) 150 (45) 200 (60) Open Air N.Rfi N.R.a 0 (0) 0 (0) N.Rfi N.R.d Covered Mall New 75 (23) 100 (30) 20 (6.1) 50 (15) 100 (30) 400I (120) Existing 75 (23) 100 (30) 50 (15) 50 (t5) 150 (45) 400~ (120) lusiness New 75~" (23) 100m (30) 20 (6.1) 50 (15) 200 (60) 300 (91) Existing 75m (23) 100TM (30) 50 (15) 50 (15) 200 (60) 300 (91) ndustrial General 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (t5) 200" (60) 250" (75) Special Purpose 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 300P (91) 400P (t22) High Hazard 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 75 (23) 75 (23) Aircraft Servicing Hangars, Ground Floor 50P (15) 50P (15) 50P (15) 50P (15) Note o Note o Aircraft Servicing Hangars, Mezzanine Floor 50P (15) 50P (15) 50P (15) 50P (15) 75 (23) 75 (23) ;torage Low Hazard N.R.d N.Rfi N.Rfi N.R.d N.Rfi N.R.d Ordinary Hazard 50 (15) 100 (30) 50 (15) 100 (30) 21)0 (60) 400 (122) ~igh Hazard 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 75 (23) 75 (23) Parking Garages, Open 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 200 (60) 300 (91) Parking Garages, Enclosed 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 50 (15) 150 (45) 200 (60) Aircraft Storage Hangars, Ground Floor 50e (15) 100P (30) 50P (15) 50P (15) Note o Note o Atrcraft Serv~cmg Hangars, Mezzanine Floor 50P (15) 75P (23) 50P (15) 50P (15) 75 (23) 75 (23) Underground Spaces in Grain Elevators 50P(15) 50P (15) N.Rfi'P N.R.a'P 200 (60) 400 (122) ~.0 ft (6.1 m) for common path serving > 50 persons; 75 ft (23 m) for common path serving > 50 persons. gee Chapter 8 and 9 for special considerations for aisle accessways, aisles, and mezzanines. ~ee Chapters 8 and 9 for special considerations for smoke-protected assembly seating in arenas and stadia. NO requirement. See Sections 10-7 and 11-7 for requirement for second exit access based on room capacity or area. Fhis dimension is for the total travel distance, assuming incremental portions have fully utilized their allowable maximums. For travel distance within the room, and from he room exit access door to the exit, see the appropriate occupancy chapter. Not applicable. See Chapter 15 for special considerations for existing common paths. ['his dimension is from the room/corridor or suite/corridor exit acce.m door to the exit: thus it applies to corridor common path. See appropriate occupancy chapter for special travel distance considerations for exterior ways of exit access. gee Section 22-3 for requirement for second exit access based on room area. ;ee Sections 24-4 and 25-4 for special travel distance considerations in covered malls considered pedestrian ways. ee Chapter 26 and 27 for special common path considerations for single tenant spaces. ee Chapter 28 for industrial occupancy special travel distance considerations. e~ Cha~ters 28 and 29 for special reqt~irements on spacing of doors in aircraft hangam. ee Chapters 28 and 29 for special requirements if high hazard. 1994 EDITION 101-250 LIFE SAFETY CODE will not avenu( dead-end travel ~ A-5-7.1 An exit from the upper stories, in which the direction of egress travel is generally downward, should not be arranged so that it is necessary to change over to travel in an upward direction at any point before discharging to the Outside. A sim- ilar prohibition bf reversal of the verti~tl component of travel shot~l& be applied to exitsl from ~torieS below the~ floor of exit discharge. However, an exception is permissible in the case of stairs u~ed in connection witl~ °Verhehd or underfloor exit pas2 sageways that serve the street floor only. ;be available from build- ts so that exits outside. Two or more ~ery small : example, on a narrow the authority ~lternate way of are not or similar or ting the required width such access (a) 5-1.6 with resPect to changes in elevation, and (b) 5-222 for stairs, as applicable, and (c) 5-2.5 for ramps, as applicable, and (d) 31-1.2.2 with respect to maintaining the means of egress freE; of!obstructions th&t would prevent its use, such as snow and :the need for its removal in s~)rrle'climates. A-5-8, LI The extent to which illumination needs to be pro- vided ohtside the building shouldt'be to either a public way or a distance away from the building that is considered safe, ~hich- ever ~s~ closest to the building being evacuated. A-5-8.13 A desirable form of means of egress lighting is by lights recessed in Balls about a foot (30 cm) abox;e the floor Such lights are not hkely to be obscured by smoke. A-5-9.1;1 The extCpt to which emergency lighting needs to be provided outstde the braiding shouldbe to either a pubhc way or a'distance away from the building that is considered safe, whmhever is closest to the budding being evacuated. uniformity ratio is determined by Maximum illumination at any point Minimum illumination at any point A-5-9.2.2 Where approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, this requirement may be met by means such as: (a) Two separate electric lighting systems with independent wiring, each adequate alone to provide the specified lighting, one sfipplied fro~ an outside s~urce such as a public utility service and the other from an electric generator on the pre- mises driven by an independent source of power, both sources of illumination being in regular simultaneous operation when- ever the building is occupied during periods of darkness. (b) An electric circuit or circuits used only for means of egress illumination, with two independent electric sources arranged so that on the failure of one the other will automati- cally and immediately operate. One such source by a connec- 1994 EDITION tion from a public utility or similar outside power source and the other an approved storage battery with suitable provision to keep it automatically charged. Such battery being provided with automatic controls that after the battery comes into oper- atio!n~ due to failure of the primary power sturce or to turning off the primary electric source for the lights, it will be shut off after its specified period of operation and will be automatically recharge~l and re~dy for further serviC~ when the primary rent source is turned on again. (c) Electric battery~operated emergency lighting systems, where permitted, complying with the pr°Visions of 5-~.:}221 and peratmg on a separate c~rcmt and at a voltage different from that of the prima~y light. Refer to NFPA 70, National Electri- cal Code. These requirements are not intended to con- nection of a feeder serving functions ahead of the service disconnecfin provisiOn does not constitute an acce of power. It furnishes only gmenCy electrical functions, Particul; it the fire department tO Open the hampering exit activities. Pro fire ~tepartment that certain emergency generator ~ vice discoh~ct is opened. Where emergency lighting is provided by automatic transfer between'normal pow6r service and an emergency gdnetat0i, it is the intent to P~-ohibit installation for any rea~0n o~ a isingle switch that can interrupt both energy sources. A-5-9.2.4: Automobile-type lead storage by reason of their relatively short life when no discharge and recharge:; For proper selection and maintenance of appropriate bat- teries, refer to NFPA ~70, National Electrical Code. A-5-10.1.2 Where a main entrance serves also as an: exit, it will usually be sufficiently obvious to occupants solthat no exit sign is needed. The Character of the need for signs. In any assembly store, or ~other building subject to transient occup; need for signs will be greater than in manent or semipermanent such as an apartment house where the sumed to be familiar with exit thereof. Even in a permanent ever, there is need for signs to identify exil outside stairs that are not normal occupancy of the building. There are many types of situations where the actual need for signs may be debatable. In cases of doubt, hOWever, it is desirable to Joe on the safe side by providing signs, Particularly as the placing of signs ~does not ordinarily ~nvolve any material expense Or ificonveniehce. The requirement for the locations of exit signs Visible[ from any direction of exit access is illustrated in Figurei A25,10.[L2. A-5-10.1.5 See A-5-10.2. Xi;PENDIx:A 101-251 Direction of exit access travel Flow of people Exit with sign over exit Exit F/ ~ Exit sign erected perpendicular //~ to diroction ! Direction of exit access travel 4 Flow of people Direction of exit access travel~ ~ Exit signs Direction of exit access travel Flow of people lJ Exit Direction of exit access travel Figure A-5-10.1.2 Location of exit signs. Red is thc tradiiional color'for exit signs and is required by aw in many places. However, at an early stage in the develop- ment of the Code, a provision was made that green be the color for exit signs, following the idea of traffic lights where green indicates safety and red is the signal to stop. During the period when green signs were specified by the Code, many such signs were installed, but the traditional red signs also persisted. In 1949, the Fire Marshals Association of North America voted to request that red be restored as the required exit sign color, as they found that the provision for green involved difficulties in [aw enactment out of proportion to the importance of the sub- ect. The 10th edition of the Code accordingly specified red vhere not otherwise required by law. The present text avoids any specific requirement for color on the assumption that either red or green Will be used in most crises, and that there may be some situations~ where some color other than red or green may actually provide better visibility. A-5-10.1.7 See A-5-10.3 for definition of internally illuminated, A-5,10.2 Where graphics are used, the symbols of NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety Symbols, should be used. Such signs need to provide equal visibility and illumination and comply with the other requirements of Section 5-10. A-5-10.3 The following illumination methods are defined: Externally Illuminated. Th~ light source is contained outside of the device or legend that is to be illuminated. The light Source is typically a dedicated incandescent or fluorescent source. Internally Illuminate& The light source is contained inside the deVice or legend that is illuminated. The light source is typically incandescent, fluorescent, electroluminescent, light- emitting diodes, or self-luminous. Self-Luminous. Illuminated by self-contained power sources (i.e., tritium) and operates independently of external power sources. Batteries do not qualify as a self-contained power source, The light source is typically contained inside the device. ElectroluminesCent. A light-emitting capacitor. Alternating current excites phosphor atoms where placed between the electrically conductive surfaces and produces light. This light source is typically contained inside the device. A-5-10.3.1 It is not the intent of this paragraph to require emer- gency lighting but only to have the sign illuminated by emergency lighting if emergency lighting is required and provided. It is not the intent to require that the entire stroke width and entire stroke height of all letters comprising the word EXIT be visible per the requirements, of 5-10.3.2 or 5-10.3.3 under normal or emergency lighting operation, provided that the sign is visible and legible at a 100-fi (30-m) distance under all room illumination conditions. A-5-10.3.2 Colors providing a good contrast are red or green letters on matte white background. Glossy background and glossy letter colors should be avoided. A-5-10.3;3 The average luminance of the letters: and back- ground is measured in footlamberts. The contrast ratio is com- puted from these measurements by the following formula: Contrast = Lg-Le Where Lg is the greater luminance and Le is the lesser lumi- nance, either the variable Lg or Le may represent the letters, and the remaining variable will represent the background. The average luminance of the letters and background may be com- puted by measuring the luminance at the positions indicated in Figure A-5-10.3.3 by numbered spots. ooo ®1@ ® ® ® Figure A-5-10.3.3 Measurement of exit sign luminance. A-5-10.3.3 Exception No. 2 The luminance of these signs is determined by measuring the luminance of circular areas, no greater than 3/8 in. (1.0 cm) in diameter, at the positions indi- cated by Xs in Figure A-5-10.3.3 Exception No. 2. 1994 EDITION 101-252 LIFE SAFETY CODE × xI X X XI X X Figure A-5-10.3.3 Exception No. 2 Measurement of self-luminuous exit sign luminance. Self-luminous signs are illuminated by self-contained power sources and operate independently of e~xternal power soUrces. Batteries do not quali~ as self-contained power sources under this definition. A-5-10.3.5 It is the intent to prohibit a freely accessible light switch to control the illumination of either an internally or externally illuminated exit sign. A-5-10.3.5 Exception The flashing repetition rate should be approximately one cycle per second, and the duration of the off-time should not exceed one quarter second per cycle. Dur- ing °n-time,. the illumination l~vels need to be p~ovided in ac~°tdance ~vith 5-1013.2 or 5-10.3.3. Flashing signs, when acti- vated with the fire alarm system, may b~e of ~sis~ance. A-5-10.4.1.1 A sign complying with 5-10.4.1.1 indicating the direction of the nearest approved exit should be placed at the point of entrance to any escalator or moving walk. See A-5-10.2. A-5-10.4.1.2 Figure A-5-10.4.1.2 shows examples of accept- able locations of dtrectlonal tndicators with regard to left and right orientation. EXIT> <EXIT <EXIT> Figure A-5-10.4.1.2 Directional indicators. A-5-10.4.2 The likelihood of mistaking passageways or stair- ways that lead to dead-end spaces where occupants might be trapped for exit doors depends upon the same considerations as govern the need for exit signs. Thus, such areas should be marked with a sign reading "NO EXIT". Supplementary iden- tification indicating the character of the area such as "TO BASEMENT", "STOREROOM", "LINEN CLOSET", or the like may be provided. See A-5-10.2. A-5-11.1 Seventy-five ft (23 m) can be traver~d in approximately 10 to 15 seconds, even when allowing for a momentary delay for making a decision as to which way to go, during which it may be assumed that a normal individual can hold his or her breath. CHAPTER 6 A-6-2.1 Table A-6-2.1 is a reprint of Table 3 from NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction. This is included for the convenience of users of this Code. 1994 EDITION A-6-2.2.2 To ensure that a fire barrier is continuous, it is nec~ essary to seal completely all openings where the fire barrier abuts other fire barriers, exterior walls, the floor below, and the floor or ceiling above. In the Exception to 6-2.2.2, the fire resistance rating of the bottom of the interstitial space is pro- vided by that membrane in and of itseiL Ceilings of rated fl~or/ ceiling and roof/ceiling assemblies do not necessarily provide the r~quired fire resistance. A-6-23.1 Exception No. 2 Methods for calculating the fire endur- ance of asseml~iies may be found in the follOWing publications: (a) Concrete and Masonry. 1. ACI 2/6R, Guide for Determining the Fire Endurance of Concrete Elements 2. Concrete and Masonry Industry Firesafety Commit- tee, Analytical Methods of Deter:mining Fire Endurance of Con- crete and Masonm. Members Model Code Approved Procedures 3. CRSI, Reinforced Concrete Fire Resistance 4. PCI, Design for Fire Resistance of Precast Prestressed Concrete (b) Steel. 1. AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Columns 2. AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Beams 3. AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Trusses (c) Wood. 1. National Forest Products Association, Design of Fire-Resistive ExPosed Wood Members 2. UBC, Methods for Calculating Fire Resistance of Wood-Framed Walls, Floors and Roofs A-6-2.3.5 Longer ratings may be required where doors are provided for property protection as well as life safety. NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows, may be consulted for standard practice in the selection and instal- lation of fire doors. In existing installations only, a 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core door has been considered a satisfactory substitute for a door with a 20-minute fire protection rating. A-6-2.3.6.1 In engineered smoke management systems, the designer should consider the use of h igh temperature links on fire dampers where air-handling ducts penetrate fire barriers. A-6-2.3.6.2 Penetrations through fire barriers should meet the following criteria. Cables, wires, pipes, tubes, conduits, vents, and other penetrating items as well as insulation and coverings on penetrating items should be: (a) Tested in accordance with NFPA 251, Standard Meth- ods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, as part of a rated assembly, or (b) Protected by an approved, through-penetration system that has been tested in accordance with ~S:FM E814, Methods for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops. In lieu of the above, the annular space around the penetrat- ing item may be protected where the penetrating item is a cable or wire without a~ combustible jacket or a noncombusti- ble cable, wire, pipe, tube, conduit, or vent. The material used to fill the annular spaee~ i.e., spaces between a sleeve and pen- etratmg item and sleeve and fire bamer, should prevent the passage of flame and hot gases that are sufficient to ignite cot- APPENDIX A 101-253 Table A-6-2.1 Fire Resistance Requirements for Type I through Type V Construction Type I I Type II Type III Type V 000 ~XTERIOR BEARING WALLS - Supporting more than one floor, columns, or other bearing walls ...... Supporting one floor only. .................... Supporting a roof only. ......................... iNTERIOR BEARING WALLS - Supporting more than one floor, columns, or other bearing walls ...... Supporting one floor only. .................... Sup~orting a roof only. ......................... 20LUMNS - Supporting more than one floor, cOlumns, or other bearing walls ...... Supporting one floor only. .................... Supporting a roof only. ......................... BEAMS, GIRDERS, TRUSSES & ARCHES - Supporting more than one floor, columns, or other bearing walls ...... Supportiag one floor only. .................... Supporting a roof only .......................... FLOOR CONSTRUCTION ROOF CONSTRUCTION EXTERIOR NONBEARING WALLS Those members listed that are permitted to be of approved combustible material. ~ Reauirements for fire resistance of exterior walls, the prowsion of spandrel wall sections, and the limitation or protection of wall openings are related to construction type. They need to be specified-in other standards and codes, where appropriate, and might be required in addition to the requirements of this standard for the construction type. 2 "H" indicates heavy timber members. n waste when subjected to the time temperature fire condi- ions of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building ?onstruction and Materials, under a minimum positive pres- ure differential of 0.01 in. of water column (2.5 Pa) at the acation of the penetration for the time period equivalent to he required fire resistance rating of the assembly penetrated. Yhere sleeves are used, the sleeves should be noncombustible tnd should be securely fastened to the fire barrier. Concrete, mortar, or grout may be used to fill the annular paces around iron, steel, or copper pipe, tube, or conduit, or vires and cables with steel jacl~e~s that penetrate concrete or nasonry fire barriers. The nominal diameter of the penetrat- ng item should not exceed 6 in. (15.2 cm), and the opening size hould not exceed 144 sq in. (929 sq cm). The thickness of con- :fete, mortar, or grout should be the full thickness of the bar- ier or the thickness necessary to provide a fire resistance rat- ng not less than the required fire resistance rating of the ~arrier penetrated. Openings for steel electrical outlet boxes not exceeding 6 sq in. (103 sq cm) in area and that are not listed for use in fire 'esistance rated assemblies should be permitted, provided the trea of such openings does not exceed 100 sq in. (645 sq cm) for my 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) of enclosure wall area. Outlet boxes on >pposite sides of the enclosure should be separated by a horizon- al distance of not less than 24 in. (61 cm). A-6-2.3.6.2(c) See NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, for additional infor- mation on air-handling ducts passing through fire barriers. A-6-2.4.2 Penetrations through floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling assemblies should be protected using the methods specified below. Penetrations of nonrated assemblies should be protected as required by Table A-6-2.4.2(a). Penetrations of rated assem- blies should be protected as required by Table A-6-2.4.2(b). Expansion joints are usually found only in large buildings [i.e., at least 200 ft (60 m) in length and/or width] of steel or concrete construction. They are provided to permit the sepa- rate portions of the structural frame to expand and contract with temperature and moisture changes without adversely affecting the building's structural integrity or serviceability. Expansion joints can usually be identified by the following characteristics: 1) a double row of columns, 2) a width of 1 in. to 3 in. (2.5 cna to 7.6 cm), and3) a steel plate cover that is attached to the floor on one side of the joint and free to slide on the other side. Expansion joints should not be confused with control or construction joints. Control joints are normally found in concrete or masonry walls and concrete slabs-on-grade. They are provided to: 1) prevent cracking of the wall or slab due to excessive tensile forces in the concrete or masonry caused by shrinkage upon 1994 EDITION 101-254 LIFE SAFETY CODE drying, or 2) induce cracking due to excessive tensile forces caused by drying shrinkage to occur at a predetermined loca- tion; hence the term "control" joint. Construction joints are used as a stopping and starting point for two successive concrete placements (pours) in walls, floors; and beams. Since a construction joint must be designed to transfer load aCross the joints, seParation due to thdrmal or cipated. lateral place from its , the that dam- conduct an enclosure. enclosure. around the pen- METHOD F METHOD G Systems should have an F rating of at least I hour but not tess than the required fire resistance rating of the assembly being penetrated. Systems protect- ing floor penetrations should have a T rating of at least I hour but not less than the required fire resistance rating of the floor being penetrated. FlOor penetrations contained within the cavity of a wall at the location of the floor penetration do not require a T rating, No requirements. Penetrations' permitted only :when tested in accordance with NFPA 25 li Stdndard Mktho&' of Fire Tesh' of Building ConStructiOn and Materials, as a part Of the rated assembly. A-6-2.4.4 The application of the divided into stories may not A-6-2.4.5(g) Given that a mezzanine one-third area definitiOn of mezZanines "story," it can therefore have 100 the communicating area run back t ithin A-6-2.4.6 Where atriums are used degree of safety to occupants to ensure that dangerous concen promptly removed from the atrium. needs careful design. are in a METHOD E line. me. Use of an approved, through-Penetration protection system tested in accordanc~ with ASTM E814, Meth- ods for Fire T~s/s ;qf Through-penetration Fire Stops at a posmve p~ure d~fferenua! between the exposed and unexpogedsurfaces ~fthe test assembly of not less than (}~01 in. water gauge (2i5 Pa). work out equivalent life safety. A-6-2.4.6(d) Exception Automatic sprinklers have been suc- cessfully tested at ceiling heights u~ to 50 ft (15 m). The authority having jurisdiction has perMiSSion to 6~it sprinklers at higher' ceiling .heights, since it has nOt been demonstrated Table A-6-2.4.2(a) Nonrated Floor and Roof Assemblies Factory-Built Conduits, Pipes,~ Appliance Vents Cables and and Tubes Ducts and Chimneys Wire~ ~ Penetrating Material Classification · Non- Non- comb. Non~ Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. All Penetration through 3 floors or A, C2, or E A or E A A or E more (connectin$ 4 stories or more) Penetration through 2 floors A, B, A, B, A, B, [ A or B A, B, I A or B A, B, maximum (connectihg 3 stories C2, or E or E or D2[ or C2 or E maximum) Penetration through 1 floor 'maximum (connecting 2 stories A, B, C2, or E A, B, C2, or D2 A, B, or C2 A, Bi maximum) ' C2, or! E rPooenetration through f/ceiling assembly Penetration through F roof membrane only ~ Pi ~es and tubes carrying hazardous materials may:require additional protection. 1994 EDITION APPENDIX A 101-255 Table A-6-2.4.2Co) Rated Floor and Roof Assemblies Factory-Built ' Conduits, Pi~es, and Ducts Appliance Vents Cables and ' ' Tubes and Chimneys Wires Penetrating Material Classification ' Non- Non- I Non- ~COmb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb Comb. All Pentration through 3 floors A, E, A or E A A or E or more (connecting 4 stories or more) or G Penetration through 2 floors maximum A, B, C2, A, B, A or B A or B A, B, ~ (connecting 3 ~tories maximum) ' ' E~ Or G E~ or G E, or G Penetration . -. Monoliihic A, B, A, B, A, B, A, B, thr6ugh 1 ~ File rated assembly C2, E, or D23 or C2 C2, E, floor or G · or G (connectingmaXimum ' Fire rated' Ceiling n,~, A, B, D1,2 'A, B, n,~, assembly membrane Ci, E, or G or C1z C1, E, 2 stories with memb[-ane penetrated or G A, B, A or B or G maximum) protection FlOor A, B, E or G A, B, A, B, A, B, " membrane C2, E, . or D23 or C2 C2, E, · penetrated ' or G or G Penetration Ceiling ' -49 B, A, B, D1,2 A, B, A, B, through membrane Ci,2 E, or G or ci2 C1,2 E, roof/ceiling ' or G or G assembly Roof membrane F Penetration through roof membrane only Pipes and tubes carrying hazardous materials may reqmre additional protection. Aggregate area of openings not to exceed 100 sq in. (.065 sq m)/100 sq ft (9.3 sq m). 3Duct must be part Of fullyducted system (transfer grilles not permitted). hat sprinklers directly over the fire will effectively respond to :he fire in a timely manner. Sprinkler respOnse should be eval- uated prior to permitting the deletion of this element of build~ ng fire protection. Although height is an important factor in tetermining the response time of the sprinkler,. other factors ;uch as the size of the fire, its heat release rate, sprinkler char- ~cteristics, ventilation, and the total volume of the atrium ;hould be conside?ed. [-6-2.4.6(e) See A-7-3.1. [-6-2.4.6(f) Activation of the ventilation system by manual fire ~larms, extingUishing systems, and detection systems can cause mwanted operation 0fthe system, and it is suggested that consid- :ration be given to zoning of the-activation functions so the venti- ation system operates only When actually needed. ~-6-2.4.6(f)1 Projected beam smoke detectors have been dem- onstrated as an effective method for detection of smoke, accessi- 9ility for testing and maintenance, and ability to overcome prob- lems associated with smoke stratification within the height of the atrium.. If stratification is a potential problem, use of projected 9eam smoke detectors at different levels is recommended. ~-6.2.4.6(g) Exception No. 2 ~he intent of the requirement [or closely spaced sprinklers to wet the atrium glass wall is to :nsure that the surface of the glass is wet upon operation of the sprinklers with a:maximum s~acing of sprinklers of 6 ft (1.8 m) on centers. Provided that it can be shown that the glass can ~e wet by the sprinklers using a given discharge rate and that the 6-ft (1.8-m) spacing is not exceeded, the intent of the requirement is met. A-6-2.4.11 Exception No. I The intent Of the exception is that a limitation be placed on the size of the'opening to Which the protection applies. The total floor opening should not exceed twice the projected area of the escalator or moving walk at the floor. Also, the arrangement of the opening is not intended to circumvent the requirements of 6-2.4.6. As with any opening through a floor, the openings around the outer perimeter of the escalators should be considered as vertical openings. The'sprinkler, draft stop installation is intended to pro- vide adequate protection for these openings, provided that the criteria of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, as well as the area criteria descn'oed above are met. A-6-2.6.1 The area limitations are based on life safety consider- ations and are not intended to suggest that changes should be made in local building codes having similar or more restrictive requirements that are based on other reasons. Building codes generall~ contain detailed' informatiOn On the proper selection and installation of draftstopping and firestopping materials. A-6-3.1 Wherever smoke barriers 'and dOOrs therein require a degree of fire resistance as may be specified by requirements in the various occupancy chapters (Chapters 8 through 29), the construction is more appropriately a fire barrier that has been defined "to limit the spread of fire and restrict the movement of smoke.'~ See 6-2.3.2 and 6-2.3.3. A-6-3.2 To ensure that a smoke barrier is continuous, it is necessaw to seal completely all openings where the smoke bar- rier abuts other smoke barriers, fire barriers, exterior walls, the floor below, and the floor or ceiling above. 1994 EDITION 101-256 LIFE SAFETY CODE It is not the intent to prohibit a smoke barrier from stopping at a fire barrier if the fire barrier meets the requirements of a smoke barrier (i.e., the fire barrier is a combination smoke barrier/fire barrier). A-6-3.4.1 The clearance for proper operation of smoke doors has been defined as 1/$ in. (0.3 cmi. For additional information on the installation of smoke-control door assemblies, see NFPA 105, Recommended PraCtice for the Installation of Smoke-Control Door ASSemblies. A-6-3.4.2 In existing installations only, a P/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick solid bonded wood core door has been considered a satisfactory substitute for a door With a 20-minute fire protection raring. A-6-3.4.3 rational necessityi it is desired to usually open, such doors activated to close the doon ~" detec- tors andoth~ A-6-4,1.1 Areas requiring special hazard protection may inctudei but are not lir~ited t~, ~reas such as th0se used for stor- age of combustibles or flammables, areas hoUsing heat-producing appliances, or areas used for maintenance purposes. A-6-4.2 For details, see NFPA 68, Guide fOr Venting of Deflagrations. A-6-5.1.1 The requirements pertaining to interior finish are intended to restrict the spread of fire over the continuous sur- face forming the interior portions of a building. Furnishings, which in some cases may be secured in place for functional reasons, shOuld not be considered as interior finish. A-6-5.2 Table A-6-5.2 gives a .compilation of the interior fin- ish requirements of the occupancy chapters (Chapters 8 through 29) of this Code. A-6-5.2.2 This paragraph recognizes that traditional finish floors and floor coverings such: as wood flooring and resilient floor coverings have not proved to present an unusual hazard. A-6-5.23.5 Previous editions of the Code have regulated tex- tile materials on walls and ceilihgs using NFPA 255,'Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Ch~'racteristics of Building Materials. Full scale room/Corner fire test research has shown that flame spread indices pr°daced by NFPA 255 may not reli- ably predict, all aspects of the fire behavior of textile wall and ceiling coverings. Testing by NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings, uses a reasonable sized ignition Source to show that the material will not spread fire to involve objects remote from the area of origin, and that the textile product will not gener- ate sufficient energy to cause the room .of origin to flashover. Acceptance of textile wall covering materials should be contin- gent upon qualification tests in which a specific textile/ adhesive pair has been evaluate& A-6.5,2.5 .Light-transmltting. ' pilastics are used for a variety of purposes~ including light diflusdrs, exterior wall panels, slw- hgffts, canopies, glazing, and the like. Previous editions of tl~e Code have not addressed the u~e of light-transmitting plastics. Light-transmitting plastics will Inot normally be used in appli- cations representative of interior finishes. Accordingly, NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of &trface Burning Characteristics of Butlding Materials, may produce test results that may or may not be applicable. 1994 EDITION Light-transmitting plastics are regulated by the United States odedelbuilding codes; see, for example, the Uniform Building , the Standard Building Code, ~ind the National Buildi~ Code. The provisions of existing model building codes provide applications of light-transmitting having jurisdiction determines that a model tO espe- of In A-6-5.3.2 255, of Building r NFPA ment on a valid during: relies value. on obscur A~6-5.4. corridor fire. Th{ basis for installed meet the the carpeting standard fire until no pet It rior floor fir A-6-5.6 Fire faces needs to t ap[ tion may over APPENDIX A 101-257 TabLe A-6-5.2 Interior Finish Limitations Occupancy Exits Access to Exits Other Spaces Assembly -- New Class A or B A A or B Class C A A or B Assembly -- Existing Class A or B A A or B Class C A A or B Educational -- New A A or B Educational -- Existing Day-Care Centers New Day-Care Centers -- Existing Group Day-Care Homes -- New Group Day-Care Homes Existing Family Day-Care Homes Health Care -- New A.S. Mandatory Health Care -- Existing Detention and Correctional -- New Detention and Correctional Existing Residential, Hotels and Dormitories -- NeW Residential, Hotels and Dormitories Existing Residential, Apartment Buildings -- New Residential, Apartment Buildings -- Existing Residential, 1- and 2-family, Lodging or Rooming Houses Residential, Board and Care -- See Chapters 22 and 23 Mercantile -- New Mercantile -- Existing Class A or B Mercantile Existing Class C Office -- New Office Existing Industrial Storage AorB A,B, or C AorB A,B, orC Aor B C on low parti- tions-~ A AorB A, B, or C A A A or B I or II I or II N.R. AorB AorB AorB AorB AorB A, B, or C A or B A, B, or C A, B, or C A or B A, B, or C A, B, or C A or B A or B A or B C lower portion C in Small indivi- of corridor dual roomsl. wall? AorB AorB AorB Al' Al' A, B, or C I I' A or B'~ A or B? A, B, or C I or I1 I or II A AorB A,B, or C I or II I or II AorB AorB A,B, or C I or IH' I or II? A A or B A, B, or C I or IH' I or II? AorB AorB A, B, orC I or II? I or II'~ A, B, orC A, B, or C A, B, orC AorB AorB AorB AorB A,B, or C A,B, or C AorB AorB I or II I or II AorB AorB A, B, or C AorB A,B, orC A, B, or C A or B A, B, or C A, B, or C Aor B ceilings A or B existing on walls A, B, or C A,B, or C A, B.or C ~'See Chapters for de. tails. Ie tes: · Class A Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish -- flame spread 0-25, (newl smoke developed 0-450. Class B Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish flam~ spread 26-75, (new) smoke developed 0-450. Class C Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish -- flame spread 76-200, (new) smoke developed 0-450. Class I Interior Floor Finish -- critical radiant flux, minimum 0.45 watts per sq cm. Class II Interior Floor Finish critical radiant flux, minimum 0.22 whtts per sq cm. Automatic Sprinklers where a complete standard system of automatic sprinklers is installed, interior wall and ceiling finish with flame spread rating not over Class may be used in any location where Class B is required and with rating of Class B in any location where Class A is required similarly, Class II interior floor finish may used in any location where Class I is required and n6 critical radiant flux rating is required/vhere class II is required. This does not apply to new health care facilties. Exposed portions of structural m~mbers complying with the requirements for heavy timber construction are permitted. t 994 EDITION 101-258 LIFE SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 7 A-7-3.1 For guidance on designing, installing, acceptance testing, periodic testing, and maintaining engineered smoke control systems, see: NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke-Control Systems. NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and La~ge ~4re as. NFPA SPP-53, Smoke Control in Fire Safety Design, by Butcher and Parnell. ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory--Fundamentals. See A-15-3A.3 for existing detention and correctional occupancies.: A-7-4.1 Under certain limited conditions, elevators have been recognized as required means of egress by prior editions of this Code. No such credit is given in this edition due to some characteristics that make them unsuitable for emergency egress use. The use of elevators for em, ergency evacuation purposes where operated by trained eme~'gency service personnel (building personnel, fire personnel, etc.) should be utilized in the building e~vaCuafion program. Elevators are normally capa- ble of mar~al} in-car fire fighter's oPeration (Phase II) after elevator recall (Phase I). In addition, there usually are [wo or more shafts wherever there are more than three elevators, which further enhances the possibilities for elevator use during a fire emergency where operated by trained personnel. In high~rise buildings, towers, or in deep underground spaces where travel over considerable vertical distance on stairs may cause persons incapable of such physical effort to collapse before they reach th~ street exit, stairways may be used for initial escal~e from the immediate area of danger, and elevators may be used to complete the travel to the street. It may be reasonably assumed that in all buildings of sUfficient height to indicate the need for elevators, elevators will be pro- vided for normal use; and for ~this reason, no requirements for mandatory installation of elevators are included in the Code. For additional information on elevators, see ASME/ANSI At7.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, and ASME/ ANSI A17,3, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Escalators. A-7-6.1.3 Some of the provisions of this section are excerpted from NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. For purposes of this Code, some provisions of this section are more stringent than those of NFPA 72. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, should be consulted for additional details. A-7-6.1.7 RecordS of conducted maintenance and testing and a copy of the certificate of compliance should be maintained. A-7-6.2.9 A living unit is that structure, area, room, or combi- nation of rooms, including hotel rooms/suites, in which a fam- ily or individual lives. This is meant to cover living areas only and not common usage areas in multifamily buildings such as corridors, lobbies, basements, etc. A-7-6.3.2 Where coded stations are used and more than one station is operated, at least three complete rounds of a clear coded signal should be transmitted. A-7-6~3.2 Exception No. 3 Elevator lobbies have been consid- ered an area subject to unwanted alarms due to factors such as low ceilings and smoking. In the past several years, many new features hhve become available t~ reduce this problem. ;I'hese features are, however, not necessarily included in any specific installation. 1994 EDITION A-7-6.3.2 Exceptions Nos. 4 and 5 The concept addressed by the exceptions is that detectors used for "releasing service," such as door or damper closing and fan shutdown, need not sound the building alarm. A-7-6.3.3 Effective July 1, 1996, NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, will require the use of the standard fire alarm evacuation signal for new alarm system installations in all buildings where the fire plan requires evacuation. A-7-6.3.5 Exception No. 1 In order to approve an evacuation plan to selectively notify building occupants, thc authoritY hav- ing jurisdiction should consider several building paran~ters, including building compartmentation, detectioa and suppres- sion system zor~s, o~cupant loads, and the numb¢~- and arrangement of the means of egress. A-7-6.5.5 Control devices i a motor control center ~ to be activated, e.g., air handling u on the roof. The req~ applies to the installation wiring unit and the auxiliary fire alarm relay, apply to the wiring control device the emergent3 (e.g., air-handling h the auxiliary fire alarm 3 ft (0.9 m) fled for A-7-7.1.1 For a discussion of the effectiveness of automatic sprinklers as well as a general discussion on automatic sprin- klers, see the seventeenth edition of the NFPA Fire Prote-ction Handbook. A-7-7.1.3 Properly designed automatic sprinkler systems pro- vide the dual function of both automatic alarms and automatic extinguishment. The preceding is not true in those cases where early detec- tion of incipient fire and early notification of occupants are needed to initiate actions in behalf of life safety earlier than can be expected from heat-sensitive fire detectors. A-7-7.2.1 NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, gives details of standard practice in sprinkler supervision. Subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction, sprinkler supervision may also be provided by direct connec- tion to municipal fire departments or, in the case of very large establishments, to a private headquarters providing similar functions. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code covers such matters. Where municipal fire alarm systems are involved, reference should also be made to NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installa- tion, Maintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communica- tion Systems. A-7-7.3 Automatic extinguishing systems other than auto- matic sprinklers are covered by the following NFPA standards: ~ NFPA t 1, Standard for Low-Expansion Foam. ~ .... ~ APPENDIX A 101-259 NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dio~dde Extinguishing Systems. Topics to be considered may include, but are not limited to, the following: NFPA 1ZA, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems. NFPA 12B, Standard on Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems. (a) Human behavior. NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire (b) Exit system. (c) Construction and structure. Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems. (d) Contents and finishes. I NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing (e) Detection. For a description ofstandard types of extinguishers (f) Emergency notification procedures and systems. aOd their installation, maintenance, and use, see NFPA 10, standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. The labels of recog- (g) Smoke management. nlzed testing laboratories on extinguishers provide evidence of (h) Fire suppression systems. tasks indicating reliability and suitability of the extinguisher for it~ intended use. Many.dnlabeled extinguishers are ~ffered for Local conditions may dictate other considerations. See also s~e that are substandard by reaSOn of insufficient extinguish- A-8-2.3.2. · ineffective extinguishing ; materials, or because Platform. A platform is not intended to be prohibited from use of a curtain as a valance to screen or hide the electric conduit, lighting track, or similar fixtures, nor prohibited from use of cur- tains that are used to obscure the back wall of the stage; a curtain between the auditorium and the stage (grand or house curtain), a CItAPTER 8 maximum of four leg drops; or a valance to screen light panels, Depending on the character of construction and plumbing, and similar equipment from view. ~e hazard of the occupancy, this will require some physical The following definition may be useful to the enforcer of the :paration by Wails of approl~riate fire resistance, protection of Code; although the term is not used within the Code. ~e other occupancy by automatic sprinklers, or other appro- late measures. Accessory Rooms. The accessory rooms are dressing rooms, property master's work and storage rooms, the carpen- · 8-1.2.4 Exception. Example: An assembly room for the ter's room, and similar rooms necessary for legitimate stage tmates of a detention occupancy will not normally be subject operations. simultaneous occupancy. A-8-1.4.1 Assembly occupancy subclassification should be -8-1.3 Special Definitions. based on a room-by-room basis, a floor-by-floor basis, and a total building basis· Each room should be based on the occu- Aisle Accessway. Aisle accessway is the name given to the pant load of that room and each floor should be based on the reviously unnamed means of egress component leading to an occupant load of that floor, but the classification of the assem- isle or other means of egress. For example, circulation space bly building overall should be based on the total occupant load. etween parallel rows of seats having a width of 1 fi to 2 ft Therefore, it is quite feasible to have several Class C assembly ).3 m to 0.6 m) and a maximum length of 100 ft (30 m) is an occupancies grouped together in a single building and that isle accessway. Some of the circulation space between tables building would be a Class A assembly occupancy. r seats in restaurants might be considered aisle accessway. Depending on the width of aisle accessway, which is influ- A-8-1.7.1 Suggested occupant load factors for components of Iced by its length and expected utilization, the movement of large airport terminal buildings are given in Table A-8-1.7.1. person through the aisle accessway might require other peo- However, the authority having jurisdiction may elect to use dif- le to change thbir individUal speed of moven~ent, alter their ferent occupant load factors, provided egress requirements are ostures, move their Chairs out ~f the way, or proceed ahead of satisfied. ~e person. Table A-8-1.7.1 Airport Terminal Occupant Load Factors Festival Seating. Festival seating describes situations in a~sembly occupancies where live entertainmegt events are Sq Ft Sq M held thai axe expected to result in overcrowding agd high audi- Airport Terminal (Gross) (Gross) eBce density thhi may compromise pub? safetyt It is not the i~tent to apply the term "feStival seating to exhibitions, sports Concourse 100 9.3 e~ents, dances, ~onventions, and bona fide politi¢al, religious, Waiting Areas 15 1.4 nd educational eVents. Assembly occupancies lMth 15 sq ft Baggage Claim 20 1.9 1.4 sq m) or mdre per pemon should not be considered festi- Baggage Handling 300 27.9 al seating. Other (See Table 21-5-3.1.2) Life Safety Evaluation. A life safety evaluation is a written To assist in preventing serious overcrowding incidents in sports :view dealing With the adequacy of life safety features relative arenas, stadiums, and similar occupancies, spectator standing ~ fire, storm, collapse, crowd behavior, and other related room should not be permitted between the' seating areas and the afety considerations, playing areas, except in horse race and dog track facilities. 1994 EDITION 101-260 LIFE SAFETY CODE Where a capacity or near capacity audience is anticipated, all seating should be assigned with tickets showing the section, row, and seat number. Where standing room is permitted, the capacity of the standing area should: (a) Be determined on the basis of 5 sq ft (0.46 sq m) per person, (b) Have its capacity added to the seating capacity in deter- mining egress requirements, (c) Be located to the rear of the seating area, and (d) Be given "standing room only" tickets according to the area designated for the purpose. The number of tickets sold or otherwise distributed should not exceed the aggregate number of seats plus approved stand- ing room numbers. See also A-8-2.3.2. A-8-1.7.1(a) For festival seating see 8-2.5.2 and Section 3-2. A-8-1.7.2' The increase in occupant load is a matter of right, if the provisions of 8-1.7 are followed. The owner or Operator has the right to submit plans and receive an increase in occu- pant load if the plans comply with the Code. The authority haw lng jurisdiction has a right to reject the plan for increase in occupant load if the plan is unrealistic, inaccurate, or other- wise does not properly reflect compliance.with other Code requirements. It is not the intent of the provisions of 8-1.7 to prohibit an increase in occupant load solely on the basis of exceeding the limits of 8-1.7.1. For festival seating see 8-2.5.2 and Section 3-2. A-8-2.2.3 Exception No. 5 The seating plan and the means of egress should be reviewed each time the seating is substantially rearranged. A-8-2.3.2 . A life safety evaluation is a written review dealing with the adequacy of life safety features relative to fire, storm, collapse, crowd behavior, and other related safety consider- ations. This review should be done by a person acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Such an evaluation includes, for example, a documented case that shows products of com- bustion in all conceivable fire scenarios will not significantly endanger occupants using means of egress in the facility (for example, because of fire detection, automatic suppression, smoke control, large-volume space, or management proce- dures). Moreover, means of egress facilities plus facility man- agement capabilities should be adequate to cope with scenar- ios where certain egress routes are blocked foi some reason. In addition to making realistic assumptions ~about the capa- bilities of persons in the facility (e.g., an assembled crowd including many disabled persons or persons unfamiliar with the facility), the life safety evaluation should include a factor of safety of at least 2,0 in alt calculations relating hazard devel- opment time and required egress time (the Combination Of flow time and other time needed to detect and assess an emer- gency condition, initiate egress, and move along the egress routes). This takes into account the possibility that half of the egress routes may not be used (or usable) in certain situations. Regarding crowd behavior, the potential hazards created by larger masses of peopte and greater crowd densities (which can be problematic during ingress, occupancy, and egress) demand tha! technology, going beyond fire protection engineering, be utilized by designers, :managers, and authorities responsible 1994 EDITION for buildings based on the relaxed egress capacity provisions of Table 8-2,3.2(b). In very large buildings for assembly use, the hazard of cr°w~t crushes Can exceed that Of fire or structUral failure; Therefore, .the building designers, managers, event planners, security personnel, police authorities, and fire authOrities, as web '~s :the buiidihg construction authorities, should understand the p0tentia problems and solutions, includ t of their activities. For crowd behavior, tion note be assumed to An example of Table 8-2.3.2(b). of ing in inches, per seat served, is 0.111 1.0. The aisle stair width, for of 340 (0.1 this ted tions is theatre main entrance for ing jurisdiCti each level 8-2.5.6.2 truly is a form of s are ~ time. Such I ~ ...... _. ~ APPENDIXA 101-261 bout one person per 15 sq ft (1.4 sq m). Prohibited by ~2.5.6.1 and 8-2.5.6.2 are those uncontrolled crowd situations ach as in front of stages at rock music concerts where the umber and density of people is uncontrolled by architectural r management features. ~-8-2.5.6.2 This requirement is intended to facilitate rapid, mergency access to individuals who are experiencing a medi- al emergency, especially cardiopulmonary difficulties for ,hich there is a need for rapid medical attention from trained ersonnel. The requirement also addresses the need for secu- ity and law enforcement personnel to get to an individual(s) ,l~ose behavior is endangering him or herself and others. ,-8-2.5.6.3 The catchment area served by an aisle accessway r aisle is the portion of the total space that is naturally served y the aisle accessway or aisle; Hence, the requirement for 0mbining the. required capacity where paths converge is in fleet a restatement of th~ idea of ~a C~tchment ar~a. The stablishment of catchment areas should be based on a bal- need Use of aH means of egress, with the number of persons in roportion to egress capacity. typical measurements an aisle. Note that, for of this Code, ~ is considered to be the Aisle 55 in. (91 cm) Min (~n Aisle 74 Jn.~ (188 Min Figure A-8-2.5.6.5 Seating at tables abutting an 6isli~. ,-8-2.5.7 For purposes of the means of egress requirements of tis Code, tablet-arm chair seating is not considered seating at tbles. Dinner theatre style configurations must comply with the isle accessway requirements applying to seating at tables and the isle requirements of 8-2.5.9 if the aisles contain steps or are amped. Generally, if aisles contain steps or are ramped, all of ais Code's requirements for aisles, stairs, and ramps must be met, nd attention is also drawn to 5-1.6 and A-5-1.6.2. ,-8-2.5.7.1 Seats having reclining backs are assumed to be in aeir most upright position when unoccupied. .t 8-2.5.7.3 The system known as "continental seating" has l~e pair of egress doors provided for every five rows that is ated close to the ends of the rows. In previous editions of the Code, such egress doors were required to provide a mini- mum clear width of 66 in. (168 em)discharging into a foyer, lobby, or to the exterior of the building. This continental seat- ing arrangement can result in egress flow times that are approximately one half as long as those resulting where side aisles lead to more remote doors (i.e., with nominal flow times of approximately 100 seconds rather than 200 seconds). Such superior egress flow time performance may be desirable in some sitUations; however, special attention should be given either to a comparably good egress capacity for other parts of the egress system or to sufficient space to accommodate queu- ing outside the seating space. A-8-2.5.8 For purposes of the means of egress requirements of this Code, seating at counters or other furnishing~ is consid- ered to be the same as seating at tables. A-8-2.5.8.1 Exception Effectively, where the aisle accessway is bounded by movable seating, the 12-in. (30.5-Cm) minimum width might be increased by about 15 in. to 30 in. (38 cm to 76 em) as se~ting is pushed in toward tables· Moreover, it is such movement of chairs during normal and emergency egress situ- ations that makes the zero-clearance exception workable. The exception als6 applies to booth seating where people sitting closest to the aisle normally move out ahead of anyone farthest from the aisle. A-8-2.5.8.2 Minimum width requirement as a function of accessway length: 0 in. (0 cm) for the first 6 ft (1.8 m) of length toward the exit; 12 in. (30.5 em) for the next 6 ft (1.8 m), i.e., up to 12 ft (3.7 m) of length; 12 in. to 24 in. (30.5 cm to 61 em) for lengths from 12 fl to 36 fi (3.7 m to 10.9 m), the maximum length to the closest aisle or egress doorway permitted by 8-2.5.8~3. Add to these widths any additional width needed for seating as described in 8-2.5.6.5. A-8-2.5.9.4 Technical information about the convenience and safety of ramps and stairs having gradients in the region of 1 in 8 clearly sUggests that the goal should be slopes for ramps that are less steep and better combinations of stair risers and treads than, for example, 4-in. (10:2-cm) risers and 32-in. (81-cm) treads~ This should be kept in mind by designers in establishing the gradient of seating areas to be served by aisles. A-8-2.5.9.5(b) Tread depth is more important to stair safety than is riser height. Therefore, in cases where seating area gra- dient is less than 5 in 11, it is recommended that the tread dimension be increased beyond 11 in. (27.9 cra) rather than reducing the riser height. Where seating area gradient exceeds 8 in 11, it is rec°mmended that the riser height be increased while maintaining a tread depth of at least 11 in. (27.9 cm). A-8-2.5.9.7 Failure to provide a handrail within a 30-in. (76-cm) horizontal distance of all required portions of the aisle stair width will mean that the egress capacity calculation must be modified as required by 8-2.3.2(b). This might lead to an increase in the aisle width; Although this will compensate for reduced egress effimency, it does not help ~ndlvlduals walking · n . i · on such port~o s ofstmrs to recover from missteps (other than possibly reducing marginally the crowding that might exacer- bate the problem of falls). See also 5-2.2.4. A-8-2.5.9.8 Certain tread covering materials such as plush carpets, which;are often used in theatres, produce an inher- ently well-marked tread nosing under most lighting conditions. 1994 EDITION 101-262 LIFE SAFETY CODE On the other hand, concrete treads (with nosings having a sharp edge), especially under outdoor lighting conditions, are difficult to discriminate and therefore.require an applied marki marking stripes should be s ) triPping hazard sal and A-5-1.6.2 for special: circulation vlicable where small eleVation differ~ hake facilities to rooms could be a kitchen, office, equipment room, and the like. It is also the intent that an addition could be made to an existing building without requiring that the existing building be sprinkl~red, wl~ere both th~ ne~ and existing buildings independent means of egress and a fire-rated separation is provided to isolate one building from the other. A school with e independent of and sepa- this Code of a visual ted to A-8-3.2.5 altar can- mate- rial lighted candles car- ried hazard too ~ cause. There are where the suffi- I A,8-4.6 inside ciat to dispose A-8-3.2.7.3 foamed items cove ered by paint. See A-6-5.3:1. klered the tot i , in non- are unoccupied. When the in the unoc~:upied, unsprin- If nonsprinklered haz- upon from. that detec- an: area that is occupied t when the tral station Where A-8-2.3.2. [ in an exhibit t requirements applicable to an exhibit. A-8-4.6.2 It is the intent to provide a suppression system that wffi act quickly to provide for life safety of the occupants. A-8-4.6.4.4 Consideration should be given to the provision of directional exit marking on or adjacent to the floor. CHAPTER 9 A-9-1.2.1 Depending on the Character of construction and the hazard of the occupancy, this will require some physical separation by walls of appropriate fire resistance, protection of the other occupancy by automatic sprinklers, or other appro- priate measures. A-9-1.2.4 Exception Example: An assembly room for the inmates of a detention occupancy will not normally be subject to simultaneous occupancy. A-9-1.3 Special Definitions. Aisle Accessway; Aisle accessway is the name given to the previously unnamed means of egress component leading to an aisle or other means of egress.. For example, circulation space between parallel rows of seats having a width of 1 ft to 2 ft (0.3 m to 0.6 m) and a maximum length of 100 ft (30 m) is an aisle accessway. Some of the circulation space between tables or seats in restaurants might be considered aisle accessway. Depending on the width of aisle accessway, which is influ- monitoring or enced by its length and expected utilization, the movement of a person through the aisle accessway might require other peo- A-8-3.5.1 1 "single ple to change their individual speed of movement, alter their multipurpose room 100 sq m)" to postures, move their chairs out of the way, or proceed ahead of have certain small These the person .... 1994 EDITION . ~ ~ .. APP.,ENDIXA ~ - 101-263 Festival Seating. Festival seating describes situations in assembly occupafi~ies where live entertainment events are hbld that are e~Pected to result in overcrowding and high audi- ace density that may compromise public safety. It is not the ~tent to apply the term "festival seating" to exhibitions, sports ?ents, denies, conventions, and bona fide political, religious, ad educational events. Assembly occupancies with 15 sq ft t.4 sq m) or more per person should not be considered festi- al seating, Life Safety Evaluation. A life safety evaluation is a written view dealing with the adequacy of life safety features relative ) fire, st°rna, cOllaPse, CrOwd behavior, and other related ~fety considerationS. Topics to be considered may include, but are not limited to, ~e following: (a) Human behavior. (b) Exit system. (c) ConStruction and strUcture. (d) Contents and finishes. (e) Detection. (f) Emergency notification procedures and systems. (g) Smoke management. (h) Fire suppression systems. Local cOnditions may dictate other considerations. See also 2.3.2. Platform. A platform is not intended to be prohibited from ~e of a curtain as a valance to screen or hide the electric conduit, ghting track, or similar fixtures, nor prohibited from use of cur- tgins that are used to obscure the back wall of the stage; a curtain b¢tween the auditorium and the stage (grand or house curtain), a ~aximum of four leg drops; or a valance to screen light panels, plumbing, and similar equipment from view. IThe following definition may be useful to the enforcer of the Code, although the term is not used within the Code. Accessory Rooms. The accessory rooms are dressing )oms, property master's work and storage rooms, the carpen- :r's room, and similar rooms necessary for legitimate stage ~erations, ~9-1.4.1 Assembly occupancy subclassification should be tsed on a room-by-room basis, a floor-by-floor basis, and a ~tal building basis. Each room should be based on the occu- ~nt load of that room and each floor should be based on the :cupant load of that floor, but the classification of the assem- ~y building overall should be based on the total occupant load. herefore, it is quite feasible to have several Class C assembly :cupancies grouped together in a single building and that ailding would be a Class A assembly occupancy. -94.7.1 Suggested occupant load factors fOr components of rge airport terminal buildings are given in Table A-9-1.7.1. owever, the authority having jurisdiction may elect to use dif- :rent occupant load factors, provided egress requirements are ~tisfied. Table A-9-1.7.1 Airport Terminal Occupant Load Factors Sq Ft Sq M Airport Terminal (Gross) (Gross) Concourse 100 9.3 Waiting Areas 15 1.4 Baggage Claim 20 1.9 Baggage Handling 300 27.9 Other (See Table A-5-3.1.2) To assist in preventing serious overcrowding incidents in sports arenas, stadiums, and similar occupancies, spectator standing room should not be permitted between the seating areas and the playing areas, except in horse race and dog track facilities. Where a capacity or near capacity audience is anticipated, all seating should be assigned with tickets showing the section, row, and seat number. Where standing room is permitted, the capacity of the standing area should: (a) Be determined on the basis of 5 sq ft (0.46 sq m) per person, (b) Have its capacity added to the seating capacity in deter- mining egress requirements, (c) Be located to the rear of the seating area, and (d) Be given "standing room only" tickets according to the area designated for the purpose. The number of tickets sold or otherwise distributed should not exceed the aggregate number of seats plus approved stand- ing room numbers. See also A-9-2.3.2. A-9-1.7.1(a) For festival seating, see 9-2.5.2 and Section 3-2. A-9-1.7.2 The increase in occupant load is a matter of right, if the provisions of 9-1.7 are followed. The owner or operator has the right to submit plans and receive an increase in occu- pant load if the pla ~ns comply with the Code. The authority hav- ing jurisdiction htls a right to reject the plan for increase in occupant load if the plan is unrealistic, inaccurate, or other- wise does not properly reflect compliance with other Code requirements. It is not the intent of the provisions of %I .7 to prohibit an increase in occupant load solely on the basis of exceeding the limits of 9-1.7.1. For festival seating, see 9-2.5.2 and Section 3-2. Existing auditorium and arena structures might not be designed for the added occupant load beyond the fixed seating. The authority having jurisdiction should consider exit access and aisles before granting additional occupant load such as festival seating, movable seating, etc. on the auditorium, or arena floor area. A-9-2.2.3 Exception No. 5 The seating plan and the means of egress should be reviewed each time the seating is substantially rearranged. A-9-23.2 A life safety evaluation is a written review dealing with the adequacy of life safety features relative to fire, storm, collapse, crowd behavior, and other related safety consider- ations. This review should be done by a person acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Such an evaluation includes, 1994 EDITION 101-264 L~FE SAFETY CODE for example, a documented case that shows products of com- bustion in all conceivable fire scenarios will not significantly endanger occupants using means of egress in the facility (for example, because of fire detection, automatic supPression, smoke control, large-volume space, or management .Pr0ce- dures). Moreover, ~cans of egress facilities plus facili~ man- agement capabilities should be adequate to cope with scenar- ios where certain egress routes are blocked for some reason. In addition to maki~ bilities of persons in routes). This takes egress routes emer~ of the be p lized 1 9-2..' fore, building rial ities. E of space, for the hazard of Fhere- he poten- : activ- and in pub- licafions referenced on a linear rela- tionship 1 time, with a mi ' : 2,000 seats plus 1 >~5,0007 Beyond onds time for familiar are noted be the use ofi Table 9-2.3.2(b). Example: An arena seating and having seats. For of an aisle s handrail ing between the and 0.096 respectively) for 10,000-seat and L' uired Stair width in inches, per seat s is 1.2 and B is 1.0. The aisle s ~purposes, is the product of 340 (0,113) (i17 cm). In this case, a minimum width criterion of 48 in. (122 cm) (see 9-2.5.9.3) will govern its width. Most pl-evious edition_s of {he Code credited thts aisle stmr with a capacity of only 150 persons. A-9-2.3.3 Exception No. 2 The original Code wording permit- ted certain exceptions such as sports arenas and railway sta- tions. I is question. hall ~ ~ r have a have I entrance ing A-9-2.5.6.1 This requirement and 9-2.5.6.2 have the effect of truly is a form of seating, suct spaces are commonly and small groups so that people can circu time. Such lawn seating of about one person per 15 sq ft (1.4 by 9-2.5.6.1 and 9-2,5.6.2 are ti such as in front of stages at rock the number and density of people is or management: feature~. A-9-2.5.6.2 This requirement is intended to emergency access to individuals cai emergency, for which there is a need :for personnel. The requirement rity and law enforcement personnel to whose behavior is endangering him A-9-2.5.6.3 The catchment are~ Or aisle is the portion of the total by the aisle accessway or aisle, for combining the required capacity in effect a restatement of the idea of ~ establishment of catchment anced use of all proportion to egress capacity. A-9-2.5.6.5 Figure A~9-2.5.6.5 shows t involving seating and tables abutting purposes of th~ means Of egress req' seating at counters or other furnishings is considered to be the same as seating at tables. A-9-2.5.7 For purposes of the means of egress requirements of this 'Code, tablet-arm chair seating is not consider-ed seating at tables. Dinner theatre style configurations must comply with the aisle acceSsway requiren~ents applying to seating at ta[des and the aisle requirements of 9-2.5.9 if the aisles contain steps or are ramped Generally, if aisles contain gteps or are raml~ed, all of this Code's requirement~ for aisles, stmrs, and ramps must be met, and attention is also drawn to 5-1.6 and ~-5-1.6.2. A-9-2.5.7.1 Seats having reclining backs are assumed to be in their most upright position when unoccupied. 1994 EDITION APPENDIX A 101-265 Aisle 36 in. Figure A-9-2.5.6.5 Aisle 55 in. Seating at tables abutting an aisle. ~-9-2.5.73 The system known as "continental seating" has me pair of egress doors provided for every five rows that is ocated close to the ends of the rows. In previous editions of he Code, such egress doors were required to provide a mini- num clear width of 66 in. (168 cm) discharging into a foyer, obby, or to the exterior of the building. This continental seat- ng arrangement can result in egress flow times that are tPProximately one half as long as those resulting where side tisles lead to more remote doors (i.e., with nominal flow times of approximately 100 seconds rather than 200 seconds). Such ~uperior egress flow time performance may be desirable in .omc situations; however, special attention should be given :ither to a comparably good egress capacity for other parts of he egress system or to sufficient space to accommodate queu- ng outside the seating space. ~-9-2.5.8 For purposes of the means of egress requirements ff this Code, seating at counters or other furnishings is consid- ered to be the same as seating at tables. k-9-2.5.8.1 Exception Effectively, where the aisle accessway s bounded by movable seating, the 12-in. (30.5-cm) minimum vidth might be increased by about 15 in. to 30 in. (38 cm to r6 em) as seating is pushed in toward tables. Moreover, it is uch movement of chairs during normal and emergency egress ituations that makes the zero-clearance exception workable. Fhe exception also applies to booth seating Where people sit- ing closest to the aisle normally move out ahead of anyone arthest from the aisle. k-9-2.5.8.2 Minimum width requirement as a function of ~ccessway length: 0 in. (0 cm) for the first 6 ft (1.8 m) of length toward the exit; 12 in. (30,5 cm) for the next 6 ft (1.8 m), i.e., up to 12 ft 3.7 m) of length; 12 in. to 24 in. (30.5 cm to 61 cm) for lengths from 12 ft to ;6 ft (3.7 m to 10.9 m), the maximum length permitted by ~-2.5.8.3 to the closest aisle or egress doorway. Add to these widths any additional width needed for seating s described in 9-2.5.6.5. t-9-2.5.9.4 Technical information about the convenience tnd safety of ramps and stairs having gradients in the region of 1 in 8 clearly suggests that the goal should be slopes for ramps that are less steep and better combinations of stair risers and treads than, for example, 4-in. (10.2-cm) risers and 32-in. (81-cm) treads. This should be kept in mind by designe~s in establishing the gradient of seating areas to be served by aisles. A-9-2.5.9.5(a) Exception Completely uniform tread dimen- sions are preferred over aisle stair designs where tread depths alternate between relatively small intermediate treads between seating platforms and relatively larger treads at seat- ing platforms, A larger tread, level with the seating platform, is not needed to facilitate easy access to and egress from a row of seating. If this arrangement is used, it is important to provide a better than minimum, tread depth: for the intermediate tread; hence, 13 in, (33.0 em) is specified. Where nonuniformities occur due to construction tolemnce~ they should not exceed 3/16 in. (0.5 cm) between adjacent treads. A-9-2.5.9.5(b) Tread depth is. more important to stair safety than is riser height. Therefore, in cases where seating area gra- dient is less than 5 in 11, it is recommended that the tread dimension be increased beyond 11 in. (27.9 cm) rather than reducing the riser height. Where seating area gradient exceeds 8 in 11, it is recommended that the riser height be increased while maintaining a tread depth of at least 11 in. (27.9 cm). 7-9-2.5,9.7 Failure to provide a handrail within a 30-in. 6-cm) horizontal distance of all required portions of the aisle stair wi~tth Will mean that the egres~ Capacity calCUlation must be modified az required by 9-~.3.2(b)i Thi~ might lead to an increase in the aisle width. Although this will compensate for reduced egress efficiency, it does not help individt~hls walking on such p°rtibns of stairs to reCover from missteps (other than possibly reducing marginally the crOWding that mi~,,ht exacer- bate the problem of falls). See also 5-22A. A-9-2.5.9.8 Certain tread covering materials such as plush carpets, which: are often used in theatres, Produce an inher- ently well-marked tread nosing under mOSt lighting conditions. On the othe? hand, concrete treads (with ~osin~s having a sharp edge), eSpecially under outdoor lighting conditions, are difficult to dig~riminate and theref°r~ require an apl~lied marking stripe~ Shp resistance of sUCh marking stripes should be similar to th~ ~est of the treadS, and nO t~ipPing hazard should be created. A-9-2.5.10.1 See 5-1.6 and A-5-1.6.2 for special circulation safety precautions applicable where small elevatiOn differ- ences occur. A-9-2.5.10.2 Attention is drawn to the need to make facilities accessible to people using v/heelchairs, and reference is made to CABO/ANSI A117.1American National Standard for Acces- sible and Usable: Buildings and Facilities, which provides guid- ance on appropriate aisle widths. A-9-3.1 Exception No. 3 The exception preSUmes the balcony or mezzanine complies with the other provisions of the Code such as travel distance to exits in aCCordance with 9-2.6 and numbers ofeXitg in accordance with 9-2.4. For the purposes of this exception, a balcony with glazing that provides a visual awarenes~ of:the main assembly arealis considered open. A-9-3.2.3.3(a) It is not the intent of this provision to .require a smoke barrier ~that meets the requirements of Section 6-3. lg94 EDITION 101-266 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-9-3.2.3.3(a)(l) Exception Rooms used solely for air, handling fans' are excepted from the requirements of para- graph 9-3.2.3.3(a). However, if the air-handling room is used for storage, furnaces, boilers, or otherUs~s.outiined in 923.2,3.3(~) in addition to h0usin~ the air-handling equipment, the requirements of 9-3.2.3.3(a) should be applied. A-9-3~2.4,4(d) NFPA 58,Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases, permits portable butane fueled A-9-3.2.5 rial rie¢ can- the suffi- trans- ered containing : items cov- paint, see A-9-3.4.2.2 in non- When the unsprin- If d haz- upon tor building is unoccupied monitoring or equivalent. A-9-4.3 Outdoor facilities are not accepted as inherently smoke-protected, but must meet of smoke- utilize the special requirements A-9-4.3.3 It is ithe intent to require compliance with the requirements of NFPA 102, Standard for Assembly Seating, Tents, requirements of this Code. ~ references spe- cific with means be met. Other r referenced by Where tents, and other NFPA 102, Stan- Structures, it is the inten be used to impose 1994 EDITION Ionly those requirements of NFPA 102 that are specifically noted as applying to existing facilities. A-9-4.4.3.4(e) The authority having jurisdiction may use the Ifield flame test contained in NFPA 705, Recommended Practice for a Field Flame Test for Textiles and Films, as oi~e metho~l of determining flame retardancy. [ A-9-4.4.317 Exception No. 3 See A-9-2.3.2. A.9-4.6 Where a special"amusement building is.installed inside another buildihg, such as within an exhibit hail, the spe- cial amUSement bUildihg requirements apply only to the s~e- cial amusement buildin& For example, the smoke detectors required by 9-4.6.3 need not be connected to the building's sys- tem. Where installed in an eXhibit hall, it must also meet the requirements applicable to an exhibit. A-9-4.6.2 It isthe intent'to provide'a suppression System tha! will act quickly to Provide for life safety of the occupants. A-9-4.6.4.4 Consideration should be given to the provision of directional exit marking on or adjacent to the floor. CHAPTER 10 A-10-2.2.3 See A-5-222.4.5(a) Exception No. 3'regarding additional handrailson'stairs that are uSed extensiVely by chil- dren 5 years of age or less. A-10-2.5.6 A corridor roofed'over and enclosed on its long s~de and open to the. atmosphere at the end may be c0ns~dered an exterior corridor if either: (a) Clear story openings for the corridor are provided on both sides of the corridor and above adjacent roofs~ or build- ings, and such clear openings are not less than one half the height 0f the corridor walls, or ' (b) The corridor roof has unobstructed openings Io the sky notless than 50 percent of the area of the roof. The openings are to be equally distributed, and, if louvers are installed, they are to be fixed open with a clear area based on the actual openings between louver vanes. A-10-2.5.6.2 School design providing classroom exits directly to the outside or to exterior balconies open to the outside air with exterior stairways available to either direction to grade is considered preferable, from the fire safety standpoint, to the more conventional design using interior corridOrs, which can become untenable from the accumulatioff of smoke and heat. A-10-2.11.1 It is highly desirable to have all windows of a type that can be readily opened from inside and to have them large enough and low enough for use by students, teachers, and fire fighters. Windows may serve as .a 'supplementary means of emergency escape, particularly where ladders canibe raised by fire fighters or others. Even where the location precludes the use of windows for escape purposes, they may provide air for breathing in a smoke-filled room while trapped occupants are awaiting rescue. A-10-3.3.1 Exception NFPA 220, Standard on ,Types of Build- ing Construction, defines Type IV(2HH) construction. See also A-6-2.1. APPENDIX A 101-267 A-lO-7.1.1 Day-care centers do not provide for the full-time ~aintenance 'of a client. Occupancies that provide a primary place of residence are addressed in other occupancies. See Chapters 16 through 23. . The requirements of Section 10-7 are based on the need to ~dequately protect the occupants in case of fire. The require- ments assu~ne that adequate staffing will be available an~l are l~ased on staffing similar to the following: Age (Months) 1:3 0~24 1:4 25-36 1:7 37-60 1:10 61-96 1:12 >97 l:3 clients incapable of self-preservation If staff-to-client ratios fall below that suggested by the above able, it would be the responsibility of the authority having firisdiction to determine what additional safeguard~ above ~nd b~y0nd the requirements of thfs section'w~uld be neces~ ~ary. T~pical additional provisions may include resi~ricting the c~a3~-ca~e center to the level of exit discharge,' requiring addi- 0onal smoke detection, requiring automatic' sprinkler pi'otec- ion, requiring better or additional means of egress, and simi- ar types of ~tems depending on the sttuatton. t-10-7.2.2.2(f) The purpose of this requirement is to prevent ~rrangements where a child can be trapped in a closet~ It is ntended that this provision be broadt); interpreted by the mthority having jurisdiction to include equipment such as efrigerators or freezers. [-10-7.~2.3 see A-5-Z2.4.5(a) Exception No. 3 regarding tddifi°hal handrails on stairs that are used extensively by chil- Iren 5 years of age or less. 1-10-8.1.1 Day-care homes housing 12 or fewer clients :do lot provide for the full-time maintenance of a client. Occupan- 5es that provide a primary place of residence are addressed in }ther occupancies. See Chapters 16 through 23. 1-10-8.2A1.I The purpose of this requirement is to prevent trrangements where a child can be trapped in a closet. It is ntende~ that ~h~s: provision be broadl~ interpreted by the mthortty hawng junsd~ctton to ~nclude eqmpment hke refng- :rators or freezers. CHAPTER 11 &-11-2.2.3 See A-5-2.2.4.5( a)' Exception No. 3 regarding ,dditional handrails on stairs tlmt are ~sed extensively by cml- ren 5 years of age or less. " . -11-2.5,6 A corridor roofed over and enclosed on its long ~ide and open to the atmosphere at the end may be considered /tn exterior corridor if either: - (a) Clear story openings for the corridor are provided on both sides of the c0?ridor and above adjacent roofs or build- ~ngs, and such clear openings are not less than one half the eight of the corridor walls, or (b) The corridor roOf has unobstructed openings to the sky not less than 50 percent of the area of the roof. The openings are to be equally distributed, and, if louvers are installed, they are to be fixed open with a clear area based on the actual openings between louver vanes. A-11-2.5.6.2 School design providing classroom exits directly to the outside or to exterior balconies open to the outside air with exterior stairways available to either direction to grade is considered preferable, from the fire safety standpoint, to the more conventional design using interior, corridors, which can become untenable from the accumulation of smoke and heat. A-11-2.11.1 It is highly desirable to have all windows of a .type that can be readily opened from inside and to have them large enough and low enough for use by students, teachers,and fire fighters. Windows may serve as a supplementary means of emergency escape, particularly where ladders can be raised by fire fighters or others. Even where the location precludes the use of windows for escape purposes, they may provide air for breathing in a smoke-filled room while trapped occupants are awaiting rescue. A-11-3.3.1 Exception NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Build- ing construction, defines Type IV(2HH) constru6tion. See also A-6-2.1. A-II-7.1.1.1 This paragraph does not require the staff ratios indicated but only states that the requirements of this section are based on these staff ratios: If these staff ratios are not maintained, it would be the responsibility of the authority hav- ing jurisdiction to determine what additional safeguards above and beyond the requirements of this section would be neces- sary. Typical additional provisions may include restricting the day-care center to the level of exit discharge, requiring addi- tional smoke detection, requiring automatic sprinkler protec- tion, requiring better or additional means o~ egress, and.simi- lar types of items depending upon the situatibr~. A-11-7.1.1.2 Day-care centers do. not provide for the full- time maintenance of a client. Occupanci[s that provide a pri- mary place of residence are addressed in othe~ OCcupancies. See Chapters 16 through 23. A-11-7.1.1.4 Exception An example: 3 clients under age 2 (1:3) 10 clients ages 2 to 3 (1:5) 30 clients ages 3 to 5 (t:10) A center has 43 clients: [ staff 2 staff 3 staff Total 6 staff Therefore, the required staff for this center is 6, not 15, which would be required for 43 clients on a 1 to 3 staff ratio. A-11;7.2.2.2(f) The purpose of this requirement is to prevent arrangements Where a child can be trapped in a closet. It is intended that this provision be broadly interpreted by the authority having jurisdiction to include equipment such as refrigerators or freezers. A-11-7.2.2.3 See A-5-2~2.4.5(a) Exception No. 3 regarding additional handrails on stairs that are used extensively by chil- dren 5 years of age or less: A-II-8.1.1.1 Group day-care homes do not provide for the full-time maintenance of a client. Occupancies that provide a primary place of residence are addressedin other occupancies. See Chapters 16 through 23. 1994 EDITION 101-268 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-11-8.2.11.1 The purpose of this requirement is to prevent arrangements where a child can be trapped in a closet. It is intended that this provision be broadly interpreted by the authority having jurisdicti°n to include Equipment like r~frig- erators or freezers. A-II-9;I.l.I Family day-care homes do not provide for the ~rovide a is to prevent a closet. It is the A-12-1.1 versions, diction 2 In determining equivalency for con- or unusual design con- authority having juris- :1 on Chapter 3 of NFPA Life Safe~y, utiliz- ciosi~ gin, of this essary A-12-L1.2 the occupant: (a) Pre~ (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) that certain functions such as the fire alarm room of fire ori- staff. It is not the intent in the context of eken, the and the needs of all directed at the: Detection of fire. Control of fire development. Confinement of the effects of fire. Extinguishment of fire. Piovision of refuge and/or evacuation facilities. Staff reaction. A-12-1.1.4.5 The Code does not attempt to establish specific monetary limits or percentage values to determine "minor," as this requires judgment. It is not the intent of this paragraph to exempt significant renovations and modernization projects for which the Code .does intend to apply the automatic sprinkler mandate. For the purpose of this requirement, a floor that is not divided by a smoke barrier is considered one smoke compartment. A-12~1.2.1 Doctors' offices, treatment and diagnostic facili- ties intended solely for outpatient care and physically sepa- rated from facilities for the treatment or care of inpatients, but otherwise associated With the management of an institution, may be classified as buSiness occupancy rather than health care occupancy. 1994 EDITION A-12-1.3 Limited care facilities and residential board and care occupancies both provide care to people with physical and mental liinitations. H~wever, the goals ~nd prog~ra~s of the two types: of occupancies differ greatly, The ~requirements in this Code for limited care facilities are based on the assump- : medical care on Section 31 to tion, and must arrange~ because path of its release charge on t stair tothe stair enclosures ever other exits, autom of thc important Egress trative I APPENDIX A 101-269 .) A-12-2.3.4 Exception No. 1 See A-12-2.3.3 Exception No. I. -12-2.3.4 Exception No. 2 See A-12-2.3.3 Exception No. 2. .s,-12-2.4.3 An exit is not necessary for each individual smoke compartment if there is access to an exit through other smoke c~)mpartments without passing through the smoke compart- ment of fire origin. P4'I2-3.2.1 Provisions for the enclosure of rooms used for c.~arging linen chutes and waste chutes or for rooms into which t~ese cl~tes empty are provided in Chapter 7. I The hazard level of a.laboratory is considered or hazardous of sustaining a fire con- to breach a 1-hour fire separa- guidance. This exception is intended to permit such as microwave ovens, to be exempt SI 12-3.4.3.1 Exception It is the intent of this exception to :rmit a ViSible fire alarm signal instead 0fan audible signal to ~'duce interference between fire alarm and medical equip- tent monitoring alarms. 12-3.5.1 ~ In areas Where the replenishment of water supplies not immediatdly available from on-site sources, alternate provi- ms for the water-fill rate requirements of NFPA 13, Standard r the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and NFPA 22, Standard .r Water Tanks for 15rivate Fi~e Protection, acceptable to the should be provided. Appropriate fishment of these supplies from other , public safety organiza- contractors should be incorporated required throughout . response sprinklers patient sleeping of the opinion that a fire and its life be reduced, thereby allowing the Committee in its :lifficulty in maintaining the md is of the opinion designed is safety features. · quick response sprin- be the predomi- rtment. It is may not as those where 12-3.5.2 requirements ;prinklers in limited areas of a or high-tempera.ture response sprinklers is not equiv- acceptable to the authority having provided. It is recognized that the use of quick response sprinklers may be limited in facilities housing certain types of patients, or due to the installation limitations of quick response .sprinklers, A-12-3.5.3 For the proper operation of sprinkler systems, cubicle curtains and sprinkler locations need to be coordi- nated. Improperly designed systems may obstruct the sprinkler spray onto the fire or may shield the heat from the sprinkler. Many options are available to the designer, including but not limited to hanging the cubicle curtains 18 in. (46 cm) below the sprinkler deflector, ~/2 in. (1.3 cm) diagonal mesh or a 70 per- cent open weave top panel extending 18 in.. (46 cm) below the sprinkler deflector; or designing the system to have a horizon- tal and minimum vertical distance that meets the requirements of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. A-12-3.6.1 Exception No. 3 A typical nurses' station would normally contain one or more of the following with associated furniture and furnishings. (a) Charting area. (b) Clerical area. (c) Nourishment station. (d) Storage of small amounts of medications, medical equipment and supplies, clerical supplies, and linens. (e) Patient monitoring and communication equipment. A-12-3.6.2 It is the Code's intent that there.be no required fire resistance nor area limitations for vision panels in corridor walls and doors. A-12-3.6.3 While it is recognized that dosed doors serve to maintain tenable conditions in a corridor and adjacent patient rooms, such doors, which under normal or fire conditions are self-closing, may create a special hazard for the personal safety of a room occupant. These closed doors may present a prob- lem of delay in discovery, confining fire products beyond tena- ble conditions. Since it is critical for responding staff members to be able to immediately identify the specific room involved, it is suggested that approved, automatic smoke detection that is intercon- nected With the building fire alarm be considered for rooms having doors equipped with dosing devices.'Such detection may be located at any approved point within the room. When activated, the detector must provide warning that indicates the specific room of involvement by activation of fire alarm annun- ciator, nurse call system, or any other device acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. A-12-3.7 See A-12-2.2. iA-12-3.7.3 Exception No. 2 Where dampers are required by the smoke control system design for that system to function effectively it is not the intent of the exception to allow the damper to be omitted. A-12-3.7.5 Smoke partition doors are intended to provide access to adjacent zones. The pair of cross corridor doors must be opposite swinging. Abcess to both zones must be provided. A-12-3.7.6 Smoke' barriers may include walls having door openings other than cross-corridor doors. There is no restric- tion in the Code regarding which doors or how many doors form part of a smoke barrier. For example; doors from the cor- ridor to individual rooms may form part of a smoke barrier. 1994 EDITION 101-270 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-12-3.8.1 Individual sleeping cubicles within sleeping suites, as permitted by 12-2.5.3, need not have an outside window or outside door in each cubicle provided at least one outside win- dow or outside doOr is prox;ided in the suite or the require- ments of Exception No. 3 are met. A-12-5.2.2 For both new and existing buildings, it is the intent installation and use of are app having door how many doors doors from the cor- barrier. CHAPTER 13 A-13-1.1.1.1 Exception In determining equivalency for exist- ing hospitals or nursing homes, the authority having jurisdic- tion may accept evaluations based on Chapter 3 of NFPA I01M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, utiliz- ing the parameters for existing buildings. A-13-1.1.1.11 The Code recognizes that certain functions necessary for the life safety of building occupants, such as the closing of corridor doors, operation of manual fire alarm devices, and the removal of patients from the room of fire ori- gin, require the intervention of facility staff. It is not the intent of this paragraph to specify the levels or: locations of staff nec- essary to meet this requirement. A-13-LI.2 This objective is accomplished in the context of the physical facilities, the type of a~:tivities Undertaken, the provisions for the capabiliti{~s of staff, and the needs of all occupants through requirements directed at the: (a) Prevention of ignition. (b) Detection of fire. (c) Control of fire development. (d) Confinement of the effects of fire. (e) Extinguishment of fire. (f) Provision of refuge and/or evacuation facilities. (g) Staff reactiono A-13-1.1.4.5 The Code does not attempt to establish specific monetary limits or percentage values to determine "minor," as this i'bquires judgment. It is not the intent of this paragraph to exempt significant renovations and moderfiization projects for which the Code does intend to apply the automatic sprinkler mandate. For the purpose of this requirement, a floor that is not divided by a smoke barrier is considered one smoke compartment. 1994EDITION A-13-1.2.1 Doctors' offices, treatment and diagnostic facili- ties intended solely for outpatient care and physically sepa- rated from facilities for the treatment or care of inpatients, but otherwise assOciated with the management of an institution, may be classified as business occupancy rather than health care occupancy. A-13-1.3 and on Section 31 eration of ,, There is a and A-13-2.2.2.4 that a path impede ever, this exits. autom of the ~ third such ·" ' APPENDI}{'~I" .... : 101-271 .. ~-13-2.2.5(b) The waiver of swinging of doors in the direc- tion of egress travel is based on the assumption that in this Occupancy there will be no possibility of a panic rush that light prevent opening of doors swinging against egress travel. A desirable arrangement, possible with corridom 8 ft (2.4 m) or ore in width, is to have two 42-in. (107-cra) doors, normally closed, ch swinging with the egress travel (in opposite directions). ~-13-2.4.3 An exit is not necessary for each individual smoke :ompartment if there is access to an exit through other smoke ompartments without passing through the smoke compart- sent of fire origin. ~-13-2.5.8 Every exit or exit access should be arranged, if ,ractical and. feasible, so that no corridor, passageway, or aisle tas a pocket or dead end exceeding 30 ft (9.1 m). See also ?able A-5,6.1. ~-13-3.2.2 The hazard level of a iabo~'atory is considered evere if quantities of flammable, combustible, or hazardous I aaterials are present that are capable of sustaining a fire con- I [ition of sufficient magnitude to breach a 1-hour fire separa- ion. See NFPA Fire Protection Handbook for guidance. [-13-3.2.6 Exception This exception is intended to permit mall appliances used for reheating, such as' microwave ovens, .ot plates, toasters, and nourishment centers, to be exempt rom requirements of commercial cooking equipment. ,-13-3.4.3.1 Exception No. 1 It is the intent of this exception > permit a visible fire alarm signal instead of an audible signal > reduce interference between fire alarm and medical equip- sent monitoring alarms. ~-13-3.5.2 It is intended that any valve that controls auto- aatic sprinklers in the entire building or portions of the build- ag, including sectional and floor control valves, be electrically apervised. Valves that control isolated sprinkler heads, such s in laundry' and trash chutes, need not be electrically suPer- sed.~ Appropriate means should be taken to ensure that dyes that are not' electrically supervised ~emain open. ,-13-3.5.3 See A-13-3.5.2. .13-3.5.6 For. the proper operation of sprinkler systems,. abicle curtain~ and sprinkler locations need to be coordi- ted. Improperly designed systems may obstruct the sprinkler -aY onto: the fire or may stiield the'heat from the ~prinkler. ~nY'6pfi6ns are availa61e to the designei~i includin~ but ~not ;ited [0 hanging the cubicle curtains 1~ in. (46 cm) below the -inkl6]; deflector, ~/2 in. (1.3 cra) diagonal mesh or a70 per- ent open Weave top panel extending 18 in. (46 cm) below the >rinkler deflector; or designing the system to have a horizon- d and minimum vertical distance that meets the requirements f NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of SprinMer Systems. ,13-3.6.1 Exception No. 3 A typical nurses' station would ormally contain one or more of the following with assOCiated ~rniture and furnishings. (a) Charting area. (b) Clerical area. (c) Nourishment. station. (d) Storage of small amounts of medications, medical equipment and supplies, clerical supplies, and linens. (e) Patient monitoring and communication equipment. A-13-3.6.1 Exception No. 6(0 A fully developed fire (flash- over) occurs if the rate of heat release of the burning materials exceeds the capability of the space to absorb or vent that heat. The ability of common lining (wall, ceiling, and floor) materi- als to absorb heat is approximately 0.75 Btu (0.79 kJ) per sq ft of lining. The venting capability of open doors or windows is in excess of 20 Btu (21 kJ) per sq ftof opening. In a fire that has not reached flashover conditions, fire will spread from one fur- niture item to another only if the burning item is close to another furniture item. For example, if individual furniture items have heat release rates of 500 Btu per Second (525 kW) and are separated by 12 in. (30.5 cra)separation or more, the fire is not expected to spread from item to item and flashover is unlikely to occur. See also NFPA Fire Protection Handbook. A-13-3.6.1 Exception No. 7 This would allow waiting areas located across tlc corridor frOm each other, provided neither area exceeds the 600 sq ft (55.7 sq m) area limitation. A-13-3.6.2.1 The intent of the 20-minute fire resistance rating for corridor partitions is to require a nominal fire rating, particu- larly where the fire rating of existing partitions cannot be docu- mented. Examples of a~ceptable p~Lrtition assemblies would include, but are not limited to, ~/2-in. (l~3-cm) gypsum board, wood lath and plaster, gYPsum lath, or metal lath and plaster. A-13-3.6.2.1 Exception No. 3 Monolithic ceiling~ are contin- uous horizontal membranes composed of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials, such as plaster or gypsum board, with seams or cracks permanently sealed. A-13-3.6.3.2 While it is recognized that closed doors serve to mainiain tenable Conditions in a Corridor and adjacent patient rooms, suchdoors, which under normal or fire conditions are self-closing, may create a special hazard for the personal safety of a room occupant. These closed doors may present a prob- lem of delay in discovery, confining fire products beyond tena- ble conditions. Since it is critical for responding staff members to be able to immediately identify the specific room involved, it is suggested that approved, automatic smoke detection that is intercon- nected with the building fire alarm be considered for rooms having doors equipped with closing devices. Such detection may be located at any approved point within the room. When activated, the detector must provide warning that indicates the specific room of involvement by activation of fire alarm annun- 6iator, nurse call SYstem, or any other device acceptable to the authority having j~sdiction. . In existing, bui!dings, a number of options exist to reason- ably ensure that patient room doors twill be closed and remain closed during a f~r~: (a) Doors should have positive latches, coupled with a suit- able training program for staff to close the doors in an emergency. (b) It is the intent of the Code that no new installations of roller latches be allowed. However; existing installations of roller latches that keep the door closed against a force of 5 lbf (22 N) and are acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, coupled with adequate maintenance and ~taff training, may be continued to be used. 1994 EDITION 101-272 LIFE SAFETY CODE (C) Doors protecting openings to patient sleeping or treat- ment rooms, or spaces having a similar combustible loading might be held closed using a closer exerting a minimum closing force of 5 lbf (22 N)~ On the doOr latch stile. fire is the and devices ing freestand- door restric- doors ridor of a smoke barter. CHAI~ER 14 A-14-1.1.2 Exception No. ;2 In determining equivalency for conversions,'m0dernizations, renovations} or unusual design concepts of detentioa and Correctional facilities, the authority having jurisdiction may accept'evaluations based on Chapter 4 of N~PA 101M, Ma;t~al ~n 'Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, utilizing ihe parameters for new construction. A-14-1.2 Detention and correctional facilities are a complex of structures, each serving a definite and usually different pur- pose. For instance, inall ~robability, there Will be represented in many institutions an example of all, or almost all, the occupa~tcy-type classifications found :in thig Code. Means of egress and other feaiUres shall be governed by the type of occupancy classification and the hazard of occupancy, unless specific exceptions are made. All buildings, and structures are to be classified using this chapter and S~ction 4-1 as a guide, subject 4o the ruling of the authority having jurisdiction in case of question as to the proper classificatiOn 0£ any individual building or structure. Use ConditiOn dlas§ification of the institution, as well as individaal areaS within the complex, is always to be considered by the authori~ having jurisdiction. A-14-1.4.1 USers and occupants of detention and correc- tional be expected to include nature of facility utili: g to type of facility, its function, and programs. Figure A-14-L4.1 illustrates the five Use Conditions. Use condition I Use condition II Use condition III Use condition IV Use condition V GLocked QLocked remote release or equivalent Smoke barrier or horizontal exit Figure A-14-1.4.1 Detention and Correctional Use Conditions. A-14-1.4.2 Prompt operation is intended to be accomplished in the period of time between detection of fire by either the smoke detector(s) required by 14-3.4 or by other means (whichever comes first) and the advent of intolerable condi- tions forcing emergency evacuatio.n. Fire tests have indicated that the time available is a function of the volume and height of the space involved and the rate of fire development. In tradi- tional single-story corridor arrangements, the time between detection by smoke detectors and the advent of lethal condi- tions down to head height can be as short as approximately 3 minutes. In addition, it should be expected that approxi- mately 1 minute will be required to evacuate all the occupants of a threatened smoke compartment once the locks are released. In this example, a prompt release time would be 2 minutes. A-14-2.2.5(c) In order to help promote the use of horizontal exits in detention and correctional occupancies (because hori- zontal exits provide an especially effective egress system for an occupancy where the occupants, due to security concerns, will not commonly be released to the outside), this provision offers a Code-specified equivalent alternative to the Chapter 5 requirement that horizontal exits not be penetrated by ducts. The intended continuity of the fire resistance-rated and smoke-resisting barrier is maintained by requiring that duct penetrations of horizontal exits be protected by combination fire damper/smoke leakage-rated dampers that will close upon 1994 EDITION APPENDIX A 101-273 a~:tivation of a smoke detector and a heat actuated mechanism I~efore the barrier's ability to resist the passage of smoke and fire is compromised. A-14-2.4.1 Multilevel residential housing areas meeting, the rgquirements of 14-3.1.2 are considered single story. There- fore, two exits are not required from each level; only access to tWo exits is required. ~-~- __' 14 2 4 2 An exit is not necessary from each individual fire c~mPartment or Smoke compartment if there is access to an eydt through other fire compartments or smoke compartments ~ithout passing through the fire compartment of smoke com- partment of fire origin.'. A-144.113 It may be necessary to provide a certain number of ms;dent sleeping rooms with doors providing a minimum clear idth of 32 in. (§1 cm) (see 5-2.1.2);border to comply with the :quirements for the physically handicapped. Such sleeping )oms shOUld be located where there is a direct accessible a~cess ) the exterior or to an area of safe refuge. See 14-3.7. .-14-2.11.6 A remote position is generally a control point 'here a nUmber of doors can be unlocked simultaneously, ither mechanically or electrically.~ In areas where there are a umber of sleepin~ rooms, it is impractical for aftendants to nlock doors individuallyi Doors in an exit should be unlocked nor to unl0cking'sleep~ng room doors. ~ This section of the Code does not intend to prohibit Use 'ondition ~ facilities, nor does it intend to limit Use Condi- on V faciiifies to 10 ~nanually released locks.. -14-3.1.2(a) It is not the intent of this' requirement to :strict room face separations, which restrict visibility from the c )mmon space into individual sleeping rooms. -14-3.1.2{c) The maximum vertical separation between the ~west floor level and the uppermost floor level is restricted to 3 ft (4.0 m); Figure A-14-3.1.2(c) illustrates how the height is be determined. 13-0 ' 10-0 r-F J-' ,5 ? 1.,!o Figure A-14-3.1.2(c) Vertical height measurement. -14-3.2.1 Furnishings are usually the first items ignited in te detention and correctional environment. The type, quan- ty, and arrangement of furniture and other combustibles are aportant factors in determining how fa.st the fire will develop. urnishings, including upholstered items and wood items such a:; wardrobes, desks, and bookshelves, may provide sufficient lei to result in room flashover} (Flashover r6fers to ~Ull fire volvement of all combustibles v~ithin a room once sufficient ~at has been built up within the room.) Combustible loading in any room opening onto a residential >using area should be limited to reduce the potential for room flashover. Rooms in which fuel loads are not controlled, thereby creating a potential for flashover, should be consid- ered hazardous areas. If the separation option of 14-3.2.1 is selected; doors to such rooms, including sleeping rooms, should be self-closing. It is strongly recommended that padded cells not be used due to their fire record. However, recognizing that they will be used in some cases; provisions for the protection of padded cells are provided. It is recognized that the 3/4-hour fire door will be violated with the "plant on" of the padding, but a 3/4- hour fire door should be the base of the assembly. A-14-3.4.3.1 Exception The staff at the constantly attended location should have the capability to promptly initiate the general alarm function and contact the fire department or have direct communication with a control room or other loca- tion that can initiate the general alarm function and contact the fire department. A-14-3.5.1 For purposes of providing control valves and water flow devices, multilevel residential housing areas com- plying with 14-3.1.2 are considered to be single story. A-14-3.5.4 Exception No. 1 Where access to portable fire extinguishers is locked, staff should be present on a 24-hour basis and have keys readily available to unlock access to the extinguish- ers. Where supervision of sleeping areas is from a 24-hour attended staff location, portable fire extinguishers may be pro- vided at the stafflocation in lieu of the sleeping area. A~14-3.7.1 Exception No. 2 A door to the outside, by itself, does not meet the intent of the exception if emergency operat- ing procedures do not provide for the door to be unlocked when needed. In cases where use of the door is not ensured, a true smoke barrier per the base requirement of 14-3.7.1 would be needed. A-14-3.7.3 Structural fire resistance is defined as the ability of the assembly to stay in place and maintain structural integrity \ without consideration of heat transmission. Twelve-gauge steel plate suitably framed and stiffened meets this requirement. A-14-3.8.1 Requirements in Table 14-3.8.1 for smoketight and fire-rated separations include taking the necessary precau- tions to restrict the spread of smoke through the air-handling system. This; however, does not mean that smoke dampers must be provided for each opening. Smoke dampers would be one acceptable method; however, other techniques, such as allowing the fans to continue to run with 100 percent supply and 100 percent exhaust, would be acceptable. A-14-4.1.1 Windows that are intended to be breakable should be capable of being broken with materials readily avail- able to the facility staff. CHAPTER 15 A-15-1.1.2 Exception No. 2 In determining equivalency for existing detention and correctional facilities, the authority hav- ing jurisdiction may accep! evaluations based on Chapter 4 of NFPA 101M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, utilizing the parameters for existing buildings. A-15-1.2 Detention and correctional facilities are a complex of ~tfuctures, each serving a definite and usually different pur- pose. For instance, in all probability, there will be represented 1994 EDITION 101-274 LIFE SAFETY CODE in many institutions an example of all, or almost all, of the occupancy-type classifications found in this Code. Means of All buildings and structures are to be classified using this chapter and S~ction 4-1 as a :guide, subject to the ruling of the authority having jurisdiction in case .of question as to the g or structure. well as A-IS,L4.1 detention and correc- tional to include extent and nature of facility type of facility, its function, and Figure A-15-1.4.1 illustrates the five Use Conditions. Use condition I I Use condition II USe condition III Use condition IV ® I Use condition V Q L ocked (~ Locked remote release or equivalent (~ Smoke barrier or horizontal exit Figure A-15-1.4.1 Detention and Correctional Use Conditions. A-15-1.4.2 Prompt operation is intended to be accomplished in the period of time between detection of fire by either the smoke detector(s) required by 15-3.4 or by other means (whichever comes first) and the advent of intolerable condi- tions forcing emergency evacuation. Fire tests have indicated 1994 EDITION that the time available is a function of the volume and height of the space involved and the rate of fire development. In tradi- tional single-story corridor arrangements, the time between etection by smoke detectOrs and the advent of lethal c0ndi~ tions down to head height can be as short as approximaiely of ~ are released, be 2 minutes. in. A-15-2.2.5(c) exits'in detention and C eec req The inl the fire Jal tnd ion ty to resist tl fire is compromised. A-15-2.4.:1 Multilevel and multitiered areas meeting the requirements of 15-3 considered single story. Therefore, from each level; only access A-15-2.4.2 An exit is compartment and out through the fire sectio !of fire origin. A-15-2.5.2 Every exit or exit access should be arranged, if feasible, so that no corridor or aisle has a pocket or dead end exceeding 50 ft (15 m) for Use Conditions II, III, and IV and 20 ft (6.1 m) for Use Condition V. A-15-2.11.3 It may be necessary to provide a certain number of resident sleeping rooms with doors providing, a minimum clear width of 32 in. (81 cm) (see 5-2.1.2) in order to comply with the requirements for the physically handicapped. Such sleeping rooms should be located where there is a direct accessible access to the exterior or to an area of safe refuge. See 15-3.7. A-15-2.11.6 A remote position is generally a control point. where a number of doors can be unlocked simultaneously, either mechanically or electrically. In areas where there are a number of sleeping rooms, it is impractical for attendants to unlock doors individually2 Doors in an exit should be unlocked prior to unlocking sleeping room doors. This section of the Code does not intend to prohibit Use Condition V facilities, nOr does it intend to limit Use Condi- tion V facilities to 10 manually released locks. A-15-3.1.2(a) It is not the intent of this requirement to restrict room face separations, which restrict Visibility from the common space into individual sleeping rooms. ~- APPEND1X A. 101-275 A-15-3.1.2(c) The maximum vertical separation between the lowest floor level and the uppermost floo~ level is restricted to 13 ft (4.0 m). Figure A-15-3.1.2(c) illustrates how the height is to be determined. 13-0 ' 10-0 j- W 3-o o-o rrrtl ' Figure A-15-3.1.2(c) Vertical height measurement. A715-3.1.3 A recommended method of calculating expected level of smoke in a smoke removal equipped cell block follows. This method for calculating the expected level of smoke has b~en develoPed from data experimentally produced in full-scale btlrnouts of test cells. The test cells were sized, loaded with fuel, a] id constructed to represent severe conditions of heavily fuel lc aded [approximately 6 lb/sq ft (29 kg/sq m)] cells as found in p~ ison locations. The filling rate and temperature of the effluent gl s and smoke have been calculated using the data from these tests and established formulae from plume dynamics. The application of the method described in A-15-3.1.3 st ould be limited to situations where there is at least 10 ft [i m) from the floor level to the lowest acceptable level of toke accumulation (Z); the reservoir above the lowest a~ :ceptable level for Z is at least 20 percent of the Z dimension, tt e length of the cell block is at least equal to Z, and the fan is al least 10 ft (3 m) higher than the floor of the highest cell. The determination of smoke removal requirements is based o~ ~ the dimensions of the cell opening. Where more than one ct :Il opening is inVolved, the lar~er size on the level being cal- c~ dated should be used. The fan Size, temperature rating, and operations means may b, ~' determined by the following procedure: 1. Acceptable Smoke Level. Determine the lowest accept- able level Of smoke accumulation in accordance with 15-3.1.3. The vertical distance betWeen that level and the floor level of t~e lowest Open cell is the value of Z to be used in connection With Figure A-15-3.1.3(a), 2. Characteristic Cell Opening. Determine the opening of ti.e cell face. Where there is more than one size of cell open- ir g, use th6 largest. Match the actual opening to those shown ir Figure A-15-3.1.3(b), and use the corresponding curve on Ftgure A-15-3.1.3(a). If there is no match between the size and sl~ape of opening and Figure A-15-3.t.3(a), then interpolate b :tween th~: cur~es. If the opening exceeds 6 ft (1.8 m) x 6 ft (~.8 m), use the curve for a 6 fl (1~8 m) x 6 ft (1.8 m) opening. his curve IS considered to represent the maximum burning situation, and increasing the size of the opening will not ir crease the actual burning rate. 3. ExhaUst Fan Rate. Determine the exhaust fan capacity :eded to extract smoke at a rate that will maintain the smoke vel at a point higher than Z. This is the rate shown on the b ~seline of Figure A-15-3.1.3(a) corresponding to the level of Z on the vertical axis for the solid line (ventilation rate) curve appropriate to the cell door size. This exhaust capability must be provided at a point higher than Z. 4. Intake Air. Provide intake air openings that are either present or automatically provided at times of emergency smoke removal. These are to be located at or near the baseline of the cell block to allow for intake air at the rate to be vented by the fan: The openings provided shall be sufficient to avoid a friction load that can reduce the exhaust efficiency. Standard air-handling design criteria are used in making this calculation. 5. Fan Temperature Rating. Determine the potential tem- perature of gases that the fan may be required to handle. To do this, determine the distance from the floor of the highest cell to the centerline of the fan (or fan ports if the fan is in a duct or similar arrangement). Determine the intersection of this new Z value with the appropriate ventilation rate curve (solid line) on Figure A-15-3.1.3(a). Estim. ate the temperature rise by interpolating along the appropriate ventilation rate curve and between the constant temperature rise curves (dashed lines) on Figure A-15-3.1.3(a). Provide all elements of the exhaust system that are to be above the acceptable smoke level with the capability to effectively operate with the indi- cated increase in temperature. 6. Operation of Exhaust System. The emergency exhaust system should be arranged to initiate automatically on detec- tion of smoke, operation of a manual fire alarm system, or direct manual operation. The capability to manually start the automatic exhaust system should be provided in a guard post in the cell block and/or at another control location. Where appropriate, the emergency exhaust fans may be used for com- fort ventilation as well as serving their emergency purposes. 400 300 200 150 ~ 100 ._c 80 ~ 40 N 30 2O t0 /00)~VFan Cell opening dimensions _ 6 ft x 6 ft h-.~ 4ffx6fth~ ~ /., 12 in. x 12 [n..-'~'-,~_ -'~'~C'~'/ Window + 4 in."~/-"-.~ .'";-~'..."~~ _ U ndercu~"/~~T_- 100 F_--_ _ - T=t OO F 8 10 20 30 40 60 80100 200 400 600 103 VFan in 1000 ft3/min AT = Temperature of upper layer gases above ambient Solid line: Ventilation rate curves Dashed line: Constant temperature rise curves V Fan = Fan discharge capacity (as installed) Z Clear = distance from cell floor to smoke layer Conversion: 0i) x 0.3048 = (m); (cu lb'rain) x 0.00047 = (ca m/s); (°F- 3~) + 1.8 = °C. Figure A-IS-3.1.3{a) Cell block smoke control ventilation curves. 1994 EDITION 101-276 LIFE SAFETY CODE 6ft x6 ft (1.8 m x 1.8 m) · oPening 2 ft x6{t (0,6 m x 1.8m) oPening Conversion: l in. =.2.54 cm. Figure A-15-3~l.3(b) ft (1.2 rn x 1.8 m) opening 12 in. x 12 in. (30.5 cm x 30.5 cm) window 4 in. (10.2 cm) undercut Typical cell openings. A-15-3.2.1 It is strongly recommended that padded cells not be used due to their fire record. However, recognizing that they will be used in some cases, provisions for the protection of padded cells are provided. It is recognized that the 3/n-hour fire door will be violated with the "plant on" of the padding, but a 3/n-hour fire door should be the base of the assembly. A-15-3.4.3.1 Exception The staff at the constantly attended location should have the capability to promptly initiate the general alarm function and contact the fire department or have direct communication with a control room or other loca- tion that can initiate the general alarm function and contact the fire department. A-15-3.5.2 Where the openings in ceilings or partitions are 1/4 in. (0.6 cm) or larger in the least dimension, where the thick- ness or depth of the material does not exceed the least dimen- sion of the openings, and where such openings constitute at least 70 percent of the area of the ceiling or partition material, the disruption of sprinkler spray patterns may be disregarded. A-15-3.5.4 Exception No. I -Where access to portable fire extinguishers is locked, staff should be present on a 24-hour basis and have keys readily available to unlock access to the extinguish- ers. Where supervision of sleeping areas is from a 24-hour attended staff location, portable fire extinguishers may be pro- vided at the staff location; in lieu of the sleeping area. A~15-3.7.1 Consideration can be given for large open areas that may function as~smoke sinks as an alternative to the instal- lation of more than one smoke barrier as required by this sec- tion. Vertical movement downward to an area of refuge may be accepted by the authority having jurisdiction in lieu of hor- izontal movement. A-15-3.7.1 Exception No. 2 A door to the outside, by itself, does not meet the intent of the exception if emergency operat- ing procedures do not provide for the dOOr to be unlocked wlTt~n needed, tn cases x~here use of the doOr is not ensured, a true smoke barrier per the base requirement of 15-3.7.1 would be needed. A-15-3.7.2(b) Consideration should be given to increasing the travel distance to a smoke barrier to coincide with existing range lengths and :exits. A-15-3.7.3 Structural fire resistance is defined as the ability of the assembly to stay in place and maintain structural integrity without consideration of heat transmission. Twelve-gauge steel plate suitably framed 'and stiffened meets this requirement. A-15-3.8.1 Requirements in Table 15-3.8.1 for smoketight and fire-rated separations include taking the necessary precau- tions to restrict the spread of smoke through the air-handling system.. This, however, does not mean th~tt smoke: dampers rhust be provided fOr each opening. Smoke dampers would be one acceptable 'method; howeve[, other techni~lue~, such as allowing the fans lo continue to run with 100 p~rce~at supply and 106 percent ekhaust, would be acceptable. A-15-4.1.I Win. lat are ~kable ~ avail- CHAPTER 16 A-16-1.7 A dormitory-type occupancy, two- or three-tiered bunks are used with OCCU son per [ whole mi gross area, fly where as a m) of halls, A-16-2.2.8 This provision r to serve as an area of refuge where it is with 16-3.5. This is ;prin- kler systems have 1 )f the system~such as valves, the power for indicatin oper- ation of the tures, supervised automatic of satisfactory within hn suite can A-16-3.4.3.3 The provision for immediate notification of the public fire department is intended to include, but not be limited to, all of the arrangements: listed in 7-6.. Other 1994 EDITION APpENDIX,A` 101-277 arrangements that depend on a clerk or other member of the sl~aff to notify the fire department may also be acceptable. In s~ch case, however, it is essential that a trained staff member and an immediately available means of calling the fire depart- ~ent are continuously available. If a telephone is to be used, it ~ould not be of any ~ype or arrangement that requires a coin · the unlocking of a device to contact the fire department. .+16-3,4.4.2 Caution must be exercised in locating smoke 6tectors with regard to their proximity to bathi-ooms, cooking ~cilities, and HVAC outlets in order to prevent nuisance alarms. ~-16-5.3 "Protected power supply" means a source of elec- 'leal energy'of sufficient capacity to permit proper operation f the elevator and its associa{ed control and communications stems and whose point of origin, system of distribution, type {~d size of overcurrent protection, degree of isolation from her portionsof the: buii~ling elech'icai system, and degree of mechanical Protection are st~ch that it is &nlikely that the sup- .~lywould b~ disrupted at any but the advanced ~ages of buil~l- ' : fire involvement or by structural collapse. the level electrical and and 230-82, and source, e.g., an a pro- to ensure con- protection for the lators have ~ever been installed in a manner to qualify as an exit. For information on escalator protection and require- ments, the reader is referred to previous editions of the Code. A-17-2.2.10 This provision will allow the entire floor to serve as an area of refuge where it is protected in accordance with 17-3.5. This is acceptable because supervised automatic sprin- kler systems have built-in signals for monitoring features of the system such as the opening and ClOsing of water control valves, the power supplies for needed pumps, water tank levels, and for indicating conditions that will impair the saris- factory operation of the sprinkler system. Because of these mOnitoring features, supe/vised automatic sprinkler systems have a high level of satisfactory Performance and response to fire conditions. A-17-2.7.2 Where open stairways or escalators are permitted, they are considered as exit access' to exits rather th~n as exits, and requirements for travel distance to exits include the travel on such stairs and escalators. See 5-6.2. A-17-3.4.3.2 The provision for immediate notification of the public fire department is intended to include, but not be lim- ited to, all of the arrangements listed in 7-6.4. Other arrange- ments that depend on a clerk or other member of the staff to notify the fire department may also be acceptable. In such case, however, it.is essential that a trained staffmember and an immediately available means of calling the fire department are continuously available. If a telephone is to be used, it should not be of any type or arrangement that requires a coin or the unlocking ot~ a d~vice to contact the fire department. A-17-3.5.1 Although not required by ~he Code, the use of res- idential sprinklers or quick responsd sPrinkler~ is encouraged for new installations of sprinkler syster~s within dwelling units, apartments, and guest rooms. Caution ishould be exercised, as the system needs to be designed for the sprinkler being used. rods exterm the , ~e.g., light and power A-17-3.6.2 Exception No. I It is the intent that 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) solid b~nded woOd core do4rs that are reduced in thickness to less than 13/4 in. (4.4 cn~), for example, due to ornate carvings made for aesthetic refisons, do not meet this exception. CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 17 .-17-1.7 A dormitory-type occupancy, particularly where wo- or three-tiered bunks are used with close spacing, may }roduce an occupant load substantially greater than one per- on per 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m) 0f gross floor area. However, even hough sleeping areas are densely populated, the building as a vhole might not exceed one person per 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m) of ;ross area, owing to the space taken for toilet facilities, halls, losets, and living rooms not Used for sleeping purposes. A-17-2.2.8 Due to the nature of escalators, they are no longer acceptable as a component in the means of egress. However, ~ince many escalators have been used for exit access and exit discharge in the past, credit may be continued. Very few esca- A-18-1.3 Definitions. Apartment Buildings. The Code specifies that wherever there are three or more living units in .a building, the building is considered an apartment building and must comply with either Chapter 18 or 19 as appropriate. Townhouse units are considered to be an apartment building if there are three or more units in the building. The type of wall required between units in order to consider them to be separate buildings is nor- mally established by the authority having jurisdiction. Should the units be separated by a wall of sufficient fire resistance and structural integrity to be considered as separate buildings, then the provisions of Chapter 21 apply to each townhouse. Condominium is a form of ownership, not occupancy; for example, there are condominium warehouses, condominium apartments, and condominium offices. 1994 EDITION 101-278 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-18-1.7 ~A dormitory-type occupancy, particularly where two- or three-tiered bunks are used with close spacing, may produce an occupant load substantially greater than one per- son per 200 sq ft (18.6 Sq m) °f groSs fk~0r areal However, even though sleeping areas are densely Populated, the building as a of gros: ClOsets, and I security Condominium is.a form of ownership; not occupancy; for example, there are condominium warehouses, condominium apartments, and condominium offices. particularly where .~lose spacing, may son pei even of and fea-: from each either Code, the use of res- as the ~ prinkler being used. are listed or labeled assembly, but CHAPTER 19 I A-19-1 See Figure A-19.1. A-19-1.3 Definitions. Apartment Buildings. The Code specifies that wherever there are three or more living units in a building, the building is considered an apartment building and must comply with either Chapter 18 or 19 as appropriate. Townhouse -units are considered to be an apartment building if there are three or more units in the building. The type of wall required between units in order to consider them to be separate buildings is nor- really '[stablished 'by the authority having jurisdiction. Should the units be separated by a wall of sufficient fire resistance and structural integrity to be considered as separate buildings, then the provisions of Chapter 21 apply to each townhouse. 1~94 EDITION lators exit. meats A-19-2.2.10 an A-19-3.5.1 (a) (b) Smoke detection alarms. (c) Smoke control. (d) Compartmentation and/or other approved systems. A-19-3.6.1 The intent of the Committee is to recognize that existing partitions of sound wood lath and plaster, wire lath and plaster, or gypsum lath and plaster construction have dem~ onstrated the ability to contain most room fires. Recent data on archaic construction methods have established the fire resistance "rating" of such construction at about 20 minutes. Such construction meets the intent of this section. A-19-3.6.3 This does not require a listed'or labeled assembly, but addresses only the door. .- ApPENDIXA 101-279 .) Table A-19-1 Alternate Requirements for Existing Apartment Buildings According to Protection Provided Exit Access Travel distance from apartment door to exit Travel distance within apartment Smoke barrier req. (See 19-3.7.1.) Max. single path corridor distance Max. deadend Corridor fire resistance Walls Doors (fire protection rating) No Suppression or Detection System Option No. I 100ft (30 m) 75 fi (23 m) Req. 35 ft (10.7 m) 50ft (15 m) 1/2 hr 20 min or 20 min Total Automatic Fire Detection Option No. 2 150 fi (45 m) 125 ft (38 m) Req. 35 fi (10.7 m) 50 fi (15 m) Y2 hr or Sprinkler Protection in Selected Areas Option No. 3 150 ft (45 m) 75fi (23 m) Req. 35 fi (10.7 m) 50 ft (15 m) ~/2 hr Smoke resisting Auto Extinguishing per NFPA 13 (with exceptions) Option No. 4 2OO ft (60 m) 125 ft (38 m) NR 35 ft (10.7 m) 50ft 05 m) t/2 hr Smoke resisting Ioterior Finish Lobbies and corridors Other spaces Floors in corridors EXits Fire resistance walls 1-3 stories > 3 stories Smokeproof enclosures Not high rise High rise Doors 1-3 stories > 3 stories Interior finish Walls and ceilings Floors 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick. Aor B A,B, or C I or II 1 hr 2 hr NR Req. 1 hr 11/2 hr 13/4-in. (4.4-cm) thick AorB A, B, or C I or II A or B A, B, or C NR 1 hr 2 hr NR Req. A, B, or C A,B, or C NR 1 hr 1 1/2hr 1 hr 2hr NR Req. 1 hr 11/2 hr AorB AorB AorB I or II I or Il I or II rithin Living Unit (Apartment) Escape windows, per Section 21-2 (See 19-2.1.1) Req. Req. Req. Manual initiation larm System > 3 stories or > 11 units > 2 stories or > 50 units Manual & auto initiation Manual & auto initiation 1 hr 1 hr NR NR 1 hr 1 hr A, B, or C NR NR Annunciator panel Annunciator panel Annunciator panel Manual & auto initiation Annunciator panel eq. = Required (See Code for details and Exceptions.) R = No Requirements CHAPTER 20 -20-2.7 It is the intent of this requirement that security ~easures, where installed, should not prevent egress. -20-3.5.1 Although not required by the Code, the use of res- [ential sprinklers or quick response sprinklers is encouraged >r new installations of sprinkler systems within dwelling units, partments, and guest rooms. Caution should be exercised, as we system needs to be designed for the sprinkler being used. The Code recognizes the potential application of NFPA 13D, tandard for the Installation of SprinMer Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, to lodging and rboming hbuses inasmuch as th~se occupancies can usually be considered similar in character to one- and two-family dwellings. CHAPTER 21 A-21-1;1.1 The Code specifies that wherever there are three or more living units in a building, the building is considered an apartment building and must comply with either Chapter 18 or 19 as appropriate. Townhouse units are considered to be an apart- ment building if there are three or more units in the building. The type of wall required between units in order to consider them to be separate buildings is normally established by the authority having jurisdiction. Should the units be separated by a wall of suf- ficient fire resistance and strUctural integrity to be considered as separate buildings, then the provisions of Chapter 21 apply to each townhouse. Condominium is a form of ownership, not occu- pancy; for example, there are condominium warehouses, condo- minium apartments, and condominium offices. 1994 EDITION 101-280 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-21-2 The Committee has adopted the phrase "means of escape" to indicate a way out of a residential unit that does not conform to the strict definition of means of egress but does meet the intent of the definition by providing an alternative way out of a building. See'A-5-1.1. A-21-2.2.3 For use of emergency escape devices, refer to A-5-1.1. A-21-2.4.6 It is the intent of this requirement that security measures, where installed, should not prex~ent egress. CHAPTER 22 A-22-L1 The requirements o' accommodate typical changes dent, such as those due to acck variations in capabilities, and ~ the assumption that the cap~ evaluated at least annually, ~ problems or degenerative disc Also, residents should be~ree, illness that ret The not aware of this chapter are designed to the capabilities of the' resi- tts, temporary illness, cyclical tdual aging. This is ba~ed on ities of the resident will be for residents with geriatric .s, at least every six months. t~ted after each accident or were developed on the evacuate the build- drills, all occupants whatever staff assistance is in facilities with an evacuation ; 31-7.3.) Managers of board backgrounds sometimes are and 31-7.3. A-22-1.3 Definitions. Evacuation Capability~ The evacuation capability of the residents and staff is a function of both the ability of the resi- dents to evacuate and the assistance provided by the staff. It is intended th~at the evacuation capability be determined bY the procedure acceptable to the autii6rity having jurisdiction2 It is also intended that the timing of drills, the rating of residents, and similar actions related to determining the evacuation capability be performed by persOns approved by or acceptable to the authority having juiSsd~ction. The evacu~ttion capability can be determined by the use of the definitions in 22-1.3, the application of NFPA 101M, ManUal on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, Chapter 5, Or a prOgram of drills (timed). Where drills are Uged in determining evacuation capability, it is suggested that the facility conduct and record fire drills 12 times per year (four times per year on each shift), and that the facility conduct the drills in consultation with the authority having jurisdiction. Records should indicate the time taken to reach a point of safety, date and time of day, location of simu- lated fire origin, the ¢ and comments relating ~ participate in the drills. Translation capability may be determined as (2) over 3 min- utes, but not ~3) more than 13 is based on the time of day or m : most difficult Where the an evacua- tion ? hay- classified as impractical, be con- sidered slow if the are met: 1994 EDITION (a) All residents are able to travel to centralized dining facilities without continuous staff assistance, and (b) There is continuous staffing whenever there are resi- dents in the facility. Residential Board and Care Occupancy. Following are examples of facilities that may be classified as residential board and care occupancies. (a) A group housing arrangement for physically or mentally handicapped ~ersons who normally ma~ attend schoOl in th[ community, attend worship in the community, or otherwise use community facilities. (b) A group housing arrangement for physically or mentally handicapped ~ersons who are undergoin~it~-ainin~ in prepara- tion for indel~¢ndent living, for paid employment, or ~or Ether normal community activities. (c) A group housing arrangement for the elderly that. pro- Vides personal care services but that does ~not provide nursing care. (d) Facilities for soc!al rehabilitation, alcoholism, drug abuse, or mental health problems that contaln a group 'hbusin~ arrangemeni and that provide personal care services but do not provide acute care. (e) Other group housing arrangements that provide per- sonal care services but not nursing care. Thermal Barrier. Finish ratings as published in the UL Fire Resistance Directory are one way of determining thermal barrier. A-22-2.1.2 Exception In determining equivalency for conver- sions, modernizations, renovations, or unusual design con- cepts, the authority having jurisdiction may accept evaluations based on NFPA 101M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, Chapter 6. A-22-2.3.5.2 The decision to allow the use of the criteria from NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinlder Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, in these occupancies is based on (1) the desire of the Committee to obtain a level of fire suppression and control approximately the same as that delivered by residential facilities protected by such systems (see the appen'dix statement :in NFP~ 13D, Stan- dard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-and Two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes), and (2) the fact that potential fire exposure and challenge to the suppression system in a small board and care facility are of the same nature and no more severe than that found in residences. A-22-2.3.5.2 Exception No. 1 NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, states the following provi- sions for a multipurpose piping system. A piping system serving both sprinkler and domestic needs shall be acceptable where: (a) In common water supply connections serving more than one dwelling Unit, 5 gpm (19 L/min) is added to the sprinkler system demand to determine the size of common piping and t~e size of the total water supply requirements. (b) Smoke detectors are provided iin accordance with NFP~ 72, National Fire Alarm Code. APPENDIX A 101-281 (c) All piping in the system conforms to the piping specifi- cations of this standard. (d) Permitted by the local plumbing or health authority. A-22-3.1.2.1 Exception In determining equivalency for con- versions, modernizations, renovations, or unusual design con- epts, the authority having jurisdiction may accept evaluations ased on NFPA 10tM, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life safety, Chapter 6. A-22-3.1.2.2 Exception In determining equivalency for con- ~ersions, modernizations, renovations, or unusual design con- ~pts, the authority having jurisdiction may accept evaluations baked on NFPA 101M, ~{anual on Alternative J4pproaches to 2ife Safety, Chapter 3, using the mandatory safety require- nents for nursing homes. ~-22-33.4.6 See A-16-3.4.3.3. ~,-22-3.3.5.1 It is intended that this requirement apply to :xisting small facilities that are converted to large facil{ties. k-22-3.6.3.2 See A-16-5.3. k-22-4 Board and care occupancies in apartment buildings i~ill usually be small facilities housing 16 or fewer residents. It intended-that the board and care o~upancy be made to con- [orm to the requirements of Section 22-2 for small board and Care facilities, in the unusual case where an apartment houses ~large board and care facility, it would be reasonable for the ~uthority having jurisdiction, using 1-5.3, to apply the provi- sions of ~;ection ~2-3 to the apartni~nt. In addition, the ~tpart- ~nent building in which the facility is housed needs to comply With the reqtiirements for apartment bUildings in Chapters 18 lnd 19 and the additional criteria presented in Section 22-4. A-22-4.L3.1 Exception In determining equivalency for con- ~ersions, modernizations, renovations, or unusual design con- .~epts, ~he authority having jurisdiction may accept evaluations baked on NFPA 101M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to 5ire Safety, Chapter 6. CHAPTER 23 ~-23-1.1 The requirements of this chapter are designed to accommodate typical changes in the capabilities of the resi- lent, such as those due to accidents, temporary illness, cyclical tariations in capabilities, and gradual aging. This is based on :he assumption that the capabilities of the resident will be :valuated at least annually, and for residents with geriatric ;)roblems or degenerative diseases, at least every six months. ~klso, residents should be reevaluated after each accident or illness that requires hospitalization. The requirements of this chapter were developed on the assumption that the occupants will normally evacuate the b~ild- lng in fire emergencies During fire exit ~lrills, all occupants should evacuate the building with whatever staff assistance is aeeded. Exccptioris can be made in facilities with an evacuation :apability rating of impractical. (See 31-Z3.) Managers of board and care homes with nursing home backgrounds sometimes are not aware of the differences between 31-4.1 and 31-7.3. ,-23-1.3 Definitions. Evacuation Capability. The evacuation capability of the residents and staff is a function of both the ability of the resi- dents to evacuate and the assistance provided by the staff. It is intended that the evacuation capability be determined by the procedure acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. It is also intended that the timing of drills, the rating of residents, and similar actions related to determining the evacuation capability he performed by persons apprOVed by or acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. The evacuation capability can be determined by the use of the definitions in 23-1.3, the application of NFPA 101M, Manual on Alternative ApproaChes to Life Safety, Chapter 5, or a program of drills (timed). Where drills are used in determining evacuation capability, it is suggested that the facility condUct and record fire drills 12 times per Year (four times per year on each shift), and that the ,facili~ c~hduc~ the drills in consultation with the authority having jurisdiction. Records should indicate the time taken to reach a pOint of safety, date and time of day, lOcation of simu- lated fire origin, the escape paths used, and comments relating to residents ~vho resisted Or failed to particiPate in the drills. Translation of drill times to evacuation capability may be determined as (I) 3 minutes or less, prompt; (2) over 3 min- utes, but not in excess of 13 minutes, slow; and (3) more than 13 minutes, impractical. Evacuation capability in all cases is based on the time of day or night when evacuation of the facility would be most difficult (e.g., sleeping residents or fewer staff present). Where the facility management does not furnish an evacua- tion capability determination acceptable to the :aUthority hav- ing jurisdiction, the evacuation ca~ability should be classified as impractical. However, evacuatk~n capability should be con- sidered slow if,the following conditions are m~t: (a) All residents are able to travel to centralized dining facilities without continuous staff assistance, and (b) There is continuous staffing whenever there are resi- dents in the facility. Residential Board and Care Occupancy. Following are examples of facilities that may be classified as residential board and care occupancies: (a) A group housing arr~ingement for physically or mentally handicapped persons who normally may attend school in the community, attend worship in the community, or otherwise use community facilities. (b) A group housing arrangement for physically or mentally handicapped persons who are undergoing training in prepara- tion for independent living, for paid employment, or for other normal community activities. (c) A group housing arrangement for the elderly that provides personal care services but that does not provide nursing care. (d) Facilities for social rehabilitation, alcoholism, drug abuse, or mental health problems that contain a group housing arrangement and that provide personal care services bu! do not provide acute care. (e) Other group housing arrangements that provide per- sonal care services but not nursing care. Thermal Barrier. Finish ratings as published in the UL Fire Resistance Directory are one way of determining thermal barrier. A-23-2.1.2 Exception No. I In determining equivalency for existing buildings, conversions, modernizations, renovations, or unusual design concepts, the authority having jurisdiction may accept evaluations based on NFPA 101M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, Chapter 6. 1994 EDITION 101-282 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-23-2.3.4.3 Most often detectors sounding an alarm at 85 dBA or greater, installe.d outside the bedroom area, will meet the intent of :a cause One- in such existing or for CHAPTER 24 A-24-1.7 These figures were established on the basis of counts'of the poPulation of typical store buildings during peri- ods of maxim~n~ occupancy, such as before Christmas:6r dur- areas In be mUch A-24-1.7(g) The figure used in determining the occupancy load for covered mall shopping .cente~ of varying~.si~es' il arrived at empirically in surveying OVer 270 COvered n~all Shop- ping centers, in: th~:~study o{ m~rdaatiiei occupancy Parking requirements~ and in observing the number :of occupal~ts per vehicle during peak seasons. exist- man- datory safet~ ~ People Containment Extinguishment Movement Zone Location Sa ~ ~ Sb ~ Sc First Floor 5 ' Above or Below ~' I 6 3 First Floor :9 ' 8 5 Over 75 ft (23 m) in Height 9 8 5 A-23-3.3.4.4 'See A- 17-3.4.3.2. A-23.3.3.5.1 It is intended that this requirement apply to existing small facilities that are converted to large facilities. A-23-4 Board and care.occupancies in apartment buildings will usually be small facilities housing 16 Or fewer residents. It is intended that the board and care occupancy be made to con- form to the requirements of Section 23-2 for small board and care facili, ties. In the unusual case where an apartment houses a large board and care facility, it would be reasonable for the authority having jurisdiction, using 1-5.3, to apply the provi- sions of Section 23-3 to the apartment. In addition, the apart- ment building in which the facility is housed needs to comply with the requirements for apartment buildings in Chapters 18 and 19 and the additional c{iteria presented ih Section 23~4 A-23-4.1.3.1 Exception In determining equivalency for exist- ing buildings, conversions, modernizations, renovations, or unusual design concepts, the authority having jurisdiction may accept evaluations baseci on NFPA 101M, 3~hual on Alterna- tive Approaches to Life Safety, ~Chapter 6. 1994 EDITION stores able when s load: is can be t facility to do b ts~ness. A-24-2.2.7 Exception To design egress from a covered mall building, the following steps should be used: (1) The covered mall/pedestrian wayhas been assigned no occupant load, but it must be provided with means of egress sized to accommodate the total occupant load of the covered mall building based on the gross leasable area. The exits for the covered mall/pedestrian way can be provided by a combi- nation of exterior exit doors and exit passageways. (2) After completion of step (1), each tenant space (i e., store) is to be judged individually for occupant load and egress capacity. This step normally sends some portion of the store's occupa.nt load into the covered mall and the remainder through the back of the store into an exit passageway that may serve multiple tenant stores and the covered mall. '(3) The exit passageway must be sized for the most restric- tive of the following c~nditions (a) Minimum 66 in. (168 cm) per 24-4.4.1 Exception (b), or (b) The portion of the egress capacity from the largest single tenant store being served by the exi~ p?sageway, or (c) The portion of the egress capacity from the covered mall being provided by the exit passageway. APPENDIX A 101-283 The concepts used in the above steps include: (1) After proper egress capacity is provided for the cov- ered mall/pedestrian way, each store must then independently )rOvide egress capacity for its occupants· (2) The covered mall and the store's required exit pas- ageway width need not be added together. (3) The required exit passageway width for a tenant store ~eed not be added to that of other stores using the same exit )assageway. ~-24-2.5.9 In order to eliminate the obstrudtion to the means egress Of the interior exit and the exterior exit ate area for transit used by customers. exits that are con- of wheeled 'carts 'or buggie~ It is not the intent to allow, exit access through occupancy storerooms. to thE' general rule on point of discharge to with the specified safe- reasonable A stairway is not considered to discharge through the street toor area if it leads to the streeI thrOugh a fire resistance rated :nclosure (exit passageway) separating it from the main area, .,yen tl~ough there are doors between the first floor ~tairway anding and the main area, ~ The provisions of 24-2.7.2 should not be confused with open tmrways as permitted by 24-3.1 Except on No 1. k-24-3.2;1 It is the intent to allow a suspended natural gas- ired umt heater that comphes w~th the reqmrements of Sec- ion 7-2 to be installed and used in a mercantile occupancy, tithou~ classifying the area in which it is located as hazardous. t-24-3.2.2 The requirement for separating'high hazard con- ent areas from other parts of the building is intended to iso- ate the hazard, and Exception No. 1 to 6-2.3.1 is applicable. ~-24-4.4.1 Exception (h) The minimum~requirement for ter- minatir~g mall exit access in not less than 66 in'. (168 cm) width elates ~o the minimum requirement for at least one aisle in ~'lass A stores [30,000 sq ft (2,800 sq m) or greater sales area] r) be 5 ft (152 cm) in width. t-24-4.4.1 Exception (e) Fire experience in covered mall hopping centers indicates that.the most likely place of fire ori- in is in the tenant space where the combustible fire loading is a[ gre~ter than in the covered mall proper. Furthermore, any fires resulting from the comparatively low ire loading in the covered mall proper are far more likely to be letected and extinguished in their incipient stages because of he nat~tre of the ~overed mall proper as a high traffic' pedes- dan way, thus producing far less smoke development in a far ~reater volume ot Space than in the much more confined adja- ent tenant sPace. Smoke control systems that address the foregoing are neces- a~ in order to: (a) Ensure the integrity of the covered mall as a pedestrian way by maintaining it reasonably free of the products of com- bustion for at least the duration required to evacuate the building, (b) Confine the products of combustion to the area of ori- gin, and (c) Remove the products of combustion with a minimum of migration of such products of combustion from one tenant to another. Systems or combinations of systems that ~:an be engineered to accomplish this include: (a) Separate mechanical exhaust or control systems. (b) Mechanical exhaust or control systems in conjunction with heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems. (c) Automatically or manually released gravity roof vent devices, such as skylights, relief dampers, or smoke vents. (d) Combinations of (a), (b), and (c) or any other engineered system designed to accomplish the purpose of this section. A-24-4.4.23 It is not the intent of this paragraph to require that large stores be considered anchor stores. A store not con- sidered in determining the occupant load of the mall must be arranged so that all of its means of egress will be independent of the- covered mall. CHAPTER 25 A-25-1.7 These figures were established on the basis of counts of the population of typical store buildings during peri- ods of maximum occupancy, such as before Christmas or dur- ing special sales. In some cases, the actual occupancy might be more dense than indicated by these figures, hut it may reason- ably be assumed that in any large mercantile building, all areas will not be similarly crowded at the same time, and the average occupant load should seldom exceed these figures. In some types of stores, the occuphnt load will normally be much less than indicated: for example, in furniture stores. How- ever, the character of mercantile operations is subiect to such rapid changes that it is not prudent in designing exit facilities to assume that any store wi!l never be crowded, and for thi.s reason, the same load figures are used for all types of stores. A-25:l.7(g) The figure used in'determining the occupancy load for covered mall shopping centers of varying sizes is arrived at empirically in surveying over 270 covered mall shop- ping centers, in studying mercantile occupancy parking requirements, and in observing the number of occupants per vehicle during peak seasons. These studiesshow that with an increase in shopping center size, there is a decrease in the number of occupants per square foot of gross leasable area. This phenomenon is explained when one considers that above a certain shopping center gross leasable area [approximately 600,000 sq ft (56,000 sq m)], a multiplicity of the same. types of stores starts to occur: the purpose is to increase the choices avail- able to a customer for any given type of merchandise. Therefore, when shopping center size iBcreases, the occupant load increases as well, but at a declining rate. In using the figure, the occupant load factor is applied to only the gross leasable area utilizing the covered mall as a means of egress. 1994 EDITION 101-284 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-25-2.2.2.2 The term "principal entrance/exit doors" is intended to imply doors that the authority having jurisdiction can be reasonably ensured will be unlocked in order for the facility to do busihess. A-25-2.2.7 Exception To design egress from a covered mall building, the following steps should be used: (1) occupa the covered nation ~ (2) ts for occupant sel-ve~ :he most restric- Minimum 66 in. (1~68 cm) per 25-4.4.1 Exception tive, (a) (b), or (b) or (c) The portion of the egress capacity from the covered mall being provided by the exit Passag~wayl The concepts used in the above steps include: (1) After proper egress capacity is provided for the cov- ered mall/pedestr[an way, each store must then independently provide e~ress capacity ~r its occupants. (2) The covered mall and the Store's required exit pas- sageway width need not be added together. (3) The required exit passagewaywidth for a tenant store need not be ad'led to that'of o/her ~tores using the same exit passageway. A-25-2.5.2 The purpose of this paragraph is to avoid pockets or dead ends of such size that they pose. an undue danger of persons becoming trapped in case of fire. It is recognized' that' excessive dead ends exist and, in some cases, are ir~practicat to eliminate. The aUthority having juris- diction may allow these to continue, taking into consideration any or all of the following: (a) Tenant arrangement. (b) Automatic sprinkler protection. (c) Smoke detection. (d) Exit remoteness. A-25-2.5.3 It is recognized that excessive common paths of travel exist and, in some cases, are impractical to eliminate. The authority having jurisdiction may allow these to continue, taking into consideration any or all of the following: (a) Tenant arrangement. (b) Aatomatic'sprinkler protection. (c) Smoke detection. (d) Exit remoteness. 199~ EDITION A-25-2.5.9 In order to eliminate the obstruction to the means of egress of the interior exit access and the exterior exit dis- charge, it is the intent to provide adequate area for transit and pad~ing of wheeled carts Or :buggies Used by customers. This includes corral areas adjacent to exits that are constructed to restrict the movement c~f wheeled carts or .buggies therefrom. A-25-2.7.2 The basis for the exception to the general rule on complete enclosm to the floor open tion 7-2 to be A-25-3.2.2 The tent late gas- Sec- ter- 6xit area] I A-25-4.4. is fire of trian cent l adja- are neces- sar~ (a) way bustion building~ (b) COnfine the products of COmbustion to the ~area,of fire origin, and (c) Remove the products of combustion with a minimum of migration of such products of combUStion from odd tenant! to another. Systems or combinations of systems that, can be engineered to accomplish this include: (a) (b) Mechanical with heating, (c) Automatically or vent devices, such as skylights, (d) Combinations of system ~,PPENDtX A 101-285 A-25-4.4.23 It is not the intent of-this paragraph to require .~hat large stores be considered anchor stores. A store not con- sidered in determining the occupant load of the mall must be arranged so that all of its means of egress will be independent )f the covered mall. CHAPTER 26 ~.-26-1.1.1 Exception In determining equivalency for conve~r- iions, modernizations, renovations, or'unuSual desig~coi~cePts 6f ~usiness occupancies, the authority having jurisdicti°n may use ~IFPA 101M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safe~y, 2hapter 7, utilizing the paramete~ for new construction. ~ ~-26-1.7 In calculating the ocCuPant lOad of a business occu- ancy, it is important to bas6 the c~lCUlati~n 6n the actual Uses of he various bt~ilding ai'eas.'Foi' example, given that buildings hav- ng educ~iti0nal uses above grade 12 are for the most part busi- ness occupancies because they are eXempted from being clasSi- 5ed as educational 0c~upar~ies Und6r Chapters 10 and 11, 3ccupant load factors of 20 sq ft (1.9 sq m) net for c~ass~:°°m areas andi 50 sq ft (4.6. sq m) net for!nstructional laboratory, areas ~hoUld be Used. Occup~t load'calculations for cohference i'ooms ~h°Uld be based on 7 sq ft or 15 sq ft (0,65 sq m or 1.4 sq m) net ~er perSon. For typical office:areas, the occupant load'cal~ulation ihould be based on the 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) ~l'oss factor. s,-26-2:.2.2.2 The term "principal entrance/exit doors" is intended to implY doors that the authority having jurisdiction :an be reasonably ensured will be unlocked in order for the ~acility to do business. S~-26-2.3.2 It is not the intent of this provision to apply to non- :orridor or nonpassageway areas of exit access such as the spaces ~etween rows of desks created by office layout o~ low height par- titions. It is the intent of this provision to require that all corridors and passageways be at least 44 in. (112 Cm) in width (wider if serving an occupant load of more than 220 persons):regardless of occupant toad served (i.e., small number of persons). &-26-3.2.1 It is not the intent of this provision to require that rooms inside individual tenant spaces, used to store routine office supplies for that tenant, be either separated or sprinklered. A-26-3~2.2 ~ The requirement for separating high hazard' con~ tent areas from other parts Of the buildingis intendedtO iso- late the hazard, find Exception No; 1 to 6-2.3.1 is app ~cable, &-26-3:6.1 Exception No.'l Where exits are available from an open floor area, such as 'open plan bt/ildings, corridors need n~)t be separated An example ~f an open plan building is one in Which the work ~spaces and accesses to ex~t~ are dehneated by the use of tables, desks;' b0(~kca~es, c°Unte~s, o~:'by parti- tions that are less than floor to ceiling height. A-26-3.6.1 Exception No.;~. ~ I~ is ~he intent of this paragraPh that~ a single ten~m be iiriiited'to ah areh occupied under ~i sin2 gle management and work the same hours. The concepl is that people under '[he same employworkingthe same hours W~)uld largely be familiar witli their ~ntire'.tenant space. It is n6t the intent to apply this just because tenants might he owned by the same orgamzatmn. For :example, m a government-owned office I~uilding, ~the offices of different federal agencies.w0uld be Considered: mflitiple tenants, because'an employee norlnally works for one agen~y..~e agencies may work various hours. Another. example of multiple tenancy would be a classroom building of a university, since some classrooms may be in use at times when other classrooms are not being used. A-26-4.2 In. the design of high rise buildings, special consid- eration should also be given to a life safety system including, among others, the following features: (a) Movement of occupants to safety. ~ (b) Control of fire and smoke. (c) Psychological features. (d) Communications. (e) Elevators (see A-7-4.1). (f) Emergency planning. (g) Overall system reliability. CHAPTER 27 A-27-1'.1.1 Exception In determining equivalency for busi- ness occupancies, the authority having jurisdiction may use NFPA 101M, Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, Chapter 7; utilizing the parameters for existing buildings. A-27-1.7 In calculating the occupant load of a business occu- pancy, it is important to base the calculation on the actual usesof the various building areas. For example, given that buildings hav- ing educational uses above grade 12 are for the most part busi- ness occupancies, because they are exempted from being classi- fied as educational occupancies under Chapters 10 and 11, occupant load factors of 20 sq fi (1.9 sq m) net for classroom areas and 50 sq ft (4.6 sq m) net for instructional laboratory areas should be used. Occupant load calculations for conference rooms should be based on7 sq ft or 15 sq ft (0.65 sq m or 1.4 sq m) net per person. For typical office areas, the occupant load calculation should be based on the 100 sq ft (9.3 sq m) gross factor. A-27-2.2.2.2 The term "principal entrance/exit doors" is intended to imply doors that the authority having jurisdiction can be reasonably ensured will be unlocked in order for the facility to do business. A-27-2~5.2 It is recognized that excessive dead ends exist and in some cases are impractical to eliminate. The authority hav- ing jurisdiction may allow these to continue, taking into con- sideration any or all of the following: (a) Tenant arrangement. (b) Automatic sprinkler protection. (c) Smoke detection. (d) Exit remoteness. A-27-2.5.3 It is recognized that excessive common paths of travel exist and in some cases are impractical to eliminate. The authority having jurisdiction may allow these to continue, tak- ing into consideration any or all of the following: (a) Tenant arrangement. (b) Automatic sprinkler protection. (c) Smoke detection. (d) Exit remoteness. 1994 EDITION 101-286 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-27-3.2.1 It is not the intent of this provision to require that rooms inside individual tenant spaces, used to store routine office supplies for that tenant, be separated or sprinklered A-27-3.2.2 The requirement for separating high hazard con- tent areas from other parts of the building is intended to iso- late the hazard, and E~ception No i to 6-2.3.1 is applicable. bringing true, it would be tion to ity, allowing suitable various jurisdic- the ability of the CHAPTER 28 A-28-1.4.1(c) High hazard occupancy may include occupan- cies where gasoline and other flammable liquids are handled, used, or stored under such ConditiOns as t~ involve possible release of flammable vapors; where grain dust, wood flour or plastic dusts; aluminum or magnesiU~ dust, or other explosive dusts may be produced; where hazardous chemicals or explo- sives are manufactured, stored,' or handled; where cottOn or other combustible fiber~ are rpr0cesSed or h~andled under COn- ditions such as to produce flammable flyings; and other situa- tions of similar hazard. Chapter 28, "Industrial Occupancies," and Chapter 29, "Storage Occupancies," include ~letailed provisions on high hazard occupancy. A-28-1.7 In most cases, the r~quirements for maximum travel distance to exits will be the deterinining factor rather than num- bers of occupants, as exits prOVided tO satisfy travel distance requirements will be sufficient to provide egress capacity for all occupants, except in cases of unUsual arrangement :of buildings or high ~ccupant load of a general manufacturing occupancy. A-28-2.2.5.2 The customary building code requirement for fire doors on both sides of an opening i~ a fire wall may be met by having an automatic-sliding fire door on one side, and self-closing fire door swinging out from the other side of the wall. This arrangement qualifies only as a horizontal exit from the side of the sliding door. For further information, see A-5-2.4.3.8. A-28-2.62(b) Smoke and heating venting should be in accor- dance with NFPA 204M, Guide f~'r Smoke and Heat Venting. A-28-2.9 The authority having jurisdiction should review the facility and determine the "designated" stairs, aisles, corri- dors, ramps, and passageways that should be required to be provided with emergency lighting. In large locker rooms or lab- oratories using hazardous chemicals, for example, the author- ity having jurisdiction should determine that emergency light- ing is needed in the major aisles leading through those spaces. A-28-3.2 Emergency lighting should be considered where operations require lighting to Perform orderly manua emer- gency operation or shutdown, maintain critical services, or provide safe start-up after a power failure. A-28-6 For further information on aircraft hangars, see NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars. 1994 EDITION CHAPTER 29 A-29-1.7 There is r stor- age num- ber, 'ning the occupant A-29-2.2.5.~ ~ The customary requirement of building codes for by of CHAPTER 30 A-30-1.3,3 In determining openings in exterior walls, doors or access panels may be included. Windows may also be included if they are openable or provide a breakable gla~ed ~ea. A-30-1.3.7.1(e) It is not the intent readily openable from the exterior by can easily be opened with normal A-30-1.3.7.2(e) It is not the i be readily openable from the exterior by the can easily be opened with normal A-30-2.2 tots may the, A-30-2.4 A-30-2.5.2 see NFPA tion A-30-6 will b~ For further information A-30-8.2,1 as small batk .) APPENDIXA building is still considered to be "protected throughout" for the purposes of 30~8.2.1. A-30-83.1 The need for voice communication can be based dna decision regarding staged or partial evacuation versus total evacuation of all floors. The determination of need is a f~nction of occupancy classification and building height. 3/-30-8.5 Itis not the intent of the paragraph to reqUire any of the. equipment in. the list, other than the telePhone for fire to provide the controls, panels, annun- the Code. cHApTER 31 A proper means 0f egress permits uiiobstructed tt:avel at all times. Any type barrier including, but not limited 3~ the accumulations of snow and ice in those climates Subject such accumulations is an impediment to free movement in he means of egre_ss. -31-1.3.2 The presence of a life ~safety feature:, such as )rinklers or fire alarm devices, creates a reasonable expecta- on by the public' that these safety feature~ are functional. /hen systen~s are inoPerable or tal~en out'of service, but the levices remain present, they present a false sense of safety. also, before taking any life safety features out of service, xtreme care needs to be exercised to ensure that the feature ~ n°t required, w~s not originallY prOVided as an altcrnative or .qUl(,alency,'0r is no longer required due to other new require- aents in the citrrent Code. It is. not intended that the entire ystem or protection feature be removed. Instead, components ~ch as sl~rinklers, initiating d~Oice~, notification appliances, tandpiPe hose, add exit SYstems sh°uld :be removed to reduce he:likelihood of'r~lying on inoperable systems~ or features. tlternatively, signag~ could be:p~0vided to indicatothat fi sys- em is no toi~gor 0pfirable. "' " ~31-i~4.1 Testing per NFPA 701, Standard Methods o£ Fire Tests for Flame,Resistant Textiles and Films, is applicable to extiles and films, used in a hangingconfiguration. If the textiles :nd films are to be a to surfaces of buildings or backing in buildings, they should Wall and c~iling finishes in accordance and tested for flame spread rat- accordance with NFPA CharacteHstics I with testing per ~ Tests and Classification System for Cigarette lgnition'Redstance of Components of Upholstered ~urniffure, the maximum 1.5-in. (3.8-cm) char length requirement fissociated ~ Standard Method of Test Smoldering Cigarettes, and the requirement of FF4-72, 'are indicators that approved; automatic from cigarette ignition resistance for an excessive' period of time with- tenability within the room or area of the temperatures necessa~ to A-31-1.4. (a) Tt single up taining The spril system w gle upho] release (b) TI upholste test was against t upholste the usual of rate ,c usually p triangle-~ were to opposed would m allowed i system t{ A-31-1.4 ascertai~ bility Tes and UL A-31-1.4 treated, tic deco~ A-31-1.5 between building caI viewl this ten schools, The g safe use orderly ~ been re~ major fil mary pu desirabl~ ary to th The ~ can be being m, the bulk For exm oped an, In bu acter an stores, n may be ~ exit dril! howeve~ can be t lng in c employe fire; sm whethex 101-287 The intent of the provisions of 31-1.4.3 is as follows: e maximum 250 kW peak rate of heat release for a holstered furniture item was chosen based on main- tenable environment within the room of fire origin. tkler exception was developed because the sprinkler 11 help to maintain tenable conditions even if the sin- stered furniture item were to have a peak rate of heat excess of 250 kW. ~e maximum 40 MJ total energy release by the single 'ed furniture item during the first five minutes, of the established as an additional safeguard to protect he adverse conditions that would be created by an 'ed furniture item that released its heat in other than measured scenario. During the test for measurement f heat release, the instantaneous heat release value ~aks qUickly and then quickly falls off so as to create a ;haped curve. In the atypical case, if the heat release peak and remain steaciy at that elevated level, as to: quickly failing off, the maximum 250 kW limit ~t' ensure ~afety..~gaih, only a sprinkler excePtion is n lieu of the test because of the ability of the sprinkler , control the fire. 4- The following test procedures may be ~Utilized to the heat release of mattreSses: Cai TB 129, Flamma- ! Procedures for Mattresses for Use in Public BuiMings, 1895, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Mattresses. Christmas trees not effectively flame-retardant )rdinary crepe paper decorations, and pyroxylin plas- ati°ns r~ay be classified as highly flammable. The term "fire exit drill" is used to avoid :confusion drills held for the purPose of rapid :evaCuation of and drills of fire-fighting practi,c,e, that from,, ~a techni- ,oint are correctly de~i~x~ated as fire drills, although n is by common usag~e applied to ~egres~ drills in stc. urpose of fire exit drills is to ensure the efficient and of the egress facilities available. Proper drills ensure :gress under control and prevent the panic that has ponsible for. the greater part of the loss of life in the e disasters of history. Order and control are the pri- )oses of the drill~ Speed in emptying buildings,, while is not in itself an object, and should be made second- maintenance of proper order and discipline, efulness of a fire exit drill and the extent to which it arried depends on the character of the occupancy, it ~st effective in occupancies where the Occupant load of ling is under discipline and subject to habitual control. nple, schools offer possibilities of mOre highly devel- i valuable fire exit drills than other types of occupancy. ldings where the occupant load is ~f a Changing char- cl not under discipline, Such as hotel~ Or d~partment o regularly organized fire exit drill, such as that which onducted ~n schools, ~s Possible. In such cases, the fire s must be limited to the regular employees, who can, be thoroughly schooled in the prope~procedure and .ained to properly direct other occupants of the build- ~se of fire. In occupancies such as hOspitals, regular es can be rehearsed in the proper procedure in case of :h traini, ng always is advisable in all occupancies or not regular fire exit drills can be held. 1994 EDITION 101-288 LIFE SAFETY CODE A-31-1.5.5 If a fire exit drill is considered merely as a routine exercise from which some persons may be excused, there is a grave danger that in an actual fire the drill will fail in its intended purpose. A-31-1.5.6 Fire is always unexpected. If the drill is always Iow ants have con- dif- ferent A-31-3.1.8 Wherever possible, drill lines should not cross a street or highway, especially where the traffic is heavy. It is recommended that, where drill lines must cross roadways, a police officer, school janitor, or a teacher acting as a traffic officer be on duty to control traffic during drills: A-31, the fur any reported be educational ', center. deve and nique,, and A-3I A-31-2,2.3 A-31~3.1.1 as it is one times to require an restaurants, ~ of schools as well as schools for the and various buildings authorities to but all supplements rements. A-31 inclement weather. Such :C time, when the alarm signal. Witt ~ of a return signal. some of the order to inactivity. 1994 EDITION A-31;4 i or ~ be of this are 101-289 (a) If any person is involved in the fire, the discoverer ~hould go to the aid of that person, calling aloud an established rode phrase. The use of a code provides for both the immedi- ote aid of any endangered person and the transmission oran alarm. Any person in the area, upon hearing the code called aloud, should activate the building fire alarm using the nearest darm station. the fire the discoverer nearest man- ing the alarm-signal,, should imme- duties as outlined: in the facility fire safety t? lan. (d) Should determine the f the fire as audible signal. Ii uipped x i fire origir alert all. facility personnel of the place nt types Of llles of proced re.u . ' ' "ion f 1 141'd i' m the management. nent'are included in' NFP~ ]3, Standard for the Installation of rprinkler Systems. t-314.5~2 NeWly introduced upholstered furniture within for rate of heat lealth care oCcupancie~ should be tested" 'elease in accordance with 31-1.4.3. ,31-4.5.3 Newly introduced mat[resses within a health'!care ~ccupancy should be tested for. rate of heat release in aecor- lance with 31-1.4.4. k-314.5.5 It is not the inteni of the Code that small W~ll- Or :art-mounted waste-type containers be required to compiy ldith this section .of the.Code. -31-4.6 Two documents that provide recognized eng{neer2 g princioles for the testing of smoke control systems a~e PA 92~, Recommended P~acticefor Smoke-Control Syqterns, NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Ils, Atria, and Large Areas. A-31-5.1.2 This can be met by electronic or oral monitoring systems, visual monitoring, call signals, or other means. A-31-5.L3 There should be periodic coordinated training involving detention/correctional facility personnel and personnel of the fire department legally committed to serving the facility. A-31-5.4 Personal property provides combustible contents for fire development. Therefore, adequate controls are needed to limit the quantity and combust~ility of fuels available to burn to reduce the probability of room flashoverl The provi- sions of 31-5.4 will not, by themselves, prevent room flashover if personal property controls are not provided. A-31~6.1.1 Employers are obligated to determine to what degree employees are to participate in emergency activities. Regulations of the U.S. Dept. of Labor (OSHA) govern these activities and provide options for employers, from total evacu- ation to aggressive structural fire fighting by employee bri- gades. For additional information, see OSHA Regulations for Emergency Procedures and Fire Brigades, 29 CFR Part 1910, Subparts E and L. A-31-6.L2 It is recommended that emergencies be assumed to have arisen at various locations in the occupancy in order to train employees in logical procedures. A-31-6.4.i Floor diagrams should reflect the actual floor arrangement and should be oriented with the actual direction to.the exits; A-31-6.4.2 Factors for developing the fire safety information include construction type, suppression systems, alarm and detection systems, building layout, and building HVAC sys- tems, etc. A-31-6.6 In nonsprinklered hotels, dormitories, or apartment buildings, new upholstered furniture located in corridors or areas not separated from corridors by corridor walls as speci- fied in the Code should be tested in accordance with NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes, with a char length not exceeding 1.5 in. (3.8 cm), and should be labeled indicating such compliance. A-31-7.5 The requirements applicable to draPeries/curtains, upholstered furnitu,,re, a,n,d mattresses apply only to "new" draperies/curtainS, new upholstered ft~rhiture, and "new" mattresses. The word "new" means unused, normally via pro- curement from the marketplace, either by purchase or dona- tion, of items not previously used. Many board and care facili- ties all0w~ the'residents to l~ring into th~ board and ~are home upholstered furniture items from that resldent?s previous place of residence. Such an item is not "new" and .thus will not be regulated. On the other hand, some of the larger board and care homes purchase "contract furniture" much the same way as is done in hotels. Such new, unused furniture, whether pur- chased or received as a donation, is regulated by the-require- ments of 31-7.5.2. By federal l~w, mattresses manufactured and sold within the United States must phss testing per FF4-72, Standard for the Flammability 'of Mattresses. A-31-7.5.2 New upholstered furniture within board and care homes should be tested for rates 'of heat release in accordance with 31-1.4.3. : A-31-7.5.3 New mattresses within board and care homes should be tested for rates of heat release in accordance with 31-1.4.4. 1994 EDITION 101-290 LIFE SAFETY CODE APPENDIX B REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS B-1 The following documents or portions thereof are refer- enced within this ~ode for informational purposes only and thus are not considered Part of the requiremer~tS of this ~ode. The edition indicated for each reference is the CUrrent edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. in an NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, 1993 edition. [A-6-2.3.6.2(c)] NFP~ 9 ~ Malls, Atr/a, .1991 edition. (A-7-3A,: A-3L4.6) NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire,Extinguishers, 1990 edi- tion. (A-%7.4.1) : . NFPA (A-7-7.3) NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Sys- tems, 1992 edition. (A~7-7.3) NFPA 1 terns, 1990 editiom Installation of Sprinkler Sys- tems, 1! A-6-2.4.H Exception No. 1, A-12-3.5.1, A-12-3.5.: .3, A-13-3~5.6, A-31-4.5.1) I Systems in .2, A-22-2.3.5.2 Exception No. 1, A-23,2 NFPA 15, Spray Fixed Systems for Fire NFPA 17, Stan~lardfor Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, 1990 edition. (A-%7.3) INFPA 'Petroleum A-9-3.2.4.4(O), (A-6-4.2) NFPA 70; National Electrical Code, 1993 edition. (A-5-9.2.2, A-5-9:2~4, ~-16-5.3) NFPA 72; National FireAlarm Code, 1993 edition. (A-7-6.1.3, A-7-6.3.3, A~7-7.2.1, A-22-2.3.5.2 Exception No. 1) NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and. Fire Windows, 1992 edition. (A-5rl.3.5, A-6-2.3.5) NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures, 1991 edition. (A-29-8.1.1) tion. NFPA 1991 edi- NFPA Resis- to A-3 NFPA 265, Standard Methods c r Evaluating Room Fire: Growth Contribution t 1994 edition. (A-6-5.2.3.5) NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protect~n:of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 1990 edition. (A-30-2.5;2) NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars; 1990 edition. I (A-28-6, A~29-6) J'The edition of NFPA 101M that corresponds with the 1994 Life Safety Code will be ;published in 1995. 1994 EDITION APPENDIX B 101-291 NFPA 50lA, Standard for Fire Safety Criteria for Manufac- tured Home Installations, Sites, and Communities, 1992 edition. (A-30-6) NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-Resistant Textiles and Films, 1989 edition. (A-6-5.3.1, A-31-L4.1) INFPA 705, Recommended Practice for a Field Flame Test for Textiles and Films, 1993 edition. [A-8-4.4.3.4(c), A-9-4.43.4(c)] NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Public Fire Service Communication Systems, 1991 edi- tion. (A-7-7.2.1) NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing l Systems, 1994 edition. (A-7-73) NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 17th editi°n, 1991 [A-7-7.1.1, A-12-3.2.2, A-13-3.2.2, A-13-3.6.1 Exception No. 6(c)] NFPA SPP-53, Butcher and Parnell Smoke Control in Fire ;afety Design (A-7-3 1) i-1.2 Other Publications. ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory--1985 Funda- nentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air 2onditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.;'Atlanta, GA 0329 (A-5-2.3.2, A-7-3.1) ASME/ANSI A17.1-1990, Safety Code for Elevators and alators, including Addenda A17.1a-1991 and A17.16-1.992, erican National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018 (A-5-2.12.2.3, A-7-4.1) ASME A17.3-1990, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and ~scalators, including Addenda A17.3a-1991 and A17.36-1:991, American National Standards Institute, 1430 B~°adway, New York, NY 10018 (A-74.1) . ASTM E-814-83, Methods for Fire Tests of Through- enetration Fire Stops (A-6-2.3.6.2, A-6-2.4.2) CABO/ANSI A117.1-1992, American National Standard for I ~__ccessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, American National Standards Institute, 1430 BrOadway, New York, NY 10018 (3,-2-10, A-5-1.2, A-5-2.2.3.4, A-8-2.5.i0.2, A-9-2.5.10.2) FF1,70, Standard for the Surface Flammability of Carpets and Rugs (Pill Test) (A-6-5.4.1) FF4-72,. Standard for Flammability of Mattresses ( A-31-1.4.2, A-31-T5) SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (A-5-2.12.3.2, A-8-2.3.2, A-9-2.3.2, A-31-2,1) I Klote and Fothergiil, Design of Smoke Control Systems for Buildings, ASHRAE, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 0017 (A-5-2.3.2, A-5-2.12~3.2) ;Templer, J., Mullet, G., Archea, J., and Margulis, S.,,/ln Anal- of tire Behavior of Stair Users, National Bureau of Standards S BSS 120. Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, YA 22151 (A-5-2.2.3.4) ACI 2/6RR, Guide for Determining the Fire Endurance of Concrete Elements, American Concrete Institute, 22400 W. Seven Mile Rd., Box 19150, Redford Station, Detroit, MI 48219 (A-6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2) CMtFS, Analytical Methods of Determining Fire Endurance of Concrete and Masonry Members Model Code Approved Procedures, Concrete and Masonry Industry Firesafety Com- mittee, 5420 Old Orchard Rd., Skokie, IL 60077-4321 (A-6- 2.3.1 Exception No. 2) CRSI, Reinforced Concrete Fire Resistance, Concrete Rein- forcing Steel Institute, 933 N. Plum Grove Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60173-4753 (A-6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2) PCI, Design for Fire Resistance of Precast Prestressed Con- crete, Prestressed Concrete Institute, 175 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604 (A-6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2) AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Columns, American Iron & Steel Institute, 1133 15th St., NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005 (A-6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2) AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Beams, American Iron & Steel Institute, 1133 15th St., NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005 (A-6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2) AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Trusses, American Iron & Steel Institute, 1133 15th St., NW, Suite 300, Washing- ton, DC 20005 (A-6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2) NFPA, Design of Fire-Resistive Exposed Wood Members, National Forest Products Association, 1250 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036 (A-6-23.1 Exception No. 2) UBC, Methods for Calculating Fire Resistance of Wood-Framed Walls, Floors and Roofs, Uniform Building Code, 5360 S. Work- man Mill Rd., Whittier, CA 90601 (A-6-2.3.1 Exception No. 2) Uniform Building Code, 5360 S. Workman Mill Rd., Whittier, CA 90601 (A-6-5.2.5) Standard Building Code, Southern Building Code Congress Int'l, Inc., 900 Montclair Rd., Birmingham, AL 35213-1206 (A-6-5.2.5) National Building Code, Building Officials and Code Administrators Int'!, Inc., 4051 W. Flossmoor Rd., Country Club Hills, IL 60478-5795 (A-6-5.2.5) UL Fire Resistance Directory, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60,062 (A-22-1.3, A-23-1.3) Cai TB 129, Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public Buildings, State of California Bureau of Home Furnishings, 3485 Orange Grove Ave., North Highlands, CA 95660 (A-31~ 1.4.4) UL 1895, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Mattresses, 1st edition, 1991, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062 (A-31-1.4.4) OSHA Regulations for Emergency Procedures and Fire Bri- gades, 29 CFR Part 1910, Subparts E and L, Occupational Safety & Health Association, Office of Administrative Ser- vices, 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Rm 5452, Washington, DC 20210 (A-31-6.1.1) 1994 EDITION 101-292 LIFE SAFETY CODE Index 1994 National Fire Protection Association, All Rights Reserved The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes. The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index. This index may not l~e reproduced in whole or in Part by any means without the express'written p6rmis- sion of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. -A- Access-controlled egress doors ....................................... .5-2.1.6,2 Access/egress routes Existing assembly occupancies ..... 9-2 5.6, A-9-2 5 6 I to ' ~ A-9-2.5.6.3, A-9-2.5.6.5 New assembly occupancies ....... : ....... 8-2.5.6, A-8-2.5.6.1 to A-8-2.5.6.3, A-8-2.5.6.5 Accessible areas of refuge ............................. see also Areas of refuge Definition ... ..................................................... 3-2, 5-1.2 Accessible means of egress ........ 5-5.4 A-5-5.4.4(c) see also Means of egress Definition . ~ ................................. ~ ......... 3-2, 5-1.2, A2~-I 2 Aceessoi'y ~ooms Definition .............................. A-8-1 3 A-9-13 Stages ........................................................... 8-3.2.1.4 Additions ' Application of the standard ...................... 1-4.5 Definition ................................................... . .......... 3-2 Existing detention and correctional occupancies .................... 15-1.1.6 Existin~ h~alth care occupancies ................................. 13-t.1.4.1 NeW detention and correctional occupancies ................. ~ .... 14-1.1.6 New health care occupancies ............................ 12-1.1.4, 12-1.1.4.1 Administration of the standard ................................... Chap. 1, A-1 Air conditioning ~ ................ see Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning Aircraft servicing hangars ............. : ........... ~ ......... 28-6, A-28~6 Aircraft storage hangars ................................ i ......... 29-6, A-29-6 Aisle accossways Bleachers, existing assembly occupancies .......... 9-2.5.11 Bteachersl new assembly occupancies ............. ~..' .............. 8-2.'5.11 Definition ... i ................................. 8-1.3, 9-1.3, Az8-1.3,.A-9-.1.3 Grandstands, ~xisting assembly occup.ancies ..... .......... 9-2.5.11 Grandstands, new assembly occupanctes. ~ ........................ 8-2 5.11 Seating, existing assembly occupancies ...... . ........... 9-2.5.11 Seating, new assembly o~cupancies ........... .............. 8-2.5.11 Aisle ac~ys serving seating at tables Existing assembly o~cupancies ........................ 9-2.5.8, A-9-2.5.8 to A-9-2.5.8.2 New assembly occupancies ................. 8-2.5.8, A-8-2.5.8 to A-8-2.5.8.2 Aisle accessways serving seating not at tables Existing assembly occupancies ............... 9-2.5.7, A-9-2.5.7, A-9-2.5.7.1. A-9-2.5.7.3 New assembly occupancies ................... 8-2.5.7, A-8-2.5.7, A-8-2.5.7.1, A-8-2.5.7.3 Aisle marking, existing assembly occupancies ............ 9-2.5.9.8, A-9-2.5.9.8 Aisle termination Existing assembly occupancies .....................................9-2.5.9.2 New a~embly:occupancies ................................. 8-2.5.9.2 Aisles Bleachers, existing assembly occupanctes ........................... 9-2.5.1 l Bleachers, new assembly occupancies .............................. 8-2.5.11 Existing educational occupancies ..................................11-2.5.5 Grandstands existing assembly occupancies ....................... 9-2.5.11 Grandstands, new assembly o~cupancies ........................... 8-2.5.11 New educational occupandies .......................................1'0-2.5.5 Seating, existifig assembly occupancies ............................. 9-2.5.11 Seating, new assembly occupancies ............................. : .. 8-2 5.11 Stairs, existing assembly occupancies ............... .............. 9-2.5.11.3 Aisles Ser¥ing se~ting at tables Existing assembly occupancies ..................... 9-2.5.10, A-9-2.5.10.1 to A-9-2.5.10.2 New assembly.occupancies ......................................... 8-2.5.10 Aisles serving seating not at tables Existing assembly occupancies ...................................... 9-2.5.9 New assembly occupancies .................................. : ...... .' 8-2.5.9 Alarm systems ............................... see also Communication systems Annunciation. ................ ~ ..................................... ~. 7-6.7 Covered mail buildings ................................... 24-4.4.3, 25-4.4.3 Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.3.4 Day-care homes ..................... : ............................. 10-8.3.4 Existing ambulatory health care centers ............................ I3-6.3.4 Existing apartment buildings ........................................ 19-3.4 Existing assembly occupanctes ........................................ 9-3.4 Existing business occupancies ....................................... 27-3.4 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.3.4 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-3.4 Existing family day-care I omes ................................... .11-9 3.4 Existing group day-care I ~mes ...: .... ......... . .' ....... ~ ..... ... 11-8 3.4 Existing health c~re occu ,an~:ies ................. 13-3.g, A-13-3A.~.I, Ex ,Existing hotels and dorm ;ories ..................... ~. ~ 17.3~4, A-17~3A~3.2 Existin~ mercantil6 occu uncles ..... ' .. ~. ~ . 25-3 4 Ex~stmg resldentml boar~ and Care occupancies ~ 23-2.3.4 23-2.3.4.1, 23-3 3i4 6ener~i . ......... : .................................... , ..~. L.. ~ ..... 7-6,1 High rise buildings ....................................... 30-8.3, A-30-8.3 Industrial occupancies ...................................... ~ .., ~..~ 28-3~4 Lodging homes. ............................................. , .... ~ .... 20~3.3 Maintenance/testing. . , · . : .... ' ......'... 7-6A.7, A:7~6.1.7 New amholato~y heaRh care centers ................... ~ ......... i2-6.3,4 New apartment bu ldin . I . '~ ~8 3 4 New assembly occupancies .............................. ; ..8-3.4 New business occuI~ancies .. .................... . ] ................ ].. 26-3.4 New detention and correctional occupancies ......... : ........ ~, 15-3.4 New educational occupancies .......... ~ ...... ,... ..... ~10-3.4 New health care occupancies ........................ ........ ;.. !... ! 12-3.4 New hotels and dormitories ................................. 16-3.4 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-3.4 New residential board and care occupancies .. 22-2 3.4, 22-2.3 4~1~ 22~3,3 4 Occuparlt notification.. ' .. .7-6.3 A-7-6 3 2~~ A-7-6 3 2 Ex 3 tO A-7-63 2 Ex. 5 A-7-6 3 3 A-7-6 ~ 5 Ex, 1 O~e- and two-tamily dwellings. ~ .......... ~ .......... ! .....' .......'i .'. '21~3.3 Parking ~troctuges . ~..~,.; ............ i ..... ] ......... ~. ........... 29z83 4 R0omihg houSeS ........ : ......................... ~. ~ ........ ~ 20-[I;3 Signal ii~itiation..' ................. ..................... .... ~ 7~6 2 Signal transmission ................................... :. S~"ecial s. trmures ........... ................ .~ ..... ' .... ':"' .".'".' 36-~3 4 'StOrage 0~Up~ncies . .. ~ ........ .... ~:. · . ' .' ~ ~ 29-3.4 latins, doors .:. .... .... ...................... ........... 5-2 1.5, A-5-2 1.5~2 Alterations ~ · . ~ . Existing health care occupancies ............. 13-1.1.4,13~1 1.4.5, New health Care occupancies ............... .......... ! 1221 L4, I2-1 1 4 5, ~ . ' ' ~-12~1 1 4.5 Alternating tread :devices :.: ............. : ....... ......... :,..: 5-2.11 A¢5-2.1 Existing business occupancies..:...: ......................... ; ..... 2%2.211 Existing mercantile occupancies ...................... L ......... .25~2.2.11 Industrial bceupancies ................................ ...~ .......28¢2.2 12 Ne business occupanctes ............................. ~ .......... ~ 26-2.2.9 New mercantile occupancies .......... : ....~ ............. ' .......... 2 Storage occupancies ...................... .................. 29! Ambulatory:i:linic, outpatient (definition) ........ .... Ambulator~ health care centers ............ ... health care centers; New ambulator Definition .................................................. Anchor store (definition) ....... . ................................. Anesthetizing:locations ............... : ............. ........ 12- Anthropome~ric data, means of egress .......................... Apartment buildings see also Existing apartment buildings; New ~ Definition ... ....................................... 18-1.3, Fire emergency nstruct oas ......... Suitability as board and care occupancies ........ 22-4, Application ~f the standard ............................... 1-4, A-1-4~4, ~-1-4.6 ApprOVed (definition) ....... .............................. ! ......... :3-2~ Jk-3-2 Area, flOOr ................................................. ~ ~.. 3-2 Area limitations, mezzanines ........................................... 6-2.5.2 Areas :of refuge: ' AceessibilRy ............. 5-2.12.2 A-5-2.12.2.3 to A-5-2.12.2.4 A-5-2.12.2.6 Day-care centers ................................................. : 10-7.2.2.8 Definition .................................................... 5-1.2 A-5-1.2 Detail: ~ ....... ' .......... 5-2.12.3, A-5-2.12.3.1 to A-5-2A2.3.2 A-5'-2 i2 3 4 Existir apartment buildings ......................... !9-2.2.1~ A-19~2,~.~0 Ex stir a~embly occupancies ............................. } ~. '9~2,2 10 Existir busines~ occupancies ..................................... ~ 27-2.2.12 Ex~sti day-care centers ......................................... 11-7.2.2.8 Exi~ti :letention and correctional occupancies .................. ,15-2,2.9 Ex]sti :ducational occupancies ...... ...................... i.. 1 t-;2 2 8 Existi health care occupancies .................................. .. 13-2;2~8 Exist{ hotels and dormitories ...................... 17-2.2.10, A-17-~2i2.10 Ex~sti mercantile occupancies .............................. ~.. ~ 25~212.12 Existi ~idential hoard and care occupancies .................. 23-3.2.2~8 General ........................................................... 5-2.12.1 ! ndustrial occupancies .......................................... 28-2.2.13 NeW apartment buildings ............................... 18-2.2.8, A-18-2 2.8 1994 EDITION INDEX 101-293 New assembly occupancies .......................................... 8-2.2.8 New business occupancies ........................................ 26-2.2.10 New detention and correctional occupancies ....................... 14-2.2.8 New educational occupancies ...................................... 10-2.2.8 New health care occupant/es ...................................... 12-2.2.8 New hotels and dormitories ............................ 16-2.2.8, A-16-2.2.8 New mercantile occupancies ...................................... 24-2.2.10 New residential board and care occupancies ..................... 22-3.2.2.8 Parking structures ............................................ 29-8.2.2.9 Storage occupancies ..................... ~ ........................ 29-2.2.12 ,sbestos fabric ... ..................... ............................ 8-3.2. i.7(a) ,ssembly occupancies ...................... A-4-L2; see also Existing assembly occupancies; New assembly occUPancies Classification of occupancy ........................ 4-1.2 Clothing storage ..................................................... 31z2.5 Combined, educational ................................... 10-1.2.2, 11-1,2.2 Combined, residential ....................................... 8-1.2.5, 9-1,Z5 Crowd managers .......... ......... ~ ....................... 31-2.1, A-31-2.1 Definition .................................................. 4-1, 8-t.3, 9~1.3 Fire exit drills ............................. 31-2.2, A-31-2 2, A-3i-2.2.3 M ltipU ta;;; ...................................................... Operating fe ! es .~ .................................................. - Seating '....: .................................................... 31-2.4 Smoking ........................................................... ~ 31-2.3 ~rinms : Definition ... .......................................................... ~. 3-2 Fire protection features .................... 6-2.4.6, A-6-2.4.6, A-6-2.4~6(a), A-6-2.4.6(d) to A-6-2.4.6(g) ,ttendanla ........................................................... see Staff ,uth°rity having:jurisdiction (definition) ........................... 3~2, A-3-2 ,ut~nafic (definition). .............................................. 2... :. ~-2 atomatic sprinkler systems Exhibits ............................... 8-4.4.3.7, 9-4.4.3.7, A-9-4.43.7, Ex. 3 Existing residential'board and care occupancies ....... 23-2.3.5.1, 23-3.3.5.1, A-23-2.3.5.1, A-23-3~3.5.1 High rise buildings ..................................... 19:3.5.6 Industrial occupancies ............................................ !.. 28'4.2 Maintenance/testing .............................................. ~ ... ~7-7.5 New residential board and care occupancies ....... 22-2.3.5, A-22-2.3~5.2 to A-22-2.3.5.2, Ex. 1 .............................................. L. 29-4.2 ........ 7-7.1, A-7-7.1.1, A-7-7A.3 ................................................ 7-7.2, A-7-7.2.1 -B- lanced doors ...................................................... 5-2.1!.13 aleanies ............................................................. 5-2.2.5.1 Existing educational occupancies ...................... 11-2.5.6, A?I I-2 5 6, Exits, horizontal .................................................. ~. 5-2~4.4 Guards/railings, existing assembly occupancies ................... 9-2.i 1~1.1 Guards/railings, new assembly occupancies ....................... 8-2.! 1 ~ 1.1 New educational occupancies ............. t0-2.5.6, A-10-2.5.6, A-10-2.5.6.2 One- and two-family dwellings ....................................... 21~Z5 arriers ...................................... see Fire barriers; Smoke barriers edding Board and care occupancies ................. 31-7.5, A-3t-7.5, A-3]-7.5.2 to . . A'31-7vS-3 Detention :and correctmnal occupanoes ................... 31-5.4, iA-31-3.4 Health cure occupancies .......................................... L. 31-4.5 aehers Aisles/accessways, existing assembly occupancies .................. ~ 9-2.5.11 Aisles/accessways, new assembly occupanciek ...................... 8-2.5.11 Definition ............................................................ ;. 3-2 Guards/railings, existing assembly occupancies ................... 9-2.11A.2 Guards/railings, new assembly occupancies ....................... 8-2. ! LI.2 oard and care (definition) ...................................... 22-1i3, 23~1.3 card and care oecnPaneies ................. see also Existing residential board and care occupancies; New residential board and care occupancies Apartment buildings, suitability as ............................ 22-4, A~22-4 Emergency plan ..................................................... 31~7.1 Fire exit drills ....................................................... 31~7.3 Furnishings/bedding/decorations... 31-7.5, A-31-7.5, A-31-7.5.2 to ,~31,7~.3 Operating feature~ ................................................ i-.. i 3il-7 Resident training ................................. 31;7 2 Smoking .......................................................... :.. 31~7.4 oiler rOOms, means of egress ........... ] '5~12 oxes, guards/railings .................................... 8-2.1 l.l.l, 9-2. H~1.1 ridges, horizontal exits .............................................. !. 522.4.4 uilding service equipment ...........................................ChaV. 7 Elevators/escalators/conveyors .......................................... 7-4 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ............................... 7-2 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators .................................. .7-5 Smoke control .......................................................... 7-3 Utilities ................................................................ 7-t Building services Day-care centers .................................................... 10-7.5 Day-care homes ..................................................... 10-8.5 Existing ambulatory health care centers .............................. 13-6.5 Existing apartment buildings .......................................... 19-5 Existing assembly occupancies .......................................... 9-5 isting business occupancies ............................ ............. 27-5 isting day-care centers ...................................... ...... 11-7.5 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ....................... 15-5 Existing educational occupancies ...................................... 11-5 Existing family day-care homes ...................................... 11-9.5 Existing grouP day-care homes ...................................... 11-8.5 Existing heali~h ca~e occupancies ...................................... 13-5 Existing hotels and dormitories ........................................ 17-5 Existing mercantile occupancies ....................................... 25-5 Existing residential board and care occupancies .............. 23-2.5, 23-3.6 Indust~:ial ~occupancies ................................................ 28-5 Lodging homes ........................................................ 20-5 Ne~ an~bulatory health care centers ................. ~ ........... 12-6.5 New apartment buildings .............................................. 18-5 New a~semblyioccupan~ies ............................................ 8-5 New business Occupancies ............................................. 26-5 New detentio~ and correctional occupancies .......................... 14-5 New educational occupancies ......................................... 10-5 New health care occupancies .......................................... 12-5 New hotels and dormitories ........................................... 16-5 New mercantile occupancies .......................................... 24-5 New residential board and care occupancies .................. 22-2.5, 22-3.6 One- an ~o-family dwellings ....................................... 21-5 Parking letares ................................................. 29-8.5 Roomin ~ouses ...................................................... 20-5 Speciai nctures ........... .......................................... 30-5 Storagi cupancies ................................................... 29-5 Building ~ es, gubdivision of Apartr b ~ ' t uddings as board and care occupancies ................ 23-4.3.3 Existin nbuiator~ health care centers ................ 13-6.3.7, A-13-3.7.6 Existin ~artment buildings ........................... ~ ............ 19-3.7 Existi ~ten~ion and correctional occupancies ....... 15-3.7, A-15-3.7.1 to A-15-3.7.1, Ex. 2, A-15-3.7.2(b), A-15-3.7.3 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-3.7 Existing health Care occupancies .............. ~ ....13-3.7, A-13-3~7.3 Ex. 2 Existin~ hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-3.7 Existing resideniiat board and care occupancies .................... 23-3.3.7 New ambulatory health care centers .................. 12-6.3.7, A-12-6.3.7.6 New detention ~nd ~:orrectional occupancies ........................ 14-3.7, A-14-3.7.1, Ex. 2, A-14-3.7.3 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-3.7 New health care occupancies .............................. 12-3.7, A-12-3.7 BuiMings ....... see also Apartment buildings; Covered mall buildings; Existing buildings; Flexible plan education buildings; High rise build!ng~; Open plan education buildings; Special amusement building; Underground buildings; Windowless buildings Definition .............................................................. 3-2 Bulk storage elevators ............................................ 29-7, A;-29-7 Business oecupancie~ ....................... A.4-1.8; see also Existing business occupancies; New business occupancies Classification of occupancy ........................................... 4-1.8 Combined, parking structures ............................. 26-1.2.3, 27-1.2.3 Combined, residential ............................................. 26-1.2.2 Definition .............................................................. 4-1 Fire exit drills ....................................................... 31-9.1 Operating features .................................................... 31-9 -C- Capacity of means of egress ...................... see Means of egress capacity Ceilings ..................................................... see Intei'ior finish Cellular plastic (definition) ................................................ 3-2 Central control station, high rise buildings .................... 30-8.5, A-30-8.5 Changes of occupancy ...................... ~ .................... 1-6.3. A-1-6.3 Child-prepared artwork as decoration .................................. 31-3.4 Chutes .................................... see Laundry chutes; Rubbish chutes Class A-C stores ................................................. 23-1.3, 25-1.3 Classifi~:afion of occupancy ...................... Chap. 4, 4-1, A-4-1.2; see also Assembly occupancies; Business occupancies; Educational occupancies; Health care occupancies; Industrial occupancies; Mercantile occupancies; Mixed occupancies; Residential occupancies; Subclassification of occupancy 1994 EDITION 101-294 LIFE SAFETY CODE Classrooms, mixed occupancies ............................. . I0-1.2.3. 11-t.2.3 Clothing storage, assembly occupancies .................................31-2.5 Combustible (definition) ................................................... 3-2 Combustion (definition) ................................................... 3-2 Commonatmosphere (definition) ................................ 10-1.3, 11-I.3 Common path of travel ......................................... Table A-5-6.1 Definition ....................................................... 3z2, 5-1.2 Communication systems Covered mall buildings ................................. .. 2~-4.4~3, 25-4.4.3 Day-care centers ..................... ............ : ....: ....... :...... 10-7.3.4 Da'y-care homes .... ............. Emergency control ............... Existing health care occupancies .................................... 13-5.3 Existing hotels and dormitories ............................... . .......17-5.3 Existing mercantile occupancies .................................... :25-5.3 Existing residential board and care occupancies ..: ...... : .......... 23-3 6.3 Industrial occupancies ........ ............ : ....... ... :. :.; ....... ~.. 28-5.3 Lodging homes ...................................................... 20-5.3 New ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6.5.3 New apartment buildings ... :.;... :.: .............. ..... ~ ............18-5.3 New a~sembly occupancies. .... ; ............. ..... i ............. ...... 8-5.3 ............................ ~26-5.3 · 14-5.3 fl and care occupancies .............. :: ........................ see also Corridor' ....................... 13:-~L1.6 ..................................... 9-1.6 .......................................... 11-:7,1.6 · ... .................. 15q.6 13-1.1.4, 13-1.I.4.6, 13-1.6, A-13-1.6.2, A-13-1:.6.3 and care occupancies ................... 23-2,1.3, 23-3·1.3 ............................................ 6-2.1 ............................................... 31-1.1 ............................................. 31~4.8 .......................................... 5-1.7 ............................... 12-6.1.6 ................................... 8-1.6 ....... 14-1.6 ........................................ 10-1.6 .................... 12-1.1.4, 12-1.1.4.6, 12-1.6 and care occupancies .......................22-3.1.3 nV correctional occupancies ...................15-1.4.1, A-15-1.4.1 and correctional occupancies .............. 14-1.4.1, A-14-l.4.1 ...................... 31-1.4. A-31-1.4.1 to A-31-1.4.5 ......................... see Emergency control ........................ 13-1.1.4, 13-1.1.4.4 ........................... 12-1.1.4, 12-1.1.4.4 ............................................................ :7-4 .................................... 10-7.5.3 health care centers ............................ 13-6.5.3 ........................................ 19-5.3 ........................................ 9-5.3 ................................. 27-5.3 centers .......................................... 11-7.5.3 panc~es ..................... 15-5.3 .................................... 11-5.3 P6rtable sPac~ heating der ces Corrldor :~10ors l~jstiflg health care occupancies .................... New h~alth care occapanc es ..................... Corridor ~sall ~constraCtion . ~artment bfiildings as hoard and care occupancies.. Existing health care Occupancies ................... :... xisting residential board and care occupancies .......... eW heal'th care occupancies ....... : .................. ; E New residential board and care occupancies ................ Corridors Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.3.6 ..... ~ ........... 19-3.6, A-19-3.6.1, A-19-3.6.3 .......................................... 11-7,3.6 ~ and correctional occupancies ................... :.. 15-$.6 occupancies ...................... ' ............ !172~3.2 3ccupancies ............. 13-3.4.5.1, 13-3.6 to 13-3.fi. 1, A-13-3.6.1, Ex. 3, A-13-3.6.1, Ex. 6(c), A-13-3.6.1, Ex. 7 .... 17-3.6, Aq7-3.6.2, Ex. 1 pancies .................... 23-3~3.6 ns of egress and .......................... 5-1.3.5, A~5q23.5 health care centers ............. ....... ~ ...... 12~6i3 6 ................................ 18-3.6, A-I8~.16.3 i ............................................. 8?.6 :., ......................... 26-3.6, A~26-3.6.1, Ex, I to A-26-3.6.i~ Ex. 2 and correctional occupancies ......................... i~3.6 New detention New edacatlonal occupancies New health Care occupancies ...................... 12-3.6, ~ New hotels and dormitories ............ . .......... ; ....... New mercar~tile occupancies '. ...................... : ................ ~ New residential board and care occupancies ....................... 2 Parkmg struCtures ...................... ...... .................. ~" 2 Special structures ............................. ~ .................... Storage occupancies ........................... J .............-...:~. Corridors, exterior : ' ' Existing educational occupancies ...................... 11 - New ................................... ~ 1 t-3.6 ................................ .... 10-3.6 ......................................... 3-2 ~ . .................. ' ..... '. 24-1.3i 25~1.3 ~mun cat o ~ systems .................. 24-4.4;3, .................................... 24-4.4.3.6; 25~4.&3.6 1994 EDITION INDEX ~ 101-295 Emergency forces notification ......................... 24-4.4.3.5, 25-4.4.3.5 Emergency lighting ..................................... .. 24-2.9, 25-4.4.2.5 Existing mercantile occupancies ............... A-254.4.1(b), A-25-4.4.1(e) Means of egress details ..................... 244.4.2, 25~-4.2, A-244-4.2.3, A-25-4-4.2.3 New mercantile occupancies ... ................ A-244.4.1(b), A-24-4-4.1(e) Occupant load ................ 24-1.7(g), 25-1.7(g), A-24-1.7(g), A-25-1.7(g) Occupant notification ......... ; ......... .............. 24-4.4.3.4, 25-4.4.3.4 Special provisions ............................................ 244.4, 254.4 Covered malls (definition) ................................. ~ .....24-1.3, 25-1.3 Critical radiant flux (definition) .......................................... 3-2 Crowd mnnagers, assembly nceupancies.. ~ ............. i ....... 31-2.1, A-31-2.1 Cumins, fire ............................................... ~ ....... 8-3,2.1.7 Curved stairs ......................................................... 5-2.2.2.6 -D- Dampers, smoke ........................................................ 6-3.5 Day-care centers .... see also Existing day-care centers; Family day-care homes; Group day-care homes; New day-care centers Definition ....................................................... 10-7,11-7 Operating features .....................................i. 31-3.5, A-31-3.5.2 Staff .................................................... 31-3.8, A-31-3.8 Unrented fuel-fired heating equipment .............................. 31-3.9 Day-care homes ............................... see also Family day-care homes; Group day-care homes Application ............................................. 16-8.1.1, A-10-8.1.1 Building services ....................................... ............. 10-8.5 Classification of occupancy ........................................ 10-8.1.4 Detection/alarm/communication systems ........................... 10-8.3.4 Eiectrieai services ................................................. 10-8.5.1 Escape requirements, special means .................. 10-8.2.!1, A-8-2.11.1, A-10-8,2.11.1 Exit travel distance ......................................... ;. 10-8.2 6 Exits ............................................................... 10-8.2.4 General requirements .............................................. 10-8.1 Hazard of contents, classification of ................................ HHeating, ventilation, and air conditioning .......................... igh rise buildings ........................................ Table I( ,1.6.1 Interior finish ...................................................... Means of egress arrangement .................................... ~. Means of egress capacity ............................... Means of egress requirements Mixed occupancies ...... Operating features .......... ~. 31 ProteCtion ..................... Special provisions . Subclassification of 1.4.1 Vertical openings, protection of ............................... Wirldowless/u nde~'~round buildings .............................. read-cud Ihnit .......................... i ....................... Tabie Decorations Board and care occupancies ..... Detention and correctional occupancies ................. Dormitories ............................................. Edgcational occupancies ......................... Existing assembly occupancies .............. 2 ..... Health care occupancies ................... 31-4.5. A-31-4 5.5 Hotels ..: .............................................................131-6.6 Means of egress, in .............................................. ~. 3[-1.2.3 New assembly occupancies .............................. 8-3.2.7, A-8-3.2.7.3 ,~ Operating features ......................... 31-1.4, A-31-1.4.1 to A-3~,71.4.5 vefinitians ............................ ~fiap 3 Ex~stmg apartment buildings ......................................... 19-1.3 Existin~ a~embly occupancies ................................... ~ ....9-1.3 Existing detention and correctional occupancies .................. ... 15-1.3 Existing, 6ducational occupancies ............................. ....... 11-1.3 Existing health care occupancies ..................................... 13-1.3 Existing hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-1.3 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-1.3 Existing, residential board and care occupancies ...................... 3-1.3 General ... ...................................................... 3-2, [-3-2 Means of egress .............................................. 5-1.2 ~ .5-1 2 New apartment buildings .......................................... ' 8-1.3 New assembly occupancies ........................................... 8-1.3 New detention and correctional occupancies ............. ~ ........ .... 4-1.3 New edUCational occupancies .................................... :... 0-1.3 New health care occupancies ............................. ~. 12-1.3. A- 2-1.3 New hotels and dormitories ...................................... '... 6-1.3 New mercantile occupancies ................................ A-I.3 New residential board and care occupancies ......................... 2-1.3 Parking structures ................................................. 29-8.1.3 Special structures ................................................... 30-1.3 Delayed egress locks ............... 5-2.1.6.1, A-5-2.1.6.1(d), A-13-2.2.2.4, Ex. 2 Detection systems ............................ see also Smoke detection systems Complete smoke .................................................... 7-6.2.7 Covered mall buildings ................................... 24-4.4.3, 25-4.4.3 Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.3.4 Day-care homes ................................................... 10-8.3.4 Existing ambulatory health care centers ............................ 13-6.3.4 Existing apartment buildings ............................... 19-3.4,19-3.4.4 Existing assembly occupancies ............................ 9-3.4, A-9-3.4.2.2 Existing business occupancies ....................................... .. 27-3.4 Existing day-care centers ..................................... ..... 11-7.3.4 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ............ 15-3.4, 15-3.4.4 Existing family day-care homes .................................... 11-9.3.4 Existing group day-care homes ........... ........ 11-8.3 4 Existing, heall~h c~re occupancies ............................ 13-3.4, 13-3.4.5 EXisting hotels and dormitories ............................. 17-3.4, 17-3.4.4 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-3.4 Existing residential board and care occupancies ................... 23-2.3.4, 23-3.3.4, 23-3.3~4.6 General ................. ; ............................................ 7-6.1 High rise buildings ................................................. .30-8.3 Industrial occupancies .............................................. ,28~3.4 Lodging homes ............................................. 20-33, 20-3~3.4 Ne~ an~bulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6,3.4 New apartment buildings ...................... 18-3.4, 18-3.4.4, A-18-3 4,4.1 New assembly occupancies ............................... 8-3.4, A-8-3.4.2.2 New business occupancies ........................................... 26-3.4 New detention and correctional occupancies ................ 14-3.4, 14-3.4.4 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-3.4 New health care occupancies ............................... 12-3.4, 12-3~4.5 New hotels and dormitories ................... 16-3.4, 16-3.4.4, A-16-3..~r4.2 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-3.4 New residential boar~l and care occupancies ... 22-23.4, 22-2.3.4.3, 22~3.3.4, .. il~ ': 22-3.3,4.8 One- and two-family dwellings ....................................... 21~3.3 Parking strnc~urcs. ................................................ 29-8~3-4 Partial ~moke ..................................................... 7-6-2.8 Rooming houses ............................................ 20-3.3, 20-3i3.4 Special simctures ................................................... 30-3.4 Storage occupancies ............................................... 29-3.4 Detention occupancies .......... see also Existing detention and correctional = occupancies; New detention and correctional occupancies ClassificatiOn of occupancy ................................. .......... 4~1.5 Definition .................................................... ~ ......... ]4-1 Evacuation plan ........................... 31-5.1 A-31-5.1-2 to A-31-5il.3 Fire exit drills ............. 31-5 1 A-31-5.1 2 to A-31-5il 3 Furmsh~ngs/beddmg/decorat~ons ........................ 31-5 4, A-3t-5 4 Ke 31-5 5 ~ys ,r.,.2 ............................................................ OPerating features ........................................... 31-5 P~r~ab~e ~pace heating devices ..................................... 31-5.6 Staff ....................................... 31-5.1, A-31-5.1.2 to A-3t-5~1.3 Direct exit (definition) ........................................... 14-1.3, 15-1.3 Directional signs, means of egress marking ................ 5-10.4. t, 5-10.4.11.2, A-5-10-4!1.1 Discharge fram exits ........................................ see Exit discharge Door closure Existing educational occupancies ................................. 11-2.2~2.4 New educational occupancies .................................... t0-2.2~2.4 Smokeproof enclosures ............................................ 5-2.3.11 Doors ............... :[;i}:~.~. ............. see also Corridor doors Smoke barriers Alarm devices ...... 2;:. .................. 5-2.1.5, A-5-2.1.5.2 to A-5-2.115.3 Balanced ............................................... : ..... . ..... 5-2.~,13 Day-care centers ................................. 10-7.2.2.2, A-10-7.2.2.~(f) Egress width ........... : ................................. 5-2.1.2, A-5-2[1.2 E~isting apartment buildings ..................................... }. 19-2,2.2 Existing assembly occupancies ............................... Existing business occupancies ........................ Existing day-care centers ......................... 11~7.2.2.2 Existing detention and correctional occupancies .. 15-2.2.2, 15-2.11.1 2.11.3, Existing educational occupancies .................................. 11 Existing health care occupancies ............... 13-2.2.2, A-13-2.2.2.4, A- 13-2.2.2.6 Existing hotels and dormitories .................................... 1'~ Existing mercantile occupancies ...................... 25-2.2.2 Existing residential board and care occupancies ......... Folding partitions ............................................... General ................................................ 5-2.1.1 Horizontal exits ........................ 5-2.4.3.5, Industrial occupancies .......................................... Locks/latches ............................. 5-2.1.5, New apartment buildings ............................. New assembly occupancies .......................................... 8 New business occupancies ............................ 26-2.2.2, A-26-2,2-2.2 1994 EDITION 101-296 LIFE SAFETY CODE New detention and correctional occupancies ............ 14-2.2.2, 14-2.11.1, 14-2.11.3. A-14-2.11.3, A-14-2.11.6 q ew educational occupancies ..................................... . 10-2.2.2 ew health care occupancies ............ i ..... 12-2 2 2, A-i2-2.2.2.4, Ex. 2 A-12-2.2.2.61 A-i2-3.8.1 New hotels and dormitories ........................................ 16-2,2.2 New mercantile occupancies ..................... ..... 24-2.2.2, A-24-2.2 2.2 New residential board and care occupancies ~ ........... 22-2.2.5, 22-3.2.2.2 One- and two-family dwellings ........... 21-2 4, A-21-2 4 6 Panic hardware/fire exit hardware .............................. 5-2.1.7 Pal :lag structures ............. .................. :9-8.2.2.2 Po~ er:operated .............. ...... 5-2 i 9, A-54: t.9, Ex. 2 R~ ~lvi~g ..... ~ ............................................ ... 5~2.1.10 Sc en/storm.... ........................... ~ ........... ~. ..... ~. 5-2. i.4.5 Se !ming devices .............................................. 5~2.1.8 Sli g horizontal ...................... .... ............ ~....2. ~5-2.1.14 Stol ge occupancies .. ....................... .. . .2 29-2.2.2 Swi~ 5/forCe to open: ................... 5-2 1 ~ A-~;2.1 4.1 /~ /5-2 1.4.3 TUt ;~iles ..; .............. .......... ...~ .~.. ' i , 5-2,1.11 Wic ,/flOOr level. .................... ............ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ .:.' .. 5,2.1.3 Dormit 'les'. ..... : ........ see also Existing hotels and dormitories I~ ..w hotels and dc 'mitories Definition .................................................... 16-1.,3, 17A.3 Fire emergency organization ................................. r ..... 31-6 3 Mixed occhpancies, classrooms ................ ........... 10-1 2.~, I~1 2 3 Draft ~stoP (definition) ................................ ~ ........... !. ~ i, ~.~ 3-2 Drills .:. ~...;... ............................................. see Fire exit ;drills DumbWaiters ................................................ 22~3.63, 23~3.6.3 Educational occupancies ............ see also Existing educationa occupa ~cies; New educat~onhl occup ncies Child-prepared artwork as decoration ................................ ~1-3.4 Clhs~i~ation of occupancy .................................. 4-1.3, A 4-1.3 Fire exit drills ................ 3t-3.1, A-31-3 1 1 to A-31-3 1 4, A~3i-3 l 8 to A-31:3.1.9 Furnishings/decorations .......................................... ~'. ~ ~ il-3.3 inspections .............................................. 31-3.2 A-~1-3,2.1 Operating features ...................................... ,.....'.~..., 31-3 Unvcnted fuel-fired heating equipment ....................... ~ ~. ~'i .. 31-3.9 EgreSs .. .......................................... : ....... see Mehns tof egress Ele~dcal,energy systems, stored ..................................... ~ 3t-'1 3 9 Electrical services Day-care homes .... [ .............................................. 10-8;.5.1 Existing family day-care homes .................................. ~ 11-9 5 1 ~Existin~ group day-care homes ................................... 11-8.5.1 Elects'leal ~stems, essential ............................ 12-6 2.9i 13-6 2.9 Elevators . ......... 7-4 A-7-4 1' see also Bulk storage e[ev~ttors' ' ' Grain storage ~levator~ Day-care centers ............................................. !. i ~ i0-7 5 3 Existing ambulatory health care centers .. .................... ' .....~ 13-6.5.3 Existing apartment buildings .................................. ... ~..' 19,5.3 Existing assembly occupancies ................................... 9-5.3 EXisting business occupancies ............................ ............ 27-5.3 Existing day-care centers .................... 1 b7.5 3 Existing detention and correctional occupancies .................... ~ 15-5.3 :isting educational occupancies .................................... 11-5.3 isting health care occupancies ..................................... 13-5.3 isting hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17~5.3 ~ting mercantile occupancies ..................................... .25__-5.3 ~ting residential board and care occupancies ................ ;... 23-3.6.3 ustt:ial occupancies ............................................. 28-5.3 Iging homes ....................................................... 20-5.3 ~* ambulatory health care centers ....................... . ........ 12-6.5 3 w apartment buildings ............................................ 1'8-5.3 w assembly occupancies .......................... 8-5 3 · . ....................................... ~.i~6-5.3 [~ al occupancies ............ .. 14-5.3 · . ..................................... ~0,5.3 ........................................ 12~5.3 ................................ 16-5.3, A-16-5.3 occupancies ......................................... 24-5.3 and care occupancies. 22-2.5.3, 22-3.6.3, A-22-3.6.3.2 structures ............................................ 29-8 5 3 ng houses ........................ ............................. 20~5.3 structures .................................. 30-5 3 ........................................ ' 29-5.3 7-6.5, A-7-6.5.5 .................... 24-4 4.3 6, 25-4~4 3 6 ambulatory health care centers ......................... 13-6 3.4 5 health care occupancies ................................... 13-3A.4 of controls/indicators ...................................... ~ 7,6.6 health care centers .......................... 12-63.4.5 New h6alth care occupancies ...................................... 12-3.4.4 Emergency forces notification ............................................ 7-6.4 Covered ma I buildings ..................... 24-4.4.3.5, 25-4.4.3.5 Day-care centers .~. ~ ..: ........................... ~ 10-7.3.4.4 Exit;ting ambulatory health care centers ........... ~ ....... 13-6 3.4.4 Existin~ day-care c~nters .................................. ..... 11-7.3.4.4 Existing detention and c6rrectional occupancies. ............ ..... 15-3.4.3.2 ExiSting health care 6ccupancies ........... ....... ~ ....... ... .... 13-31.4.3.2 Exis:ting residential board and care occupancies .. .. 23-33.4 4, .'~ A-23-3:3.4.4 New ambulatory heal.th care centers ........ ;: ....... New detention hnd correctional occupancies .~ ~ , ~..,. i. [,. '" New health care ocCUpancies ~ ~ .... ~ ........... ~. . ~... '~:' New mercantile 0ccuI~ancies .......... ........... New residential boar~l and care occupancies ............... Emergency generators ................................................ 31-1.3.8 Emergency i~lstructions, residents/guests ........... 31-6.4, 31-6.5 Emergency lighting C~vered mall buildings ................................... 24-2.9, 25-4.4.2.5 Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.2.9 ExiSting ambulatory health care centers ............................ 1~-6.2.9 Existing apartment buildings ............................. · ...... 19~2 9 Existing, assembly Occupancies ........................................ 9~2.9 Existing bu~ines~ occut~ancies ........................................ 27-2.9 Existing&y-care centers ............. ................... 11-7.2.9 Existing detention and correctional occupancies .................. 15~2.9 Existing educational occupancies ..... ~ .......................... .... 11-2.9 Existing health care occut~ancies ......................... ...... i3-2 9 Existing: tlotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-2.9 Existln~~ mgrcantile occupancies ................................. 25-2 9 ,Existing r~sidentlal board and care occupancies .................... 23-32.9 0aeneral ...' .................................................. 5-9.1, A-5-9.1.1 .................... .............. ' ........... 30-8.4 ............ , ................... ~,. 28-2.9, A-.28-2.9 ........................ ....... 31-1.3.7 .............................. 12-6.2.9 ~ilding.s ............................................ 18-2.9 ........................................... 8.2.9 ....................................... 26-2.9 ~al occupancies .......................... t~4-2.9 · · .......... ~ .................... ...... t0-2.9 ' . ...................................... 12-2 9 ............ :...i ........................ 16'2.9 .......................... 5-9.2. ........................ see ....... see also Fire ............................ 31-1 health care centers ............ .................... 19-2.2.8, 19-5.~ .............................. 27-2.2, I cor~[i'~i '~'d~i'~ '~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.' ~.':.'.'. -5.3 ...T.:'.'.'.::'.~'.'.'.'i5'S/5.~,.'i¢~:5,'XZi7-z2.8 ............................ 25-~.2.8 2~5.3 ...................................... 28-2.2.8, :28-5.3 ............................................ 18-5 3 .................................. :. ,. 8-5.3 .......... 9t~ .3 al occupancies ....................................... and care occupancies .3 .3 Fire escape ladders; Fire escap~ as board and care occupancies ...... 22-4.1 A-22-4.1.3.1 1994 EDITION · ~'' ~. INDEX ~ 101-297 Definition ................................ 22-1.3, 23-1.3, A-22-L3, A-23-1.3 Existing residential board and care occupancies .......... 23-2.1.2, 23-3.1.2, A-23-2.1.2, Ex. 1 New residential board and care occupancies ... 22-2.1.2 to 22-3.1.2· A-22-2.1.2, A-22-3.1.2.1, A-22-3.L2.2 E ,acuation plan Apartment buildings ................................................ 31-6.5 Board and care occupancies ......................................... 31-7.1 Detention and correctional occupancies .... 31-5.1, A-31-5.1.2 to A-31-5.1.3 Health care occupancies ................................. 31-4.1, A-31-4.1.2 Hotels ....................................... 31-6.4, A-31-6.4.1, A-31-6.4.2 E ~hibitor (definition) .............................................. 8-1.3, 9-1.3 E ~hibits Automatic extinguishing systems ........................ 8-4.4.3.7, 9-4.4.3.7, A-9-4.43.7~ Ex. 3 Construction/materials ...................................... A-9-4.4.3.4(c) Cook ng equipment ................... 8-4.4.3.9 Definiti~m ...................................................... 8-1.3, 9-1.3 Existing assembly occupancies ...................................... 9-4.4.3 New assembly occupancies .................................... A-8-4.4.3(c) Open flame devices ............................................... 8-4.4.3.8 Special provisions. .................................................. 8-4.4.3 E fisting ambulatory health care centers .................................. 13-6 pplication ........................................................ 13-6.1.1 uilding services .................................................... 13-6.5 Building spaces, subdivision of ......................... 13-6.3.7, A-13.3.7.6 Classification of occupancy .......................................... 13-1.3 3 onstruction, minimum requirements .............................. 13-6. t.6 efinitions .......................................................... 13-1.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems .................... ....... 1343.3.4 Electrical systems, essential ........................................ 13-6.2.9 Elevators/escalators/cunveyors ................................... .. 13-6~5.3 Emergency control ............................................... 13-6.3.4.5 Emer~,enc~ forces notification .................................... 13-6.3.4.4 Emergenc~ lighting .......................................... ~ ..... 13~6.2.9 Exit discharge ............................................... 13-2 7 Exit travel distance .............................................. ~. 13-6.2.6 Exits, number of ................................................... 13-6.2.4 Extingu shment requirements .............................. ~ ..... ~. 13-3.5 General requirements ............................................. !. 13-6.1 Hazards, protection from ............................................ 13-3.2 Heating~ ~e~ntilating, and air cond tioning ............. d3~6.5 2 Interior finish ....................................................... 13-3.3 Means of egress arrangement ........................................ 13-2.5 Means of egress capacity ........................................... 13-6.2.3 Means of egress components ....................................... !134.2.2 Means of egress illumination ...................................... : 134.2.8 Means of egress marking ......................................... i3-6~2,10 Means of egress requirements ............................... i ..... i- 13-6.2 Occupant l~ad ..................................................... 13-6·l.7 Occupant notification ............................................ ~3-6.3A.3 pr°te~tion ........................ 13-6.3 Retroactive provisions, modification of ........................... 13-6.i, 1.3 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators .............................. i 13-&5.4 Special provisions. ............. ' ................................... i... 13-4 ~ravel distance .................................................. 1 Utilities ....................................................... Vertical openings protection of ........ E~isting apartment bnildings ........................ Apl~licati0n . ..................................... , ...... Arfias of refuge ...................................... sv-a.~.~u, ~- Building services .................................................. Building spaces, subdivision of ....................................... Cta3sific~tion of Occupancy ......................... C~)rridorl .................................... 19-3.6 .................................................. t9-2.6 ................................................... [9:2~2.5 .................................................. !, !9-2.4 equirements ........... 19-3.5 A-19-3.5.1, A-19-3.5~.6 E~. 2 ~ ................................ 16~a.9 .firemi~[~ '~ i i~i ii .... ~ ......... 19-1 A-19-1, Tabl~ ~219-1 ts classification of . I ~9~i.5 ilg! 2 1 from .......................................... ~. t9~.2 and air conditioning .......................... i .~9~5.2 ............. ........................... 19-2.11,] 19.~3.5.6-/ 19-3.3 Means of egress arrangement ........................................ I9-2.5 Means of egress capacity ............................................ 1%2.3 Means of egress components ........................................ I9-2.2 Means of egress illumination ........................................ 19-2.8 Means of egress marking ........................................... 19-2.10 Means of egress requirements ......................................... 19-2 Mixed occupancies .................................................. 19-1.2 Occupant load ............................................ 19-1.7, A-19-1.7 Occupant notification .............................................. 19-3.43 Operating features ............................................. .. Chap. 31 Protection .............................................................19-3 Ramps ............................................................ 1%2.2.6 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators ........................... 19-5.4 Smoke barriers .................................................... 19-3.7.1 Smokeproof enclosures ............................................ 19-2.2.4 Special provisions ....................... ............ 19-4 Stairs .............................................................. 19-2.2.3 Utilities ............................................................. 19-5.1 Vertical openings, protection of ................................... 19-3.1 Windows [or rescue/ventilation ...................................... 19-4.1 Existing assembly occupancies ........................................ Chap, 9 Access/egress routes, requirements ................... 9-2.5.6, A-9-2.5.6.~ to A-9-2.5.6.3, A-9-2.5.6.5 Aisle accessways in grandstands/bleachers, folding/telescopic seating .................................... . ..... 9-2.5.11 Aisle accessways serving seating at tables ................ 9-2.5.8, A-9-2.5.8, A-9-2.5.8.1, A-9-2.5.8.2 Aisle aceessways serving seating not at tables ............. 9-2.5.7, A-9-2.5.7, A-9-2.5.7.1, A-9-2.5.7.3 Aisle handrails ........................................ 9-2.5.9.7, A-9-2.5.9.7 Aisle marking ......................................... 9-2.5.9.8, A-9-2.5.9.8 Aisle stair risers ................................................... 9-2.5.9.6 Aisle stair treads ................... 9-2.5.9.5, A-9-2.5.9.5(a), A-9-2.5.9.5(b) Aisle stairs, existing .............................................. 9-2.5.11.3 Aisle stairs/ramps ..................................... 9-2.5.9.4, A-9-2.5.9.4 Aisle termination ................................................. 9-2.5.9.2 Aisles in grandstands/bleachers, folding/telescopic seating ......................................... 9-2.5.1 I Aisles serving seating at tables ....................... 9-2.5.10, A-9-2.5.10.1, A-9-2.5.10.2 Aisles serving seating not at tables .................................. 9-2.5.9 Application ........................................................... 9-1.1 Approval of layouts ................................................ 9-2.5.12 Areas of refuge .................................................. 9-2.2.10 Boxes/balconies/galleries ......................................... 9-2.11.1.1 Building services ....................................................... 9-5 Classification Of occupancy ........................................... 4-1.2 Cooking equipment, portable ..................... 9-3.2.4.4, A-9-3.2.4~4(d) Definitions .................................................. 9-1.3, A-~-l.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems ................. 9-3.4, A-9-3.4.2.2 Doors .............................................................. 9-2.2.2 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ........................................ 9-5.3 Emergency lighting .................................................. i 9-2.9 Escalators .: ........................................................942.2.8 Exhibits .................................................... ' ........9-4 4.3 Exit. main .......................................... 9-2.3.3, A-9-2.3.3, Ex. 2 Exit discharge ....................................................... 9-2.7 Exit passageways .................................................... 9-2.2.7 Exit travel distance ................................................... 9-2.6 Exits, horizontal .................................................... 9-2.2.5 Exits, number of ............................................. 9-2.4, A~9-2.4 Exits, other ......................................................... 9-2.3.4 Exposition facilities ................................................... 9-4.4 Extinguishment requirements ..................... i .........' 9-3.5 Fir6 escape stairs ............................................. ...... 9-2.2.9 Fire suppression systems ............................... 9-3.5.1 FoOd se~ice operations, provisions ................................ %~.2.4 Furnishings/decorations ................................ 9-3.2.7, A-9-3.2.7.3 General requirements .................................................. 9-1 Grandstands/bleachers/folding/telescopic _seating ................ 9-2. I 1.1.2 Guards/railings .................................................. 9-2.11.1 Hazard of contents, classification ..................................... ~9-1.5 Hazardous operations/processes .................... 9-3.2.3, A-9-3.2.3.3(a), A-9-3.2.3.3(a)(1), Ex Hazards, protection from ............................................. 9-3.2 Heating· ventilating, and air conditioning ............................. 9-5.2 High rise buildings .................................................... 9-4.2 Interior finish ......................................................... 9-3.3 Life safety evaluation ............................................... 9413.2 Main entrance ..................... ' ................ 9-2.3.3, A-9-2 3.3, Ex, 2 Means of egress, special features .................................... 9-2.11 Means of egress arrangemem ......................................... 9-2.5 Means of egress capacity ................................... 9-2.3 A-9-2.3.2 Means of egress co~nponents ..................................9-2.2 Means of egress illumination ......................................... 9-2.8 Means of egress marking ............................................ 9-2.10 1994 EDITION 101-298 LIFE SAFETY CODE Means of egress requirements .......................................... 9-2 Mixed occupancies .............................. 9-1.2. A-9-1.2.1, A-9-1.2.4 Moving walks ................................ ....................... 9-2.2.8 Occupant load ................................. .. 9-1.7, A-9-1.7.1, A-9q.7.2 Occupant not ficatioff . .................................... . ...... %3;4.3.1 Open flame devices ............................. 9-3.2.5 A-9-3.2.5 Ex. 2(a) Operating features ...................... ]... ........ Chap.~l Pfinic hardware/fire ex t hardware .... : ............. 2 .......... . 9~2.~:2.3 ................................................... 9-3:2.2 ........... 9-3.2.2.3 · 9-4 Ex. ............................ 1.4.1 ........................................... 9,2,2.2.7 ....................................... ~ ...................::~ d~-5.1 , protection of ................... ..... 9-3,1 A-9-3.1, Ex. 3 .. ~ ~-'1.7.3 ................................... 9-4.1 ...................................... 3-2, A-3-2 ........................................ Chap. 27 · ~ ................................. ...... 27-2.2.11 ............................................ 27-1.1, A-27-1.1.1 ................................................ 27-Z2.12 ...................................................... 27-5 · 27-1.4 :~':'~[~: :: :::: ::: :: :::::: ::: ........ 27-3.4 Dool ............................... 27-2.2.2, A-27-2.2.2.2 EIg~'~tors/escalators/conveyors__~ ..................................... . 27-5.3 ~nl~r~encv lighting ................................................ .. 27-2.9 --~ ~a ators~m~ving ~valks .............. 27-2 2 8 _Ex!t discharge. ............................................ 27-2 7 Exi~ passageways ............................ ~.::~}~ ~'~7-2.217 ExR !rave ~liSt~nce .................... 27-2 6 E~its2 horizontal ................................................... 2%2.2.5 of ..................................................... 27-2.4 airements ....................................... 27-3.5 ............................................. 27-Z2.10 .................................................. 27-2.2.9 ................................................. 27-1 classification of ................................. 27-1.5 from ................... 27-3.2, A-27-3.2.1 to A-27-}.2.2 . and air conditioning ............................ 2')-5.2 ....................................... 27-4.2, A-27-4.2.2 ...................................................... 27-3.3 .............. 27-2.5, A-27-2.5.2 to A-27-2.5.3 ............................................ · 27-2.3 ........................................ 27-2.2 ........................................ 27-2.8 ........................................... 27-2.10 uirements ......................................... 27-2 .................................................. 27-1.2 ............................................. 27-1.7, A-27-1.7 ........................................... : 2%3.4.3.2 ............................................... Chap. 31 ..................................................... 27-3; 2?-3.8 .............................................. ~7-2.2.6 , chutes, incinerators ................................ 27-5.4 ............................................ 27-2.2.4 ..................................................... 27-4 ............................................................ 27-2.2.3 ........................................................... 27-5.1 protection of ..................................... 27-3.1 .................................. 27-4.1 11-7.1.1. A-II-7.1.1.1 to A-11-7.1.1.2, A-tl-7.1.1.4 .................................................. 11-7.2.2.8 .................................................... 11-7.5 of occupancy ........................................ 11-7.1.4 ..................................... 11-7.3.6 ;ystems ........................... 11-7.3.4 ......... 11-7.2.2.2, A-I 1-7.2.2L2(f) .................................... 11-7.5.3 , forces notification .................................... 11-7.3.4.4 Emergency lighting ................................................ 11-7.2.9 Exit discharge ..................................................... l 1-7.2.7 Exit passageways .......................................... ~ ..... 11-7.2.2 7 Exit travel distance. ....... ...... : . .- . ........ . ....11-7 2.6 Exits, horizonta ............................... , .....1 I-7 2 2 5 Exits, number of ............... ! ................. ~ ................. 11-7.2.4 General requirements ............................................. 11-7.1 Hazard of contents, classification of ............................. :.. I:1-7.1 5 Hazards, protection from ...................... ........ 1 I-:7.3.2 ng, and a r condit oning ............. 11-7 5 2 ......................................... 11-7.3.3 ....................... 2.~.: ........ ~ .......11-7.1.6 [ features ................ ~...; .... ~ .... 11-7.2A1 ~ment ............................ ....~.... 11-7 2 5 y ...................................... 11-7.23 ..................... :.: ..... ......... 11-72.2 ............ '11-7.2.8 g ......................................... 1I~7;2.10 ....................................... I 1-7.2 ExisfiWi, Ramps .......................................... Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators ............. SmokeProof enclosures ................................ Special provisions ............. ; ..................... .. ..... : stairs ............................................... 11-7.2.2.3 ~r~ 'el distance ............................................ ..... Uti ties ................................................ ~Ve~ ml openings, protection of ......................... Wi aWte~s/underground bui dings [}WS ........................................... ,~ (definition) ........................................ ~ detention and correctional occupancies .................... itions ................................................... [ication ............................ 2 ........... 15-1.1. t ts Of refuge ......................................... 2 i.. ting services ...................................... ting spaces, subdivision of ......... 15-3.7, A-15-3.; :i .1 L.l 15 minimum requirements ........................ ions ............................................... ystems .............. ...... 15-2.2.2, 15-2.11.1, A-15-2. ,6 forces notification ......................... ighting .......................................... ":: ............... 15-2.2.5 ............................. 15-2.4 sirements ............. 15-3.5, ~tairs ............................................... LI requirements ...................................... classification of .................................. 5 ....................................... 15-3.2.1, ilating, and air conditklning ............................ 5.2 of egress arrangement .......................... o~_ egress capacity ........................................... o;f egress components ........................................ o~f egress illumination ....................................... 8 of egress marking .......................................... of egress .requirements .................................. idd(i'oh':::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'i~:~.¥.'3:i~'X'i~'~ features ................................. Ch ..................................................... 15-3, Crable incinerators ................ ...................... 15-1.4.1, A-15-1.4.1 1994 EDITION · . '5-': INDEX- 101-299 .) Vertical openings, protection of ...................... 15-3.1, A-15-3.1.2{a), Windowless areas ........................................ 154.1, A-15-4.1.1 Existing educational occupancies .................................. Chap. 11 Areas of refuge .................................... ; ............... I 1-2.2.8 Building services .................................... .................. 11-5 Building spaces subdivision of ....................................... 11-3.7 Classification of occupancy ........................................ ~.. 4-1.3 Corridors, exterior ........................ 11-2.5.6, A-1 t-2.5.6 A-1 i-2.5.6.2 Corridors, interior ................................................ [. 11-3.6 Corridors, minimum width ......................................... 11-2.3.2 Day-care centers .................................................. ... 11-7 Detection/alarm/communication systems ............................ 11-3.4 Door closure .................................................... 11-2.2.2.4 Doors ............................................................. 11-2.2.2 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ....................................... 11-5.3 x mergency lighting ................................................ ;. 11-2.9 it discharge ....................................................... 11-2.7 Exit passageways .................................................. 11-2.2.7 ~Exit travel distance .................................................. 11-2.6 Exits, horizontal ................................................... 11-2.2.5 Exits, number of ..................................................... 11-2.4 iExtinguishment requirements ....................................... 11-3.5 Flexible/open plan buildings ....................................... ~. 11-4.3 General requirements ................................................. 11-1 Hazard of contents, classification of ................................. 11-1.5 and air conditioning ............................ 11-5.2 egress capacity ....................................... ..... 11-2.3 ation ........................................ 11-2.8 ............................................... Chap. 31 chutes, incinerators ................................ 11-5.4 provisions ..................................................... 11-4 ystems ........................... 11-93.4 services ................................................ 11-9.5.1 classification of ................................ 11-9.1.5 ;, ventilating, and air conditioning .......................... 11-9.5.2 finish ...................................................... 11-9.3.3 arrangement ...................................... 11-9.2.4 egress capacity ........................................... 11-9.2.3 illumination ....................................... 11-9.2.8 egress requirements ...................................... tl-9.2 ~ day-care homes ........................................ ... 11-8 systems ........................... 11-8.3.4 classification .................................. 11-8.1.5 ., ventilating, and air conditioning .......................... 11-8.5.2 finish ...................................................... 11-8.3.3 Means of egress arrangement ...................................... 11-8.2.5 Means of egress capacity ........................................... 1 i-8.2.3 Means of egress illumination ....................................... 11-8.2.8 Means of egress requirements ....................................... 11-8.2 Means of escape, special requirements ............. 11-8.2.11, A-11-8.2.11.1 Mixed occupancies ................................................ I 1-8.1.2 Operating features ............................................... Chap. 31 Protection .......................................................... 11-8.3 Special provisions ................................................. :. 11-8.4 Travel distance .................................................... 1 I-8.2.6 Vertical openings, protection of .................................... 1 I-8.3.1 Windowless/underground buildings ................................ 11-8.4.1 Existing health care occupancies ..................................... Chap. 13 Additions ........................................................ 13-1.1.4.1 Anesthetizing locations ............................................ 13-3.2.3 Application ............................. 13-1.1, A-13-1.t.l.1, A-13-1.1.1.11 Areas of refuge .................................................... 13-2.2-8 Building services ...................................................... 13-5 Building spaces, subdivision of ..................... 13-3.7, A-13-3.7.3, Ex. 2 Classification of occupancy .......................................... 13-1.3 Construction, minimum requirements .................. 13-1.6, A-13-1.6.2, A-13-L6.3 Construction operations ................................ 13-1.1.4, 13-1.1.4.6 Conversions ............................................ 13-1.1.4, 13-1.1;4.4 Cooking facilities ...................................... 13-3.2.6, A-t3-3.2.6 Corridor doors .......................................13-3.6.3, A-13-3.6,3.2 Corridor walls, construction of ....................... 13-3.6.2, A-13-3.6.2.1, A-I3-3.6.2.1, Ex. 3 Corridors ..................... 13-3.4.5.1, 13-3.6, 13-3.6.1, A-13-3.6.1, Ex. 3, A-13-3.6.1, Ex. 6(c), A-13-3.6,1, Ex. 7 Definitions .......................................................... 13-1.3 Detection/alarm/communications systems .................. 13-3.4, 13-3.4.5, A-13-3.4.3.1, Ex. 1 Doors ............... 13-2.2.2, A-13-2.2.2.4, Ex. 2, A-13-2.2.2-6, A-13-2.2.2.8 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ....................................... 13-5.3 Emergency control ................................................ 13-3A.4 Emergency forces notification .................................... I3-3;43.2 Emergency lighting .................................................. 13-2.9 Exit discharge ....................................................... 13-2.7 Exit passageways .................................................. 13-2,2.7 Exit travel distance .................................................. I3-2.6 Exits, horizontal .................................... 13-2.2.5, A-13-2.2.5(b) Exits, number of ......................................... 13-2.4, A-13-2!4.3 Extinguishment requirements ... 13-3.5, A-13-3.5.2 to A-13-3 5.3, A-13~315.6 Fire.stopping ....................................................... 13-1.6.5 General requirements ................................................. 13-1 Gift shops ......................................................... 13-3.2.5 Hazard of contents, classification of ................................. 13-1.5 Hazardous areas ................................................... 13-3.2.1 Hazards, protection from ............................................ 13-3.2 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ................ 13-5.2, A-13-5.2.2 Interior finish ....................................................... 13-3-3 Laboratories ........................................... 13-3.2.2, A-I3-3.2.2 Means of egress arrangement ............................ 13-2.5, A-13-2.5.8 Means of egress capacity ............................................ t3-2.3 Means of egress components ........................................ I3-2.2 Means of egress illumination ........................................ 13-2.8 Means of egress marking ........................................... 13-2.10 Means of egress requirements ......................................... 13-2 Medical gas ........................................................ 13-3.2.4 Mixed occupancies ....................................... 13-1.2, A-13,1.2.1 Modernization/renovation/alteration ................... 13-1.1.4, 13-1.1.4.5, A-13-1.1.4.5 Objective .............................................. 13-1.1.2, A-13-1.1.2 Occupant load ....................................................... 13-1.7 Occupant notification ........................ 13-3.4.3.1, A-13-3.4.3.1, Ex. 1 Openings .......................................................... 13-3.6.5 Operating features ............................................... Chap. 31 Outside window/door .................. 13-3 8 1 Protection ..................................................... 13-3, 1~3-3.8 Ramps ............................................................ 13;2.2.6 Retroactive provisions, modification ............................... 13,1.1.5 Rubbish/linen chutes, incinerators ................................... 13-5.4 Smokeproof enclosures ............................................ 13-2-2.4 Special provisions ..................................................... 13-4 Stairs .............................................................. 13-2.2.3 Total concept ...................................................... 13-1.1.3 Transfer grilles .................................................... 137316.4 Travel distance .................................................... 13-~.6.2 Utilities ............................................................. 13-5.1 Vertical openings, protection of ..................................... 1:3-3.1 Windowless buildings ................................................ 1'3-4.1 Existing hotds and dormitories ...................................... Chap. 17 Application ......................................................... 1'7-1.1 Areas of refuge ...................................... 17-2.2-10, A-17-2.2.10 Building services ...................................................... 17-5 1994 EDITION 101-300 LIFE SAFETY CODE Building spaces, subdivision of ....................................... 17-3.7 Classification of occupancy .......................................... 17-t.4 Corridors .......................................... 17-3.6, A-17-3.6.2, Ex. 1 Definitions ............... : .......................................... 17-1.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems ................... 17-3.4, 17-3.,4.4, A-17-3.4.3.2 Doors ............................................................. 17-2.2.2 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ..... ~ ................................. 17-5.3 Emergency lighting .................................................. 1%2.9 Escalators .............................................. 17-2.2.8 A-17-2.2.8 Exit discharge ...................................... .1%2.7i A-17-Z7.2 Exitpassageways ....................... ;. ........ i · 17-227 ................................................... 1%2.2.5 · airements ............ 17-3.6, A-tT~3.6.2,'Ex. 1 classification of .................... i ........ } 17-1 5 areas ........................................ ~ .......... i%3.2.2 ............................................ 17-3.2 and air conditioning ............................ i7-5.2 .......... 17-2.3 ........................................ 17-2.2 ................... L.. i%2.8 ......................................... 17-2 ............................................... chap. 31 incinerators ................................ I7;5.4 ............................................ 17-2.2.4 ..................................................... 17-4 ........................................................... 17;2.2.3 ' ;, protection of ..................... .... 2 .. I%3 1 ' . ....................... 284.2, Ex. 3 ..................................... Chap. 25 refuge ................................................... 25-2.2.12 ......... 25-5 mall buildings ................. 25-4.4, A-25-4.4.1(b), A-25-4.4. l(e) ystems ............................ 25-3.4 ..................... 25-2.2.2, A-25~Z2.2.2 ........................................ 25-5.3 .: ............................................... 25-2.9 wa~r.s ........................................... 25~2.2.8 ........................................... 25-2.7, A-25~2.7.2 ....................................... 25-2.2.7, A-25~2.2.7 e .................................................. 25-2.6 ................................................... 25~Z2.5 ...................................... 25-2.2.10 .................................................. 25-ZZ9 classification of ................................. 25-1.5 from ................... 25-3.2, A-25-3.2.1 to A-25;3.2.2 and air conditioning ............................ 25,5.2 ;s arrangement .............. 25-2.5, A-25-2.5.2 to A-25-2.5.3, A-25-~.5.9 ;S capacity .................. ' .......................... 25[-2.3 ;s components ........................................ 25~-2.2 ' egress illumination ........................................ 25-2.8 marking ........................................... 25-2.10 requirements ........................................ occupancies .................................................. 25:l.2 ~t k~ad'. ............................... 25-1.7, A-25-1.7 A-25-1.7(g) tt notification ............................................ 25-3.& 3.2 r mercanti e operations ....... 2~4c 3 ~g features ............................... Chap.31 ~n ...................... 25-3, 25~3.8 ~ c ? chutes, incinerators ................................ ~5.4 , ~1 ;ure; ............................................ 25-Z2.4 Stairs .............................................................. 25-2.2.3 Subclassification of occupancy ..................................... 25-1.4.2 Utilities ............................................................. 25-5.1 Vertical openings, protection of ..................................... 25-3.1 Wind0wle~s/underground buildings ........................... ; ...... 25-4.1 ExiSting residential b~ard and care occupancies .:....:... 2. L..: ..... .. Chap 23 Apartment buildings suitability as ............................ 23-4 A-23-4 Application ................................................ 23,1.1, A-23- I. 1 Definitions ......................................................... .23-1.3 General requirements ~ ........................... ............... i .... 23-1 Large facilities .. 23-3 Xreas of refuge ......................... ...... Building services ......................... .... Buildiflg sPaces,' subdivision of .................. , ..... Construction, minimum requirements .................. Corridors ..~... ........ ' .......................... ,. Detection/alarm/communication systems ............. Ra~ps ................................................ Rul313ish/laundry chutes incinerators ................. : . Sleeping rooms, separabon of .......................... Sni0ke d~tecti0n systems ............................ 2.. Smoke: detectors .......................................... Smokeproof enclosures ................................... Stairs: .................................................... ~. Utilities ........... 1 Vertical openings protection of ....... '1 M~xed occupancies ............................................ Small facilities ............................ : .................... Automatic extinguishing systems .................. 23~2.3.5, .1 Building services ......................................... :. c°ngtr~ction, minimum requirements ...................... Corrid6r walls construction of . ..: ................ ....... . Detect~on/alarm/commumcat~on systems ................... Doors ....................................................... Evacuation capability, requirements based on ......... General ................................................... 1 Hazardous areas .......................................... Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning .................. Impractical evacuation capability ........................... Interior finish ......................................... M~ans of escape ....................................... Occupant notification .................................. Operating features ........ 1 Pt:otection ....... Smoke detectors . Stairs ............................................ Utilities .................................................... r ' 'r: 1 Vertical openings protection of ......... Existing storage occupancies ...................................... Exit access Definition .................................................... 2 Exterior ways of ......................................... Exit accoss corridors: ......................................... 5-I. Exit discharge .................................................. . Day-care centers ......................................... Defimtion .................................................. Ex~stmg ambulatory health care centers ........................ Existing apartmedt buildings .................................. Existing assembly occupancies ............................. 1994 EDITION INDEX , 101-301 Existing business occupancies ................................. 27-2.7 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.2.7 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-2.7 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-2.7 Existing group day-care homes ................ - ..................... t I-8.2.7 Existing health care occupancies ..................................... 13-2.7 Existing hotels and dormitories .......................... 17-2.7, A-17-2.7.2 Existing mercantile occupancies ............. . ............. 25-2.7, A-25-2.7.2 Existing residential board and care occupanctes .................... 23-3.2.7 Industrial occupancies ............................................. 28-2.7 New ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6.2.7 New apartment buildings ............................................ t88-~.~ New assembly occupancies ............................................ - · New business occupancies ........... ......................... 26-2~7 New detention and correctional occup~'~i~'s" . ........................ 1427-. ........................................ 10-2.7 .......................... 12-2.7 .............................. 16-2.7, A-16-2.7.2 ............................. 24-2.7, A-24-2.7.2 care occupancies ....................... 22-3.2.7 ................................................. 29-8.2.7 ................................................... 30-2.7 ................................................. 29-2.7 ................................................. A-5-1.3.4 ................................................. I0-7.2.2.7 ......................................................... 5-2.6.2 ....................................... 19-2.2.7 ...................................... 9-2.2.7 ................................ 27-2.2.7 ......................................... 11-7.2.2.7 [on and correctional occupancies ................... 15-2.2.7 .................................. 11-2.2.7 ................................... 13-2.2.7 .................................... 17-2.2.7 ........................ 25-2.2.7. A-25-2.2.7 .................. 23-3.2.2.7 ........................................................... 5-2.6.5 .................... 5-2.6, A-5-2.6 ............................................. 28-2.2.7 .......................................... 18-2.2.7 .......................................... 8-2.2.7 ......................................... 26-232.7 ....................... 14-2.2.7 ...................................... 10-2.2.7 ...................................... 12-2.2.7 ...................................... 16-2.2.7 .... 24-2.2.7, A-24-2.2.7 occupancies ..................... 22-3.2.2.7 ............................................... 29-8.2.2.7 .............................................. 5-2.6.3 ............................................... 29-2.2.7 ............................ 5-2.6.4, A-5-2.6.4, Ex. 1 ................................. 10-7.2.6 ............................................. 10-8.2.6 health care centers ............................ 13-6.2.6 ........................................ 19-2.6 ........................................ 9-2.6 ....................................... 27-2.6 :enters ......................................... 11-7.2.6 ..................... 15-2.6 occupancies .................................... 11-2.6 occupancies ..................................... 13-2.6 ............. : ........................ 17-2.6 ..................................... 25-2.6 board and care occupancies .................... 23-3.2.6 ................................ 28-2.6, A-28-2.6.2(b) ........................................................... 5-6.4 ..................... 5-6, A-5-6.1 to A-5-6.2, Table A-5-6.1 health care centers ............................... 1245.2.6 ............................................ 18-2.6 ............................................ 8-2.6 ........................................... 26-2.6 occupancies ......................... 14-2.6 ...................................... 10-2.6 ........................................ 12-2.6 dormitories ......................................... 16-2.6 ......................................... 24-2.6 I board and care occupancies ...................... 22-3.2.6 ................................................. 29-8.2.6 .................................................. 30-2.6 ....................................... 29-2.6, A-29-2.6 ........... ~.. see also Fire exit drills: Fire exit hardware; Horizontal exits Definition ............................................... 3-2, 5-1.2, A-5-1.2 Existing assembly occupancies ...................... 9-2.3.3 to 9-2.3.4, 9-2.4, A-9-2.3.3, Ex. 2, A-9-2.4 Existing day-care centers ......................................... 11-7.2.2.5 Health care occupancies ............................................ 31-4.3 Interior finish in ...................................................... 5-I .4 New assembly occupancies ................................ 8-2.3.3 to 8-2.3.4 New health care occupancies .................................... A-12-2.4.3 Separation of means of egress ....................................... 5-1.3.1 Special amusement buildings ................... 8-4.6.4, 9-4.6.4, A-84.6.4.4, A-9-4.6.4.4 Exits, number of Day-care homes .................................................. 10-8.2.4 Existing ambulatory health care centers ............................ t3-6.2.4 Existing apartment buildings ........................................ 19-2.4 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27-2.4 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.2.4 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ................ 15-2.4, A-15-2A.1 to A-15-2.4.2 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-2.4 Existing family day-care homes ..................................... 11-9.2.4 Existing group day-care homes ..................................... 11-8.2.4 Existing health care occupancies ......................... 13-2.4, A-13-2.4.3 Existing hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-2.4 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-2.4 Existing residential board and cure occupancies .................... 23-3.2.4 Industrial occupancies ............................................... 28-2.4 New ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6.2.4 New apartment' buildings ............................................ 18-2.4 New assembly occupancies ............................................ 8-2.4 New business occupancies ........................................... 26-2.4 New day-care centers .............................................. 10-7.2.4 New detention and correctional occupancies . . 14-2 4, A-14-2 4.1 tO A-14-2.4.2 New educational occupanoes ........................................ 10-2.4 New health care occupancies ........................................ 12-2.4 New hotels and dormitories .......................................... 16-2.4 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-2.4 New residential board and cure occupancies ....................... 22~3.2.4 Parking structures ................................................. 29-8.2.4 Special structures ................................... 30-2.4, A-30-2.4, Ex. 3 Storage occupancies ................................................. 29-2.4 Explosion protection, special hazards ........... 64 2, .4.-64.2 Exposition (definition) ............................................. 8-I.2, 9-1.3 Exposition facilities Definition ...................................................... 8-1.3~ 9-1_3 Existing assembly occupancies ........................................ 9-4.4 Life safety evaluation ........................................... 8-4.5~ 9-4.5 Plans, approval ........................................ 8-4.4.3. t 1, 9-4.4.3.11 Special provisions .................................................... 8-4.4 Vehicle~, displayed in .......................................8-4.4.4, 9-4.4.4 Exterior ways of exit access .............................................. 5-5.3 Extinguishing equipment ................ see also Automatic sprinkler systems; Portable fire extinguishers Automatic ......................................... 7-7.3, 8-4.4.3.7, A-7~7.3 Manual .............................................................. ; 7-7.4 Extinguishment requirements Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.3.5 Existing ambulatory health care centers .............................. 13-3.5 Existing apartment buildings ........... 19-3.5, A-19-3.5.1, A-19-3.5.6, Ex, 2 Existing assembly occupancies ........................................ 9-3.5 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27-3.5 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-3.5, A-15-3.5.2, A-15-3.5.4. Ex. 1 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-3.5 Existing health care occupancies ...................... 13-3.5, A-13-3.5.2 to A-13-3.5.3, A-13-3.5.6 Existing hotels and dormitories .......................... 17-3.5, A-17-3.5.1 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-3.5 Existing residential board and care occupancies .... 23-2.3.5: 23-3.3.5, A-23- 2.3.5.1, A-23-3.3.5.1 High rise buildings ....................................... 30-8.2, A-30-8.2.1 Lodging homes .......................................... 20-3.5, A-20-3.5.1 New ambulatory health care centers ................................. 26-3.5 New apartment buildings ................................ 18-3.5, A-18-3.5.1 New assembly occupancies ........................... 8-3.5, A-8-3.5.1, Ex. 2 New business occupancies ........................................... 26-3.5 New detention and correctional occupanctes ............ 14-3.5, A-14-3.5. I, A-14-3.5.4, Ex. 1 New educational occupancies ....................................... 10-3.5 New health care occupancms ............... 12-3.5, A-12-3.5.1 to A-12-3.5.3 New hotels and dormitories ......................................... 16-3.5 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-3.5 New residential board and care occupancies . 22-2.3.5, 22-3.3.5, A-22-2.3.5.2 to A-22-2.3.5.2, Ex. 1, A-22-3.3.5.1 Rooming houses ......................................... 20-3.5. A-20-3.5.1 1994 EDITION 101-302 LIFE SAFETY CODE -F- Family day-care homes ................ see also Existing family day-care homes Definition .......... ~..: ................................ : 10-8 J. 4 l(a); i1~9 Operating features ............................................. ~. ;. ~ 31-3.7 Festival seating Definition ................................ 3-2, 8:1.3, 9-1.3, A-8-1.3, A~9-1.3 Requirements ...................................................... 8-2.5.2 Fire alarm systems ......................................... see Alarm systems Fire barriers ..................................6-2.3, A-6-2.3.1, Ex. 2, A-6-2.3.5 Definition ........................................................ ~ .....3-2 ................. 6~2.3.6, A-6-2.3.6.1 to A-6-2.3~6.2 ..................................................... '., 3-2, A-3-2 .................................................... 5~Z4.2 .................................................... 8;3.2,1.7 tifica ion ................. see Emergency forces notification ~ystems ........................... ~ . .. . .~. . se~ ~Detection systems ............................................. 5-2.9.2 tcies ............... ..... ~ ............... 9 L2.10 occupancies .......... ...:...~ ...... ~ ........ 9 L2.10 ............................... ~...:.:... ................. 42.9.1.. i-2.2.8 i ...................................... 4-2.2.8 ......................... .} ............. 0-2.2.2 i .................... ......... 2.~ ...... ........: 9~2.2.9 ......................... ~.. Table 5-2;8.4(a), Table 5- .8~4(b) ........................................... ~.~ ..... ..... L:.. 5~Z8.3 Dgtails .......................................... !.: .....' ....... :.. 5~2,8.4 Existing apartment buildings ..................... ;.~ ............ : . 9-2.2.9 ~ Exisffng assembly occupancies ............. ; .....~ ........... ....... 9-2.2.9 Existing business occupancies ...................................... 27-2.2.9 Existing detention and correctional occupancies .............. 15-2.2.8 Existing hotels and dormitories .................................... 17-2.2.9 Exist ag mercantile occupancies ................................... 25-2.2.9 General ............................................................ 5-2.8.1 GUards/handrailsNisual enclosures . . . 5-2 8 5 l~dustriatl~ ' °CCupanc'es ....... ' ....~'"~"~8-222'9 tl~rvening spaces ......................................... : ..... 5-2.8~8 l~lhteriats/~tren~ th ................................. q-2 8 n ~irt~ ~tmctures ............................................... 29-~.2.Z8 StOrag~ occupancies .................................... 29-2.2.8 ~[t~i_ng stai~s ............................... 5-2.8.7, A-5-2.8.7, A-5-2.8.7.9 ii drills t ......................... 31-2.2, A-3I-2.2, A-3 ~-2.2 3 :1 ~cies ........................ . ................ ;3J-7.3 ....................... ........................ 31-9.1 :[ ~s ................... 31-5.1, A-31-5.1.2 to A-31-5H.3 · s ..................... 31-5.1, A-31-5.1.2 to A-3~-SA.3 ....................................... 3i-6,3.1 · . ......... 31-3.1, A-31-3.1.1 to A-3123,1.4, A-31-3.1.8 to A-31-3.1.9 :occupanc. ies ................................. 31-4,1. A-31-4.1.2 occupancms .............................................. 31-8.1 ............... 31-1.5, A-31-1.5. A-31-1.5.5 to A-31-1.5.6 .............................................................. 5-2,1.7 ' . ................................... 9-2.2.2.3 ............................... 11-2.2.2.2 ........................................ 8-2.7-2.3 · . ................................... 10-~.2.2.2 ...................................... 8-3.2.1.9, 9-3.2.1.9 · luipment ................ Chap. 7, 7-6, 7-7;see also Automatic sprinkler systems Existing assembly occupancies ...................................... ~-3,5.1 Fire Pro~ti0n features ............................................... Chap. 6 ,~pplication ........................................................... 6-1.1 Att:iums .................... 6-2.4.6, A-6-2.4.6, A-6-2.4.6(a) A-6-2.4.6(d)to A-6-Z42~(g) C0mpartm~ntation ......................................... 6-2.2, A-6-2.2.2 Conc~ealed spaces ....................... 6-2 6 A-6-2 6 1 Fire barriers ...................... 6-2.3, 6-2.3.6, A-6-2.3.1, Ex. 2, A-6-2.3,5, A-6-2.3.& I, A-6-2.3}6:2(e) General ............................................................... 6-1 lnte[ior finish ............. 6-5 Me .z;z~ a~mes ........................................................... 6-2.5 Sr0oke barriers ...................................... 6-3, A-6-3.1 to A-6-3 2 SmOke,protected assembly seating .......................... 8-4.3.1, 9-4.3.1 ................. Fire rei~iStance rating (definifion) .......................................... 3-2 t994 EDITION Fire resistance ~nluirements Existing hotels and dormitories .................... 17-3.6, A-t7-3.6.2, Ex. 1 Flame-retardant requirements Exhibit b°°ths ............................................... A-8-4 4 3(c) ........................................ 2.8-3.2.iA0, 9-3.2.1 10 .... 3-2 A-31q.6.2 ..... 6-4.3 ~gs ....................................... 6-3~6; see also l 'time (definition} Foamed plastic (definition) ......... Foldillg partitions, doors m ..................................... Folding seating = ~les, new assembly occupancies ............................. ~les/accesSways, existing assembly occupancies.: ............ A~Sles/accessways, new assembly occupancies ...; ........... i ! ~ards/railings, existing assembly occupancies ......... ~ : : G~ards/railings, new assembly occupancies ............... Li~ Fobd ~rvice oPerations i ' E~dsting assembly occupancies . .. ... , NgW assembly occupanctes ................................... '. Free E~gress Use Condition I Existing detention and correctional occuPancies ........... New detention and correctional occupancies Fundamental requirements ............................ Chap. Furnaee rooms, means of egress .................................. Furnishings Board and care occupancies ................. 31-7.5, A-3 ~ Detention and correctional occupancies ................ , Dormitories .............................................. Educational occupancies Existing assembly occupancies : Health care occupancies ................... 31-4.5 Hotels. Means of egress, in ........................................... New assembly occupancies .......... 8-3.21 'Operating features .................. 31-1 4, A-31-~ 4 1 ...;.3-2 · 3-2 M.3 ( .1.3 .1.8 3-2 5.11 .1.2 .1.2 4.1, -3.3 5.3, -G- Galleries, guards/railings ................................ 8-2.11 I.I General industrial occupancies .................. Generators, emergenc~ ........................... [ Gift shops ................................................... Grain storage elevators ........................................... Grandstands Aisles, new assembly occupancies ............................ 11 Aisles/accessways, existing assembly occupancies ............. 11 Aisles/accessways, new assembly occupancies ................ 11 Guards/railings, existing assembly occupancies ............... 1.2 Guards/railings, new assembly occupancies ................... 1.2 Gridiron ~ Definition ..................................................... Stages .................................................. Gross floor area (definition) ........ Gross leasable area (definition) ............................. 3-2 Group day-care homes Definition ......................... Operating features ........................................... Guards Boxes/balconies/galleries..' ...................................... ,. '. 8-2. ! 1.1 { Definition ................................................ ~ : ...... 3-2 Existing assembly occupancies .......................... 9-2.1 i.~. 912 1 L1.2 ~ ' INDEX 101-303 Fire escape stairs ......................................... 5-2.8.5 Grandstands/bleachers, folding/telescupie seating ................ 8-2.11.1.2 New assembly occupancies ....................................... 8-2.11.1 Ramps ........................................................ L ..... 5-2.5.4 Stairs. .................................... 5-2.2.4.1, 5-2.2.4.6, A-5-2.2.4.6(c) G est rooms, fire resistance requirements Existing hotels and dormitories .................... 17-3.6, A-17-3.6.2, Ex. 1 New hotels and dormitories ......................................... 16-3.6 -H~ Iways, one- and two-family dwellings ................................ 21-2.6 idrails Aisles ................................................. 8-2.5.9.7, A-8-2.5.9.7 Definition .............................................................. 3-2 Existing assembly occupancies ........................ 9-2.5.9.7, A-9-2.5.9.7 Fire escape stairs ............................................. ...... 5-2.8.5 Ramps ............................................................... 5-2.5.4 Stairs ................... 5-2.2.4.2, 5-2.Z4.5, A-5-2~2.4~q(a) to A-5-2.2.4.5(c), A-5-2.2.4.5(f) rdof ceutents .............................................. ~ 4-2, Chap. 4 lassification ............................. 4-2 2, A4-2.2.1 to A-4-2.2.4 Day-care centars ........................................ ~ ..... i ..... 10-7.1.5 Day-care homes .................................................... 10-8.1.5 Existing apartment buildings .................................. . ..... !9-1.5 Existing assembly occupancies ................................ I ........ 9-1.5 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27-1.5 ExExF~F~xisting day-care centers ........................................ 11-7.1.5 isting detention and correctional occupancies ............. ] ....... 15-1.5 istin~ educational occupancies ........................ l ....... 11-1.5 Existing family day-care homes ............................... I ..... 11-9.15 Existing group dab-care homes ................................ ~ ..... 11-8.1.5 .s lsting hotels and dormitories ............................... , ....... 17-1.5 ting mercantile occupancies .............................. ~ ......25-1.5 General .................................................... 4-2.1, A-4-2.1.3 High rise buildings ................................................... 30-1.5 Industrial occupancies ........................................ i ....... 28-1.5 Lodging homes ............................................... I ....... 20-1.5 New apartment buildings ..................................... ,I ....... 18-1.5 a~embly New occttpancies .................................... i ........ 8-1.5 New business occupancies ............... . ..................... '~ ....... 26-1.5 ......................... 14-1.5 10-1.5 care occupancies ......................................... 12-1.5 and dormitories ......................................... 16-1.5 .......................................... 24-1.5 two-family dwellings ........................................ 21-1.5 ................................................. 29-&1.5 features .......................................... 6-4 ti structures .................................................... 30-1.5 ~ occupancies .................................................. 29-1.5 ........................... 3-2,i22-1.3, 23-1.3 apartment buildings ................................. i ..... 19-3.2.1 detention and correctiomil occupancies .............. ! ..... 15-3.2.1, A-15-3.2.1 Existing health care occupancies ................................... 13-3.2.1 EXisting hotels and dormitories .............................. * ..... 17-3.2.2 Existib~, residential board and care occupancies .............. i ..... 23-2.3.2 New al~artment buildings .................................... z ..... 18-3.2.1 New detention and correctional occupancies .............. 14-3.2.1, A-14-3.2.1 N~ew health care occupancies ............... 12-3.2.1, A-12-3.2.1, A-12-3.2.2 New hotels and dormitories ...... ............................ ~ .... :. 16-3.2.2 New residential board and care occupancies .......... [ ..... 22-2.3.2 zardous operatmns/processes ! Existilng assembly occupancies ...................... 9-3.2.3, A-9-3.2.3.3~), A-9-3.2~3.3(a)(1), ex. t assembly occupancies. ~ ........................................ 8-3.2.3 from .......................................... L ..... 10-7.3.2 ambalatory health care centers .............................. 13-3.2 ................................ z ....... 19-3.2 .............. 27-3.2, A-27-3.2.1 to A-27-3.2.2 day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.3.2 dttention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-3.2 educational occupancies .................................... 11-3.2 health care occupancies ..................................... 13-3.2 httels and dormitories .............................. ~ ....... 17-3.2 m~reantile occupancies ................... A-25-3.2.1 to A-25-3.2.2 board and care occupancies .................... 23-3.3.2 ..................................... 28-3.2, A-28-3.2 t health care centers ......................... 12-6.3.2 New apartment buildings ............................................ 18-3.2 New assembly occupancies ............................................ 8-3.2 New business occupancies .................. 26-3.2, A-26-3.2.t to A-26-3.2.2 New detention and correctional occupancies ......................... I4-3.2 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-3.2 New health care occupancies ........................................ 12-3.2 New hotels and dormitories ......................................... 16-3.2 New mercantile occupancies ............... 24-3.2, A-24-3.2A to A-24-3.2.2 New residential board and care occupancies ....................... 22-3.3.2 Special structures ................................................... 30-3.2 HeadroOm, means of egress .............................................. 5-1.5 Health care occupancies ..... see also Ambulatory health care centers; Existing health care occupancies; New health care occupancies Classification of occupancy ........................................... 4-1.4 Construction/repair/improvement operations ........................ 31-4.8 Definition ...................................................... 4-1 Engineered smoke control systems ......................... 31-4.6, A-31-4.6 Evacuation plan ......................................... 314.1, A-31-4,1.2 ExitS, maintimance of ....................................... ~ ........31~4.3 Fire exit drills ............................. 31-4 1, A-31-4~1.2 Fire procedure ........................................... 31:4.2, A-31-4}2.1 Furnishings/bedding/decorations ......... 3124.5, ^-314 5.1 to A-314.5,3, A-314.5.5 Operating features .................. 31-4, A-314 Ptrtable space heating devices .............................. i .......} 31-4.7 Smoking ........ : .......................................... 31-4.4, A-31-4.4 Staff ~ .......................................... ...... 31:4.1, ~-314.1.2 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning .................................. 7-2 Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.5.2 Day-care homes .................................. 10-8.5.2 Existing ambulatory health care centers ........................... .13-6.5.2 Existing apartment buildings ........................................ 19-5.2 Existing assembly occupancies .............................. : ......... 9~5.2 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27~52 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.5.2 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15,5.2 Existing edUCational occupancies .................................... 11-5.2 Existing family day-care homes .................................... 11-9i5.2 Existing; groul~ daj,-care homes ..................................... 11-8.5.2 Existin~ health care occupancies ......................... 13-5.2, A-13-5~2.2 Existing hotels and dormitories ......................................I%5.2 Existing mereantiie occupancies ..................................... 25-5.2 Existing residential board and care occupancies . . . 23-2 5.2, 23-~.6.2 Indum:ial occupancies ............................................... 2825.2 20-5.2 .............................. 12-6.5.2 New ............................................ 18-5.2 ......................... 14-5.2 10-5.2 ............................. 12-5.2, A-12-5.2.2 ......................................... 16-5.2 New ~ccupancies ........................................ 24-5.2 }oar~t and care occupancies .............. 22-2.5.2, 22-3.6.2 ................................................. 29-8.5.2 ................................................ 20-5.2 Special ~, ................................................... 30-5.2 .................................... 29-5.2 31-4.7, 31-5.6 Unvented fuel-fired ......................... ' ................. 31-3.9, 31-6.7 mO hazara contents ........................ ' ............... 4-2.2.4, A-4-2.2.4 High hazard ctntents occupancies .............................. 5-11~ A-5-11.1 High hazard ~nilust~lal occupancies .................. 28-1.4.1(c), A-28-1.4.1(c) High ris~ buildings. ........................... Chap. 30, 304.~, 30-8 to 30-8.1 Central c0n~rol siation ..................................... 30-8.5, A-30-8.5 Classification of occupancy ................................ ' ..........30-1.4 Day-~are centers ................................................... 10-7.4.2 Day-Care homes ........................................... Table 10-7. i.6.1 Definition ..................................................... 3-2, A-3-2 Detection/alarm/communication systems .......... /. .....30-8.3, A-30-8.3.1 Emerget ~ lighting ..................................................30-8.4 E~sting artment buildings .............................. 19-2.11, 19-3.5.6 Existing ~mbly occupancies ......................................9-4.2 Existing smess occupancies ............................ 27-4.2, A-27-4.2.2 Existing tention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-4.3 Existing teis and dormitories ..................................... 17-4.1 Extingu ~ent requirements ............................ 30-8.2, A-30-8.2.1 General .'quirements ................................................. 30-1 Hazard ~ c~nteats, classification of ................................. 30-1.5 Indugtri~ OCCupancies ............................................... 28-4.2 Mixed o~ upa~eies .................................................. 4-1.11 New hpal n~ent buildings ........................ . .................... 18-4.2 New a~sembJy occupancies ...................................... ~ .....8-4.2 New business occupancies ................................. 26-4.2, A-26-4.2 1994 EDITION 101-304 LIFE SAFETY CODE New detention and correctional occupancies ......................... 14-4.3 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-4.2 New health care occupancies ........................................ 12-4.2 New hotels and dormitories ................ . .................... 16-4 1 New mercantile OCcupancies ............... : 2.. · . ..... 244 2 Standby power . .... ..... - ......... .. ....... 30-8.4 Storage occupancies .. ............................................... 29-4.2 ~omes .: .............. ~.. see Day-care homes; Lodgifig ~homes Nursing homes Horizontal exits Application ................................ Bridges/balconies ............ Day-care centers ...... .... ... ~ .......... , ..... Deiinition ..................... . ~, . } D001s '... ............. .......... : .......... ExiStihg apartment buildings....~,.. ..... ' ......... Existing a~sembly occupancies Existing business occupanctes "il .' .';.'.'il 'ii. i ~' :i .'il..'ii:i!. i i.'i ' ':' Existing detention and correctional occupancies... ......... A-15-2.2.5(t~) 2.5 1.2 New detention and correctional occupancies ........................ 14-5.4 New educational occupancies ... New health care occupancies ........................... New hotels and dormitories ... 2 ............. ............ ........... 16-514 New mercantile occupancies ..... ~ ................... 2 .......... 24-5 4 New residential boar~l and care occupancies .... .................. -.. 22-3.6.4 Parking structures ............................. : .... 29-8 5 4 Special structures .......................... ~.;... : . . 30-54 Siorage occupancies ......................................... ..... 29-5 4 Industrial occupancies ............ ~ ......... ................... '.. Chap 28 Aircraft servicing hangars, prov situs for ................. 28-6, A-28-6 ; tread devices ...................... ................... 28-2.2.12 ... 28-1.1 .. 28-2.2.13 ............................ ............. :. 28q.4 ........................................................... systems .................... walks lq ~'w educational occupancies ................... ~w h~lth ca/e occupancies ..................... N :w hotels and dormitories ...................... '~W mercantile occupancies ............... '"~2~" ' N ~W residential'boar~t and care occupancies .... : .... P: xl~ing Structures ..~ ................... . .... 6rag~ Occupancies ...................... 29-: all~. ......., ...................... ... ~ ........... Hol on.tal Midlng doors ..................... ao~ 't~!s (a~ani~ou) ......... ~ ...... .............. see also Existing hotels a Definition .......................... gmergency organization .................. 1.3 -I- Identification signs .................... see also Means of egress marking Areas of refu~c ........... ~ ......... : .......... 5-2 12 3 5 ~t.a!rs.. ...................................... .......... 5-2.2.6.6} A-5-2.2.6.6 .lilunn.ua, ti~u ............... see Emergency Lighting; Means of egress illumination ~mp6ded v~gress Use Condition IV EXisting detention and correctional occupancies .... 15-1.4.~ to 15-1 4 2 i A-15-1.4.1 t6 A-15-~.~.~ New detention and correctional occupancies ........... 14-1.4.1 to 14-L4.2, A-14-L4.1 t6 A-14-1.4.2 Impediments to means of egress .................... 5-$~2 A-5-5.2.2 Impra.cfi. Cal eva. cuat!on capability i ' F4iistmg residential board and care occupancies .... 23-1.3_(c), 23-2.1 3.3, : ' 23-2.3.5.2, 23-3.1.2.2, A-23-1.3, ~-23-3.1.2.2 New residential board and care occupancies ........... 22-1.3(C~, 22-3 1.2.2; ~-22-3.1.2.2 lmp_rovement operations General requirements ..... 3 l-1 1 Health care occupancms ...................................... . .: .... 31-4.8 inci~erators ................................... ' 7-5 E~ , health care ~nters ................... ngs...: .................................... .19-5.4 ........................................ 9-5.4 .......................................... 11-7.5.4 occupancies ..................... 15-5.4 panc~es .................................... 11-5.4 health care occupancies ................................ 13-5.4 hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-5.4 mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-5.4 ......... 23-3.6.4 ............................................... 28-5.4 centers ............................... 12-6.5.4 buildings ............................................ 18-5.4 ... 8-5.4 pancies ........................................... 26-5.4 1994 EDITION adders ............................................. classification of .......... and air conditioning ................ arrangement ................................ capacity ...................................... ~.. ; components ................. ...:. . ~ illumination ............ · ......................... harking ......................................... requirements ........................... ........ incinerators .............................. of .................... ............. 31 ~ as board and care occupancies ....... 22-4 3 1, 23-~t 3.1 requirements ................................................ 10-7L3.3 homes ................................................ L. 10-&3.3 , health care centers ................... OCcupancms lay-care homes day-care homes .......................... ~ care occupancies ................................. ~ find dormitories ............ · coatings ....................................... health care centers ........................ correctional occupancies INDEX 101-305 New health care occupancies ........................................ 12-3.3 New hotels and dormitories ......................................... 16-3.3 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-3.3 New residential board and care occupancies .............. 22-2.3.3, 22-3.3.3 One- and two-family dwellings ....................................... 21-3.2 Parking structures .............................................. ... 29-8.3.3 Rooming houses ..................................................... 20-3.2 Special amusement buildings ....................... 84.6.5, 9-4.6.5 Specia structures ............................ ; ....................... 30-3.3 Storage occupancies .......................................... :. 29-3.3 Textile wall/ceiling materials as .... ; ..... ............... 6-5.2.3, A-6-5.2.3.5 Trim/incidental .................................. ' ............... ' ..... i 6-5.5 Use of ~ .................. 6-5.2, A-6-5.2, A-6-5.2,2, A-6-5.2.5, Table A-6-5.2 Wall/ceiling finish classification .................. 6-5.3, A-6-5.3.1, A-6-5.3.2 lnlerior floor finish Classification ............................................... 6-5.4, A-6-5.4.1 Day-care centers ............................................ 10-7.3.3.2 Day-care homes .......................... ' .... ~ ................ ~. 10-8.3.3.2 Definition .............................................................. 6-5 Existing apartment buildings ........................ ~. 19-3.3.2 Existin/~ d~tention and correctional occupancies ................... 15-3.3;2 Existin~ hotels and dormitories ........................... 17-3.3.2 New aphrtment buildings ................................... 18-3.3.2 New busines~S occupancies ................................ ;26-3.3.3 New detention and correctional occupancies ...................... :14-3.3.2 .New hotels and dormitories ........................................ 16-3.3.2 -K- K~ s ............................................ 31-5.5; see also Locks/latches Ia tbeled (definition) ............................................... 3.2 la ~boratories .............................................. 12-3.2.2, A-12-3.2.2 Existing health care occupancies ....................... 13-3.2.2, A-13-3.2.2 Operating features .................................................. 31-1.7 Special hazard protection ............................................. 6-4.3 Ia tdders ............................................... see Fire escape ladders Ia mdings One-and two-family dwellings ........... ~'.. '~ ....................... 21-2.5 Ramps ............................................................ 5-2.53.1 L mndry chutes ............................................................ 7-5 Existing ambulatory health care centers ............................ 13-6.5.4 Existing apartment buildings ........................................ 19-5.4 Existing assembly occupancies ........................................ 9-5.4 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27-5.4 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.5.4 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-5.4 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-5.4 Existing health care occupancies ..................................... 13-5.4 Existing hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-5.4 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-5.4 Existing residential board and care occupancies .................... 23-3,6.4 Industrial occupancies ............................................... 28-5.4 New ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6.5.4 New apartment buildings ............................................ 18-5.4 New assembly occupancies ............................................ 8-5.4 New business occupancies ........................................... 26-5.4 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-5.4 New health care occupancies ........................................ 12-5.4 New hotels and dormitories ......................................... 16-5.4 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-5.4 New residential board and care occupancies ....................... 22-3.6.4 Parking structures ................................................. 29-8.5.4 Special structures ................................................... 30-5.4 Storage occupancies ................................................. 29-5.4 gitimate stage (definition) ....................................... 8-1.3, 9-1.3 ~e safety evaluation Definition ........ '. ............................ 8-1.3, 9-1.3, A-8-1.3, A-9-1.3 Existing assembly occupancies ...................................... 9-4.3.2 Exposition facilities ............................................. 8-4.5, 9-4.5 Smoke-prutccted assembl~ seating .................................. 8-4.3.2 .L~ghting ................. see Emergency lighting; Means of egress illumination L~mited care facilities ldefinition) ............................... 12-1.3, 13-1.3 I~mited-combustible (definition) ...................................... 3-2, A-2 L~sted (definition) .................................................... 3-2, .I~ve load' (definition) .............................................. 3-2 I~ving area (definition) .................................................... 3-2 Ia0ad, occupant ............................................. see Occupant load Ia0cks/latches Correctional/detention occupancies .................................. 31-5.5 Doors ................... 5-2.1.5, 5-2.1.5.3, 5-2.1.6, A-5-2. L5.2 to A-5-2.1.5.3 Remote release ................. 14-2.11.6, 15-2.11.6, 15-2.11.7, A-14-2.11.6, A-15-2.11.6 Lodging homes ...................................................... Chap. 20 Application ......................................................... 20-1.1 Building services ...................................................... 20-5 Classification of occupancy ......................................... 20-1.4 Definition ........................................................... 20-1.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems ................... 20-3.3, 20-3.3.4 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ....................................... 20-5.3 Extinguishment requirements ............................ 20-3.5, A-20-3.5.1 General requirements ................................................. 20-1 Hazard of contents, classification of ................................. 20-t.5 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ............................ 20-5.2 Interior finish ....................................................... 20-3.2 Means of escape ............................................. 20-2, A-20-2.7 Mixed occupancies .................................................. 20-1.2 Occupant load ....................................................... 20-1.7 Occupant notification .............................................. 20-3.3.3 Operating features .......................................... Chap. 31 Protection ............................................................. 20-3 Separation of sleeping rooms ........................................ 20-3.4 Utilities ............................................................. 20-5.1 Vertical openings, protection of ..................................... 20-3.1 Low hazard contents ................................. 2 ....... 4-2.2.2, A-4~2.2.2 Low hazard industrial occupancies ............................... 28-4.2,.Ex. 1 L~v hazard storage occupancies Automatic sprinkler systems ......................................... 29-4.2 Means of egress, number of ........................................ 29-2.4.1 -M- Main entrances Existing assembly occupancies ...................... 9-2.3.3, A-9-2.3.3, Ex. 2 New assembly occupancies .......................................... 8-2.3.3 Maintenance ..................................... 1-7, A-1-7.2; see also Testing Emergency lighting ................................................ 31-1.3.7 Equipment .............................................. 31-1.3, A-31-1.3.2 Manual extinguishing equipment ..............................7-7.4, A-7-7.4,1 Marking ......................................... see Means of egress marking Means of egress ........................................................ Chap. 5 Acceptability of ..................................................... 23-1.4 Apartment buildings as board and care occupancies ............. 22-4.2, 23-4.2 Application .................................................. 5-1.1, A-5-1.1 Construction quality, impediments to ................................. 5-1.7 Covered mall buildings ..................... 24-4.4.2, 25-4.4.2, A-24-4.4.2.3, A-25-4.4.2.3 Definition .; .......................................................... 5-1.2 Emergency lighting ..................................................... 5-9 Existing residential board and care occupancies ...................... 23-3.2 Exit discharge ................................................. 5-7, A-5-7.1 Exits, interior finish ................................................... 5-lA Exits, travel distance limitations ...................................... 5-6.4 Exits, travel distance measurement ................... 5-6, A-5-6.1, A-5-6.2, Table A-5-6.1 Furnishings/dacoratious in ......................................... 31-1.2.3 General ................................................................ 5-1 Headroom ............................................................5-1.5 High hazard occupancies, special provisions ................. 5-11, A-5-11.1 Illumination ........................................................... 5-8 Level, changes in ........................................... 5-1.6, A-5-L6.2 Mechanical equipment/boiler/furnace rooms .......................... 5-12 New residential board and care occupancies ......................... 22-1.4 Reliability ............................................... 31-1.2, A-31-1.2.2 Separation ............................................. 5-1.3, 10-1.3, 11-1.3 Means of egress arrangement Accessible ........................................... 5-5 4 A-5-5.4.4(c) Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.2.5 Day-care homes ................................................... 10-8.2.5 Existing ambulatory health care centers .............................. 13-2.5 Existing apartment buildings ........................................19-2.5 Existing assembly occupancies ........................................ 9-2.5 Existing business occupancies .............. 27-2.5, A-27-2.5.2 to A-27-2.5.3 Existing day-care centers ................. : ........................ 11-7.2.5 Existing detention and correctional ocCupancies ............ 15-2.5, A-15-2.5.2 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-2.5 Existing family day-care homes ......... '. .......................... 11-9.2.4 Existing group day-care homes ..................................... 11-8.2.5 Existing health care occupancies ......................... 13-2.5, A-13-2.5.8 Existing hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-2.5 Existing mercantile occupancies ....................... 25-2.5, A-25-2.5.2 to A-25-2.5.3, A-25-2.5.9 Existing residential board and care occupancies .................... 23-3.2.5 1994 EDITION 101-306 LIFE SAFETY CODE Exit access, exterior ways of ........................................... 5-5.3 General ............................. 5-5.1, A-5-5.1.2, A-5-5.1.4 to A-5-5.1.6 Impediments to .... . .............................. 5-5.2 A-5-5.2.2 Industrial occupancies ................ .....~ .. 28-2 5 New ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12z6.2.5 New apartment buildings ............................... 18-2.5 New a~sembF ............ ........................................ . ;~.. 8-2.5 ..... .... A. ~26-2.5 ......... 14-2.5 10-2.5 Slide escapes ........................................................ 5-2.10 Smokeproof enclosures ............................ 5-2 3 Special structures .................... .. ...... . i 30-2.2, A~30-2 2 Stairs ~ ......................... ~ ......... .. ';....... 5-2 2 ............................ ; ;...'....: ..... ,'29-2.2 ............................ 10-7.2.8 health care centers .................... .. ......13-6.2.8 ................................. ..; ..... 19-2.8 15-2,8 11-2.8 ...................................... 17-2.3 .................................... 25-2.3 and care occupancies .................... 23-3.2.3 .................................. 28-2.3 centers ............................. ............................... 26-2.3, A-12-2.3.3, Ex. 2, A-12-2.3.4, Ex. 1 5-3.1, A-5-3.1.2 .1.2 ............................................... 29-2 3 5-3.4, A-5-3 4 I, Ex 1 ........... 5-2 ................................ :~. 5-2.11, :A-5-2.11 i :. i 5;2.12 ....................................... 10-'/.2.2 .................................................. : ....... :5-2.1 ........................................................... 5-2.7 t health care centers ............................ 13-6.2.2 buildings ................... : ............. '../~c:. 19-2 2 occupanc, ies ........................... ::... 9-2.2 ...................................... ¥. 27-2.2 .......................................... 11-7.2.2 and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-2.2 :' . ........................... · ........11-2.2 · . ... ...... 13-2.2 ..... 17-2.2 ..................................... 25-2.2 occupancies ................ ... 23-3.2.2 .................. ,...'.'.; ......... :5-2.6, A-5-2.6 ...... 5 -2.4 ................................................... 5-2.9 irs ..................................................... 5-2.8 ............................................... 28-2.2 ........................................ 5-2.7 care centers ............................... 12-6.2.2 ............................................ 18-2.2 .................................... 8-2.2 ~ .. 26-2.2 occupancies ........................ 14-2.2 .............................. : ...... 10-2.2 .............................. t2-2;2, A-12-2.2 ......................................... 16-2.2 occupancies ......................................... 24-2.2 board and care occupancies ....................... 22-3.2.2 ................................................. 29-8.2.2 ............................................................... 5-2.5 1994 EDITION .................. 14-2.8 .. 10-2.8 ........................................ 12-2.8 ......................................... 16-2.8 re occupancies ....................... 22,3.2.8 ............... : ................................. 29-8.~8 ...................................................... 5-10.3 ................................................... 30-2.8 ................................................. 29-2.8 ............................... 5-1024.1,2, A~5-10., care centers ' 13-6. ...13 .17 occupancies ................. ;. 23-: ............ 5-10.1, A-5-10.1.2;'A-5-10.1.5 to A-5- centers .............................. 12-1 .; ........... ~'.~ ....~ ........~;:..;.... ~10 ',.10 10 10 10 LIO dormitories ............................... , A-5-10.3, ............ 5-1~ health care centers .............................. :il ............................. ;~. .......... occupancies ........................ ~ccupancies ..................................... :, homes -. ..................................... -6.2 9-2 INDEX 101-307 ew ambulatory health care centers ................................ 12-6.2 ew apartment buildings .............................................. 18-2 ew assembly occupancies .............................. ..~. ............. 8-2 ew business occupancies ............................................. 26-2 ew day-care centers ................................................ 10°7.2 ew day-care homes ............................................... .. 10-8.2 ew detention and correctional occupancies ...................... ;... 14-2 ew educational occupancies ........................................ 10-2.1 ew health care occupancies; ................................. .-- ...... 12-2 ew hotels and dormitories ........................................... 16-2 lew mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-2 i~rking structures ............. ; .................. ' .... ;. ~ ............ 29-8.2 ;oecial structures .................................... , .....: ......... 30-2 ;torage occupancies ......................................... i .....29-2 M~ hs of escape Icceptability of ............................... ~...: 23q.4 ?efinition ............................................................. r'3--2 xistiog residential board and care occupancies ...................... 23-2.2 ndging homes .............................................. 20~2, A-20-2.7 'e~ residential board and care occupancies .................. 22-1.4, 22-2.2 me- and twO-family dwellings .................. : ................ 21-2.3 .ooming houses ..................... -...; ............. · .......20r2, A-2002.7 M as of escape requirements ~ay-care homes . . . ...'... 10-8.2.11 A-8.2.11.1 to A-10-8.2;11.1 Ling family day-care homes ............................... A-11 ~9.2.11 ~sting group day-care homes ........... 11-8.2.11, A-11-8.2.11.1 ( ~ne- and fwd-fanCily dwellings ..................... 21-2, A-21~2, A-21-2.2.3 Mec [muicai equipment rooms, means of egress ................. '.~ .: ....... .5-12 Met [mnieui ventilation, smokeproof enclosures ....... 5-2.3.8, 5-2.3i10, 5,2.3.12 Me~ icui gas, health care occupancies ..... ~.. ~ ........... :.'... 12-$.2.4; 13-3.2.4 Me~ :antile occupancies ................... A-4-1;7; see also Existing mercantile occupancies; New mercantile Occupancies Glas~ificatiOn of oCCupancy ..................... : 2 ........ '.... i. ;.. ;. ~ :~ ~: 1'.7 Gombined, parking structures ............. 2 ............... 24-1.2.3, 2521.2.3 ~2ombioed, i'esidential occupancies .................. ..... 242L2-2, 25~L2-2 ........................................................... 2~.~ 4-1 ..... ~31-8.1 g features .................................................... 131-8 ............................................. i 6.2.5 .............................. A;4-EI1 · ccupancy .............................. ~. ~ .... 4q.ll ........................... 10-7.1.2 ........................... 10-8.1.2 ...................................... :. 19-t.2 occupancies ................... 9-1.2, A-9-1.2.1, A-9-1.2.4 ~es .............................. ~. 12%(i.2 .......................................... H-7.1 2 '15-1.2, A-15-1-2 ............................... ~ .... ' 1 I~1-2 .................................... 11-9.1;2 ............................... ~. 11-8.1.2 ........................ 13-1.2, A-13-1~,l .............................. t7-1 2 8-1.2, A-8-1.2.l, correctional occupancies ......... [ oCCUpancies ..... care occupancies ........................ ............................ 4-1 : standard ........................................... 1-4.6 e occupancies ............. 13-1.1.4, 13-1.1.4.5 A-13-1.1~,5 ' . ............. 12-1.1.4, 12-1.1 4 5, A-12~l.lA.5 .................................................. 5~2.2.2.5 .... 1.5-27 · ~.. i. 9-2,2.8 ................................ . ~7:2.2.8 occupancies .................................. :25-2.2.8 i .............................................. 28~2.2.8 , occupancies (definition) ..................... i. ~-t.3 -N- Natural ventilation, smokeproof enclosures ............................ 5-2.3.7 Net floor area (definition) ........................................... '.... .... 3-2 New.ambulatory health care centers ...................................... 12-6 Application ........................................................ 12-6.1.1 Building services ............................................ ' ....... : 12-6.5 Building spaces, subdivision of ....................... 12-6.3.7, A-12-6.3.7:6 Classification of occupancy .......................................... 12-1.3 Construction, minimum requirements .............................. 12-6.1.6 Corridors. ......................................................... 12-6.3.6 Definitions .......................................................... 12-1.3 Detection/alarms/communication systems .................. : ...... 12-6.3.4 Electrical systems, essential ........................................ 12-6.2.9 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ..................................... 12-6.5.3 Emergency control ............................................... 12-6.3.4.5 Emergency forces notification .................................... 12-6.3.4A Emergency lighting ................................................ 12-6.2.9 Exit discharge ..................................................... 12-6.2.7 Exit travel distance ................................................ 12-6.2.6 Exits, number of ..................................... :...2 ......... 12-6.2.4 Extinguishment requirements ...................................... 12-6.3.5 General requirements ........................................ ~ ...... 12-6.1 Hazards, protection from .......................................... 12-6.3.2 Heatiog~ ventilating, and air conditioning .......................... 12-6.5.2 Interior finish ...................................................... 12-6_3.3 Means of egress arrangement ............................. 12-6.2.5 Me~ans of e~ress capacity ................................. ; ......... 12-6.2.3 Means of egress components ....................................... 12-&2.2 Means of egress illumination ..... ' ........................ 12-6.2.8 Means of egress marking .................................. '.:. ..... 12-6.2.i0 Means of egress requirements ....................................... 12-6.2 Occupant load ..................................................... 12-6.t.7 Occupant notification ............................................ 12-6.3.4.3 Openings ........................................................ 12-6.3.6.1 Protection ........................................................... 12-6.3 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators .............................. 12-6.5.4 special provisions ............................................ d ...... 12-6.4 Travel distance .................................................. 12-6.2.6.2 Utilities ........................................................... 12-6.5.1 Vertical openings, protection of .................................... 12-6.3.1 New apartment buildings ............................................ Chap. ~8 Applicfition ................................................ : ........ ll~-i.1 Areas of refuge ........................................ 18-2.2.8, A-~8-2.2.8 Building services ....................................... 18-5 Classification of occupancy .................................. ;.. 18,1.4 Corridors ................................................ 18-3.6, A-18-3,6.3 Definitions .......................................................... 184.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems ................... 18-3.4, 18-3A~4, A-18-3.4.4.1 Doors ............................... ~ .......... 18-2.2.2 A-18-2.2 2.2 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ....................................... 18-5.3 Emergency lighting .................................................. 18-2.9 Exit discharge ....................................................... i81..82~-77 Exit passageways .................................................. - , - Exit travel distance .................................................. 18-2.6 Exits, horizontal .............................. 2 .................... 18-2'.2.5 Exits, number of ........... ~ ......................................... 18-2.4 g.x, noui~hment reouir e m e n t s ............................ 18-3.5, A-18-3.5.1 ~'e~i-r'~-t~'~q ' . ............................. · .......18-1 Hazard of contents classification of ' . .............. 18-i 5 Hazardous areas ........................................... 18-~3.2.1 Hazards; protection from .......................................... .18-3.2 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ......................... ... 18-5.2 High rise buildings ................................ ' .......... 18-4.2 Interior finish ..................................................... 2.18-3.3 Means of egress arrangement ........................................ 18-2.5 Means of egress capacity ............................................ 18-2.3 Means of egress components ........ ~ ............... 18-2.2 Means of egress dlummatmn ........................................ 18-2. Means of egress marking ...' ........................................ 182~ 10 Means of egress requirements ......................................... '18-2 le 18 1 2 Mixed oceupanc' s .................................................. - OCCupant load ................................. 18-1.7, A-IS-L7 OCCupant notification .............................................. 18-3.4.3 Operating features .............................. · ........ Chap. 31 Protection ............................................................. ~18-3 Ramps ............................................ 18-2.2.6 RUbbish/laundry chutes, incinerators ................................ 18:5.4 Smokeproof enclosures .................................... 18-2.2.4 Special provisions ....................................................18~4 Stairs .................................................. 18-2.2 3 Utilities .............................................................18-5,1 Vertical openings, protection of .................................... 18-3~ 1 Windows for rescue/ventilation ................... : .................. 18-~ 1 1994 EDITION 101-308 LIFE SAFETY CODE New assembly occupancies ................ , ............................ Chap. 8 Access/egress routes ..................... 8-2.5.6, A-8-2.5.6.1 to A-8-2.5.6.3, A-8-2.5:6.5 Aisle accessways, grandstands/bleachers, folding/telescOpic seating ....................................8-2 5 11 Aisle a~cesSWays, seating at tables ................... 8-2.5'.8, ~=~.~'.~' ~ A-8-2.5.8.2 Aisle accessways, seating not at tables ........... 8-2.5 7 A-8-2.5 7 A-8-2.5.7.1, ~-8-2.5.7.'~ Aisle handrails ...................................... .8-2 5.9 7, A~8-2 5 9.'/ Aise markings ................................... . ....8-2.5.9.8. A~822.5~9.8 Aisle stair risers .............................. AiSle stair treads .................... Aisle stairs/ramps ....................... Aisle termination .................... Aisles; grandstands/bleachers, fc lding/telesc~ Aisles 'serving seating at tables ...... ...... Exit discharge Exit passageway Exit ~vel distance ................................ Exits, horizontal ......................................... 8-; Exi:,ts~ number of ................................ 8-2 il '~. E.y, it~;0ther ......................................... ~J~.. '' 8 E~[tion facilities ............................ ' .... ~ nguishment requ rements ............... '.::'~-'~.~' ',~-~'.~i i Fire [[etection systems ....................................... A-8-~ -2.4 ................................ 8-3.2.7, A-8-3 galleries/pi~'~/;ii~ '::i.'~' J ;.'.': i.' i.'.':.'i .'i.'.'i;: ;.'i ;.':. classification of ................................... 2esses .................................. ~. 8. Service operations, provisions for ........... ~.2.4 ~stlings/decorations ................ ~..723 ~era[ reqmrements ~-1 d~ron/fly gallenes/pmrafis ...... ......... i,8 ~l'dsTmilings ............................. L1 ~[d. of contents, classificatim ~-!.5 ~a~ous operations/processes 3.2.3 h~fi~ds protection from ventilating, and air conditioning ............................. g-5.2 · ~ buildings ................................. 8-4.2 i~ii! iirin~g e~!i~c~rt ~in:ig.~-~ ~~ ...............................................~. 2. ~ .3:.~:2f .~ mans of egress compone~i; .................................. 8 ~of egress illumination 8 8 Me}aris ol~ egress marking ................................... 8-2 M~aaS of e~ress requirements ...................... 8-2 ~M~xea ocCUpanCies .......................... 8-1.2, O~upant l(~ad ................................... 8-1.7 A-8-1 7 1' A-8-' _Occ~ ~t~.an~ notification ............................................... 8-: ,4.3 Oc~g~h,fl~me~ devices ............................. 8-3.2.5, A-8-3.2.5, Ex, .............. Cha, PIi~fq!hr"dware/fire exit hardware .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.': ........... ........... 8-2 :, '.2.3 ProjeCt/on booths .......... .................... .'.'~.'~;;~ J~.. ~i Pr0~i:~ion i'O°m posting .... 8- on rooms/safety film ....................................... 8-: ............................................................. ~inie devices ....................................... 8-3.2.6, A-8- t chutes, incinerators ................................. ........................... 8-4.3, ...................... 8-4.6, A-8-4.6, A-8- .................... 8-2.2.3, A-8-2.2.3,1 x. 5 .................................................... ~ .......................................... 8-1.4.1, ^-8 ......................................................... 8-~ ,2.7 .................................................. 85,1 8-3.1, A-8-3.1,1~ ~. 3 1994 EDITION Waiting spaces ...................................................... 8-1.7.3 Windowless/underground buildings .................................... 8-4.1 uirements .................... !. classification of from ................... 26-3.2, t air conditioning ....... ;i'..".'.'.'..ili'.'.....: .... ~. incinerators ......... systems notification ............................ classification of ......................... and air conditioning airements ............................ INDEX 101-309 Windowless/underground buildings ................................ 10-7.4,1 Windows ....................................................... 10-7.2:11.1 N~w detention and correctional occupancies ......................... Chap. 14 Additions ....................................................... 14-1.1.6 .A ~plication ........................................ 14-1.1, A-14-1.1.2, Ex. 2 ·eas of refuge .................................................... 14-2.2.8 B dlding se~i. ces ...................................................... 14-5 B ,ilding spaces, subdivision of ............ 14-3.7, A-14-3.7.1, Ex. 2, A-14-3.7.3 assification of occupancy .......................................... 14-1.4 instruction minimum requirements ...- ............... , .......... ~.. 14~1.6 C ~rridors ................................... ' ........................ 14-3.6 DD :finitions ..........................................................14-1.3 :tection/alarm/communication systems ................... 14-3.4, 14-3.4.4 D nors ............... 14-2.2.2, 14-2.11.1, 14-2.11.3, A-14-2.11.3, A-14-2.1L6 E evators/escalators/conveyors ................................ ' ..... :.. 14-5.3 E ne~rgency forces notification .................................... t4-3-4.3.2 fit passageways ............................................. : ....14-2.2.7 .............................................. :.. 14-2.6 ................................... 14~2.2.5, A-14-2.2.5(c) ................ 14-2 4, A-14-2.4 1, A-14-2.4.2 ........... 14-3.5, A-14-3.5.1, A-14-3.5.4, Ex. ( uirements ................................................ : 14-I classification of .............................. ~. = 14-1.5 ....................................... 14-3.2.1, A-14-3.2.1 ................................... . .... :. i.. I4-3.2 and air conditioning .......................... ,14-5 2 ............................................... ~',. 14-4,3 ...................... 14-3.3 ;., 14-2.5 ea ~s of egress capacity ....................................... ~. ;.. 14-2.3 ea DS Of egress components .................. · ..................... I4-2.2 cans of e~gress illumination .................................. ..... }., 14-2.8 M~ans of e~ress marking ............................... : ........ :. i, 14-ZtO Means of e~ress requirements ...................... L., i 14-~2 Mixed ~cu~ancies ...................................... ~. 14-1 2. A-i4-L~ ~ccuPant oad. .: ..................................... - .......... i. ~ ~4-1.7 Q_ ccupant notification ................. 14-3.4.3.1, A-14-3~4.3.1 ~Qp~.r'ating features ............................................. .. :Chap. 31 p~I0tectio~ ... ........................................ 14-3, i4-3.8 :' . .............................................. '. i4-2.2.6 14-3 8 I, A-14-3 8.1, Tab e 14-3-8d incinerators ....... ; ...... ....~.. 14-5.4 ............................ :. ............ '..:..14-2.2.4 .................................................... k 14-4 14-2.2.3 ................................................... :.. 14-1.1_5 I buildings .................................... ~.. 14-4.2 ,ns I to V ...................... 14-1.4.1, A-14-1.4.1¢A-14-1.4.2 .................................................... ::...~.. 14-5{1 lpenings, protection of ...................... 14-3.1, A-1~33.1.2(a), A-14-3.!,2(¢) ess areas ........................................ 14-4.1, A-1454.L1 jnal occupancies ......... ........... ..... Ch~p. ..~ ......................................................... .10-2&5 paney ....................................... ~... 10-1.4 minimum requirements ................................ 10-1.6 =flor ........ 10-2.5 6, A-10-25.6, 440-2.5.6.2 interior ..................... ~. i0-3 6 mmtmum w~dth ............... .. 10-2.3. enters .................... :.;...:. ID-7 , homes .................................................. ;,..,. ~I ~s .......................... ~ ....... ,~. 10qL3 t/alarm/communication systems ............. ute ................................................... .. ~0-2.2.2.4 ...................................................... .. :.. i. lfi~2.2.2 .......................... 10-5.3 .................................................. i0-2,9 ..: ................................... : .... ,,. i0-2.7 ys ..................... 10-~2.2c7 I distance ..................................... :... ' ........ i0-2-6 ....... : .................... ~q0-2~2.5 .................. i0-2A ................................. :'...~.. 10-3~5 ......................................... 10,4,3 I req~ ............................................ 10-1 classification of ................................. lO-L5 ............................................ t0-3.2 and air conditioning ............................ 10-5;2 .................................................. 10-4.2 tfiterior finish ............................................ 10-3.3, A-10-3.3.1 Means of egress, special features ....................................10-2.11 Means of egress arrangement ........................................ 10-2.5 Means of egress capacity ............................................ 10-2.3 Means of egress components ........................................ 10-2.2 Means of egress illumination ........................................ 10-2.8 Means of egress marking ........................................... t0-2.10 Means of egress requirements ....................................... 10-2.1 Mixed occupancies .................................................. 10-1.2 Occupant load ....................................................... 10-1.7 Occupant notification ..................................... ; ......10-3.4.3.1 Operating features ............................................... Chap. 31 Panic hal:i:lware/fire exit hardware ............................... 10-2.2.2.2 Protection ............................................................. 10-3 Ramps ............................................................ 10-2.2.6 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incineratom ............................. i.. 10-5.4 Smokeproof enclosures ............................................ 10-2.2.4 Special provisions ................................................... .. 10-4 Stairs .................................................. 10-2.2.3, A-10-2.2.3 . Utilities ............................................................. 10-5.1 Vertical openings, protection of ..................................... 10-3.1 Windowless/underground buildings .................................. 104.1 New health care occupancies ......................................... Chap. 12 Additions ............................................... 12-1.1.4, 12-1A.4.1 Anesthetizing locations ............................................ 12-3.2.3 Application ............................. 12-1.1, A-12-1.LI.1, A-12-1.1.Lll Areas of refuge .................................................... 12-2.2.8 Building services ...................................................... 12-5 Building spaces, subdivision of ............................. 12-3.7, A-12-3.7 Classification of occupancy .......................................... 12-1.4 Construction, minimum requirements ............................... 12-1.6 Construction operations ................................ 12-1.1-4, 12-1:1.4.6 Conversions ............................................ 12-1.1.4, 12-1~1.4.4 Cooking facilities .................................................. 12-3.2.6 Corridor doors ......................................... 12-3.6.3, A-12-316.3 Corridor walls, construction of ......................... 12-3.6.2, A-12-3~6.2 Corridors .......................................... 12-3.6, A-12-3.6.1, Ex. 3 Definitions ..~ ................................... 12-1.3, A-12-1.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems ................... 12-3.4, 12-3i4.5 Doors ............................ 12-2.2.2, A-12-2.2.2.4, Ex. 2, A-12-2.2.2.6 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ....................................... 12~5.3 Emergency control ................................ · ...... ; ......... 12-3.4.4 Emergency for. les notification .................................... 12-3.4.3.2 Emergency lighting ................. : ...................... L...'. .... 12:2.9 E:dt discharge ...................................................... :~12~-22,.:1 Exit passageways .................................................. t2-g.g.t Exit travel distance ....................................... ;.. ........ 12-2.6 Exits, horizontal ................................................... 12:2.2.5 Exits, number b.f ......................................... 12-2.4, A-12-2~4i3 Extinguishment requirements .............. 12-3.5 A-12-3.5.1 to A-12-3!5.3 General requirements ............................ ~ .........· ..........! 1221 Gift shops ........................................................ 12-3;2.5 Hazard of contents, classification of ................................. i2cl.5 Hazardous areas ........................... 12-3.2.1, A-12-3.2.1, A-12-3~2,2 Hazards, protection from ............................................ I2~&2 Heating, ~'entitating, and air conditioning ................ 12-5.2, A-12-5,2!2 High rise builnings ............... ~ ................................... 12-4 2 Interior finish . ...................................................... i2~3.3 Laboratories. ~ ..................................................... 12;3~i2 Means of egress arrangement ........................................ 12~245 Means of egress capacity ............................ 12-23, A-12-233, Ex. t, A-12-Z3.3, Ex. 2, A-12-2.3.4, Ek. i, A-12-2.3.4,!Ex. 2~ Means of egress components ........ ....................... 12-2.2. A-~2~2~2 Means of egress illumination ................................... ..... 12~2.8 Means of egress marking ........................................... 12-~.10 Means of egress requirements .............................. .. ........ ; ~ 12-2 Medical gas ................................................ ~ .......1223.2i4 Mixed occupancies ....................................... 12-1.2, A-12-1.24 Modernization/renovation/alteration ......... 12-1.1.4, 12-1,1.4.5, A-12-L1.4,5 Objective .............................................. 12-1.1.2, A-12-LE2 Occupant load ....................................................... 12-E7 Occupant notification ............................... 12-3.4.3.1, A-12-3.4.3.1 Openings .......................................................... 12-3:6.5 Operating features .......................... ~ .................... Chap. 31 Protection .......................................... 12-3, 12-3.8, A-12-3.84 Ramps ............................................................ 12-2.2.6 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators ................................ 12-5.4 Smoke barriers ............ 12-3.7.1, A-12-3.7.3, Ex. Z A-12-3.7.5 to A~12-3.7~6 Smokeproof e~closures ............................................ 12-2.2.4 Special provisions ..................................................... I2-4 Stairs .............................................................. 12-2.2:3 Total concept ...................................................... 12-LL3 Transfer griltes .................................................... 12-3.6,4 Travel distance .................................................... 12-2.6.2 1994 EDITION 101-310 LIFE SAFETY CODE Utilities ............................................................. 12-5.1 ~Vertical openings, protection of ................................. 12-3.1 Window ess buildings ........................................ ....... 12-4.1 New hotels and dormitories .................... Chap 16 ApPlication .. ............. -- ................ ..... 16-1.1 Ar~asofrefu.ge . ......... i ................ . i6-22.8 A-16-2.2.8 Building sennces ...................................... 16,5 Classification of occupancy .................. . ~ ..... ~...; ....... 16-I.4 Corridors ....................................................... , .... 16-3.6 Definitions ......................................................... .16-1.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems .......... 16-3.4, i6-3A.~, A-16-3.4.4.2 ............................................................. 16-2.2.2 tconv¢ ~'ors .................... 16-53, A-!6,5.3 -'- ....................... ....................... :; i6-2'.9 .................................. 16-2.7, A-16-2.7i2 ............................................... 16-2.Z7 Exit .................................................. 16-2:6 ...................................... 1&225 ..................................................... 16:Z4 e.q.uirements .. ...................................... 16-3.5 minimum requirements ....................... 16-3:6 ments ........ : ................................... ~. ~ ~6~1 nts classification of ............. 16-15 areas .............................................. ~6-3 Z2 ..................................... t6-312 ;, and air conditioning ............................ i6-5:2 .................................................. 164~1 ................................................... 16-3~3 trrangement ................................... ; 16-2.5 apacity .......................... 16-23 A-16~233 ........... : ....................... [6,22 ........................................ 16-2.8 ..... 16-2.1(I .................. i 16-2 ]]]~]] .................................. 16-1.7, A-l:6-I.~ n ................................ 16-3.4.3, A-I6-3A.3.3 ........................................... ~... Chap. ~] ........................................................... 16-3.6 ............................................. 16-2.2.6 chutes, incinerators .......................... 16-5.4 ........................................ ~.. 16-2.2.~ .............................................. 16-4 .................................... 16-2.2.3 --- -. ........................................................ 16-5.1 :, protection of ..................................... 16-3A ......................................... Chap. 24 .......................................... 24-2.2.9 ......................................................... 24-1.1 ................................................... 24-2.2.10 . ,24-5 .......................................... 24-L4 ......................................... 2423 6 ................. 24-4.4, A-24-4.4.1(b), A-24-4AA (e) ........................................................ 24-E~ ;ystems ............................ 24-3.4 .......................................... 24-2.Z2, A-24-2.2.2.2 ............................... 24~5.3 .................................... 24-3 4~3,3 ................................................. 24-2.9 ........................... 24-2.7. A-24-2.7.2 ............................... 24-2.2.7. A-24-2.2.7 ....... 24-2.6 ................................................... 24-2.2.5 ....................................... 24-3.5 ................................................ 24-2.2.8 ................................................. 24-1 classification of ................................. 24-1.5 from ..................... 24-3.2, A-24-3.2.1, A-24-3.2.2 and air conditioning ............................ 24-5.2 .................................................. 24-4.2 ........................................................ 24-3.3 arrangement ............... 24-2.5, A-24-2.5.9, A-24-2.5.10 capacity ............................................ 24-2.3 ........................................ 24-2.2 ........................................ 24-2.8 ........................................... 24-2.10 ................................ 24-1.7, A-24-1.7, A-24-1.7(g) ............................................ 24-3.4.3.2 ............................................... Chap. 31 .................................................... 24-3, 24-3.8 1994 EDITION Ramps ............................................................ 24-2.2.6 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators ................................ 24-5.4 Smokeproof enclosures ............................................ 24-2.2.4 Special provisions ...... .............................................. · 24-4 Stairs. .......................................................... . . _24-~.2,3 SubclassfficaUon Of occupancy ..................................... 24-1.4.2 ; ............................................................. 24-5.1 ..................................... 24-3.1 buildings .................................. 24-4.1 re occupancies ................ ; ......... Chap. 22 ~bility as ...... ~ ............... d ....22~4, A-22-4 .................................. 22q.1; A-22-I.1 ...... .......... .~.:.:... ,.22zl.3 Pro Ramps · ...................................................... ; 6 Rubbish/laundry chutes incinerators ..... _s~¢¢Ong rooms, separation of ............... Smo~ dete~ors .................................... :" ~.~.~ Ve~ical o~nin~ protection of M~s~[o~ ~s~escape a~eptabifi~ ............ Mked ~bancies ................................................ Small facilities B~i!dtng se~ices ............................................ Cbrd~6r Walls ~nstru~on of .............................. D~t~ti0~ala~/~mmuni~fion s~tems .................. El~Vators/e~alato~nveyo~ ................... ........ ; ...... EVaCuation ~pabi ity ~-2 1 2 E~mgmshment r~mrements .................... General .................................................... H~atd~s areas atlas ventilatiflg, and air ~nditioning ...... e~ior finch ............................................. ~ns of es~pe ............................................. dpant notifi~tion .......... ection ....................................................... ke detecto~ .............................................. :m~ ................................................. 22-2.2.4, fil~es .......... .............................................. ¢fl~l opening, protection of ............................... Non~: ~uS~ble (definition) .................. N~fie: ton ...................... see Emergen~ forces notifi~tion; Nu~ing homes (definition) ...................................... -O- Occupancy .................... 1-6, 3-2, A-1-6.2, A-1-6.3; see also ClassifiCatiOn of occOpancy INDEX 101-311 Occupant load Day-care centers .......................................... 10-7.1.7 )~iinition .............................................................. 3-2 :isting ambulatory health care centers ........................... ~ 13-6.1.7 :isting apartment buildings;.. ............................ 19-1.7, A-19-1.7 E isting assembly occupancies ................. 9-1.7, A-9-1.7.1 to A-9-1.7.2 EE fisting business occupancies ..............................27-1.7, A-27-1.7 dsting day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.1.7 [ fisting detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-1.7 dsting educational occupancies .................................... 11-1.7 dsting health care occupancies ..................................... 13-1.7 dsting hotels and dormitories ................ ~ ........ 17-1.7, A-17-1.7 dsting mercantile occupancies ........... 25-1.7, A-25-1.7, A-25-L7(g) dsting residential boar~l and care occupancies ................... ~ 23-3.1.4 dustrial occupancies ..................... ~ ............... 28-1.7, A-28~1.7 xlging homes ...................................................... 20-1.7 eans of egress capacity .................. 5-3.1, A-5-3.1.2 Table A-5-3.1.2 ew ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6 1.7 ew apartment buildings ....................... 18-1.7, A-18-1.7 ;w assembly occupancies ....................... 8-1.7, A-8-1.7.1, A-8-1.7.2 ~ business occupancies ................................. 26-1.7r A-26r 1.7 :w detention and correctional occupancies ............... ....... L. 14-1.7 ew educational occupancies ........................................ 104.7 ew health care occupancies ........................................ 12,1.7 ew hotels and dormitories ......................... ~ 16-1.7,,A,16-1 7 ew mercantile occupancies ............. 24-1.7, A-24-1.7, A~24~l.7(g) ew residential board and care occupancies ...................... .22~3.1.4 ....................... 12-3.4.3.1 .3-2 ~ ......................................... ~hap 21 ..................... 21-1.1, A-21-1.L! , ............................................... i... 21-2.5 servmes ................................................ i ..... 21~5 of occupancy .......................................... 21-1.4 .............. 21-1.3 ........................ L., 21-3.3 ............. 21-2.4, A-21-2~4.6 ................................. ,.. ?1-1 ...................................... :... 21~2.6 classification of ...... 21~1 5 ................................................. 21-3,2 .............................. 21-2.5 'angement ................................... ~.., 21~2.3 requirements ..................... 21-2, A~21-2, A-2i-~2.3 escape ~pancies ............................ 21-1.2 5 ......................................................... ~... 21~2, n ............................................... 21r3 .............. i... 21-Z5 iiiiiiiiiii~iiiii~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ ................. :...21-2.5 ...................... 24-1.3. 25q~3 ~isions ...................... 24-4.3 25]-4 3 mg structures (defimtion) ............................ ;. 29-pA devices ........ 8-4 4 3 8 9-4.~3~8 ' . ............... 9-3.2.5, A-9-3.2.5, EX. 2(a) ~q~w assembly occupancies ...................... 8-3.2.5, A-8-3.2.5, EX. 2(a) Open plan education buildings Definition ................................................... 10-1.3, 11-1.3 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-4.3 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-4.3 Open structures (definition) .......................................... 30-1.3.1 Openings/penetrations .............................. see Penetrations/openings Openness of mezzanines ............................................... 6-2.5.3 Operating features ................................................... Chap~ 31 Assembly OCcupancies ................................................. 31-2 Board and care occupancies ........................................... 31-7 Business occupancies .................................................. 31-9 Construction/repair/improvement operations ........................ 31-1.1 Day-care centers .................................................... 31-3.5 Educational occupancms .............................................. 31-3 Equipment testing/maintenance .................................... ~ 31-1.3 Fire exit dril s ...................... 31-1.5, A-31-1.5, A-31-L5.5, A-31-1.5.6 Flammable liquids and gases ............................. 31-1.6, A-31-1.6.2 Furnishings/contents/decorations/treated finishes .................. 31-1.4, A-31-1.4.1 to A-31-1.4.5 General requirements ................................................. 31-1 Health care occupancies ...................................... 31-4, A-31-4 Laboratories ............................................... 31-1.7 Maintenance/testing Emergency generators .......................................... 31-1.3.8 Emergency lighting ............................................. 31-L3.7 Equipment .................................................. preSSurized stairs ............................................. 3i-1.3.1u Smokeproof enclosures ........................................ 31-1.3.10 Stored electrical energy systems ................................ 31-13~9 Means of egress, furnishings/decorations in ........................ 31-1.2.3 Means of egress reliability ............................... 31-1.2, A-31-1.2.2 Mercantile occupancies ............................................... 31-8 Residential occupancies ............................................... 3 Ordinary hazard contents ................... 4-2.2.3, A-4-2.2.3 Ordiuar~t hazard storage occupancies .................. ... J ......29-2.4.] Outpatient (ambulatory) clinic (definition) ....... ~ .....................13-1i3 Outside doors Existing health care occupancies ................................... 13-3.8.1 New health care occupancies ...................................... 12-3.8.1 Outside ramps ......................................................... 5-2.5.5 Outside stairs Definition .............................................................. 3-2 Separation/protection of .......................................... 5-2.2.6_3 Special provisions ................................... L. 5-2.2.5, A-5-2.2.5.2 Visual protection ................................................. 5-2.2.5,2 Outside windows Existing health care occupancies ................................... 13-3.8.1 New health care occupancies ........................... 12-3.8.1, A-12-3.8.1 .p. Panic hardware Doors .............................................................. 5-2.1.7 Existing assembly occupancies ..................................... 9-2.2.2.3 Existing educational occupancies ................................. 11-2.2.2.2 New assembly occupancies ........................................ 8-2.2.2.3 New educational occupancies .................................... 10-2.2.2.2 Parking structures Application ............................................ 29-8.1.1, A-29-8.1.1 Areas of refuge .................................................. 29-8.2.2.9 Building services .................................................... 29-8.5 Classification of occupancy ........................................ 29-8.1.4 Combined, business occopaneies .......................... 26-1.2.3, 27-1.2.3 Combined, mercantile occupancies ....................... 24-1.2.3, 25-I.2.3 Corridors .......................................................... 29-8.3.6 Definitions ........................................................ 29-8.1.3 Detection/alarm/communication systems ........................... 29-8.3.4 Doors ............................................................ 29-8.2.2.2 Elevators/escalators/conveyors ..................................... 29-8.5.3 Emergency lighting ................................................ 29-8.2.9 Exit discharge ..................................................... 29-8.2.7 Exit passageways ................................................. 29-8.2.2.7 Exit travel distance ................................................ 29-8.2.6 Exits, horizontal ................................................. 29-8.2.2.5 Exits, number of ................................................... 29-8.2.4 Fire escape stairs ................................................ 29-8.2.2.8 General requirements ............................................... 29-8.1 Hazard of contents, classification of ................................ 29-8.1.5 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning .......................... 29-8.5.2 Interior finish ..................................................... 29-8.3.3 Means of egress ................................................... 29-8.2.4 Means of egress arrangement ...................................... 29-8.2.5 Means of egress capacity .................................. 29-8.2.3, 29-8.2.5 1994 EDITION 101-312 LIFE SAFETY CODE Means of egress components ....................................... 29-8.2.2 Means of egress illumination ....................................... 29-8.2.8 Means of egress marking ......................................... 29-8.2.10 Means of egress requirements ...... .29-8.2 Mixed occt{pancies ................. Operating features ..................... Ramps ........ .......................................... Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators ...................... Smokeproof enclosures . ................................... special provisions ........................... Stairs ...................................... ~ ..... ........ Utilities ..................... Partial smoke detection systems ............. .... ',' ~ 7-6 5.,1 Partitions, doors in folding.. ................ Passageways ......... ....................... Penet~ati0~s/openings ' EXisting health care occupancies ................... Fire b~rricrs ....................................... ... Floors . .................... New ambulatory health care centers ...... Now health care occupancies .............. SMoke barriers .......................... ' ............ Pe~.al ca,~ (aea.itlon) .... '.'.'....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'~'-i5~ ~-~.~ Piers ...................................................... ' 30-2.5.2, A-~-2.5 Pinrails Definition ............................................. 8-I 3 9-1 3 Stages ............................................................ i8-~,~.1.8 Place of assembly ................................... see Assembly occuparmies Plastic . Cellular ................................................. i .............. 3-2 Foamed ............................ 3-2 ....................................... see also Temporary platforms .8-1.3, 9-1.3, A-8-i.5i A-9-1 3 ................................ 8-3.2.1, 8-3.2.1.2 ....................................................... 3-2 y (definition) ....................................... 22-1.3,23-1 3 two-family dwellings ................................... 21-2.5 .......................... 8-3.2.4.4, A-8-312 dA(d) care occupancies .................. 23-3.3.5.3 occupancies ..................... 22-3.3.5.3 e space heating devices ...................... .;. :31-5.6 ................................. 5-2.1.9, A-5-2.1i;9~ Ex. 2 M-1.3.10 esidential board and care occupancies .................... 23-2.2.2 occupancies ....................... 22-2.2.2 One- and two-family dwellings ..................................... 21-2.2.2 Projection booths Existing assembly occupancies ...................................... 9-3.2.2 New assembly occupancies .......................................... 8-3.2.2 Projection room posting Existing assembly occupancies ..................................... 9-3.2.2.3 New assembly occupancies ........................................ 8-3.2.2.3 ProjectiOn rooms/safety film . ~ist!r~g assembly occupancies ........................... 9-3 2 2 2 Ne assembly occupancies ........................................ 8-3.2.2.2 Prompt evacuation capability E~isting residential board and care occupancies ....... 23-1.3(a), 23-3.1.2.1, A-23-1.3, A-23-3.1.2.1, Ex. 1 New residential board and care occupancies ........... 22-L3(a), 22-3.1.2.1, A-22-3.1.2.1 Pro~enit~m opening protection ............................. 8-3.2.1.7, 9-3.2.1.7 Pros~:enium walls S*age~ ................................................................ Provisions in excess of code requirements ................................ 1-4.8 Public way (aefinition) ....... ~ ............................................. 3-2 Purpbse ~[~he standard .................................. 1-2 A-t-2 2, A~1-2.3 Pyrotechnic devices EXisting assembly occupancies ............................ 9-3.2.6. A-9-3.2.6 New assembly occupancies ............................... 8-3.2.6, A-8-3.2.6 -R- Railings Boxes/balconies/galleries ........................................... 8-2.1 I. I Existing assembly occupancies .......................... 9-2.11.1, 9-2.11.1.2 Grandstands/bleachers, folding/telescopic seating ................ 8-2. I 1.1.2 New assembly occupancies ......................................... 8-2.11.1 199,4 EOITION Ramps Aisles, existing assembly occupancies ................. 9-2.5.9.4, A-9-2.5.9.4 Aisles, new assembly occupancies ..................... 8-2.5.9.4, A-8-2.5.9.4 Day-care centers ...................................... 10-7 2 2 6 Definition ................................................ 3-2, 5-1.2 Details ............................................................. 5-2.5.3 Dimensional criteria ................................................ 5-2.5.2 Drop-offs ......................................................... 5-2.5.3.4 .......................................... 5-2.5.6 ................................... 19-2.2.6 · [j[jjjj~j[[[j ~[!~ ... 9-2.2.6 ............. 13-1.1.4 12-i.1.4, 12-1 subdivision of ...... A-15-3.7.8.1. I and care occupancies ......... ................ 22-1.3, 23-i area (definition) occupancy ...................................... ; features ........................................ Roomi Ap Bo Ch De Ele' Ext Ge~ Ha~ Inte M~ Mixe OeCn houses ..................................................... ation ... ~g services ...................................... cation of occupancy ...................................... tion ....................................................... tion/alarm/commu nication systems ~rs/escalators/conveyors ....................................... aishment requirements ............................ 20-3.5, I requirements ......................................... of contents, classification of ............... ;, ventilating, and air conditioning .......... "]]]]]]]i]]]]]] finish .............................................. f escape. ......................................... occupancies ....... INDEX 101-313 Rub[ E E E E Occupant notification ........................................ . ......20-3.3.3 Operating features ......................................... ! ...... Chap. 31 ~P~otection ........................................................... 20-3 Separation of sleeping rooms ............................... ......... 20-3.4 U~ilities . '..; ................................................ i ......... 20-5.1 V mical openings, protection of ..................................... 20-3.1 ish chutes ............................................................ 7-5 isting ambulatory hca th care centers ......... 13-6.5.4 isting apartment buildings .......................... ; .... i .........19-5.4 sting assembly occupancies ............................. J ......... 9-5.4 sting business'occupancies .......... i ...... 27-5.4 isting day-care Centers .................................. i ....... 11(7.5.4 isting detention and correctional occupancies ............ i ......... 15-5.4 isting educational occupancies ........................... ......... 11-5.4 isting health care occupancies ........................... ~ ......... 13-5.4 isting hotels and dormitories. ........................... ! ......... 17-5.4 isting mercantile occupancies ........................... 2 ......... 25-5.4 isting residential board and care occupancies ................... 23-3.6.4 ' . .................................... 2 ......... 28-5.4 centers .... ; ................. i .......12-6.5.4 ................... 18:5.4 · . ......................... ~ .......... 8-5.4 ~ccupancies ................................. i ......... 26-5.4 and correctional occupancies ......................... 14-5.4 .................. 10-5.4 .............................. ~ ......... 12;5.4 ......................................... 16-5.4 :i ......................................... 24-5.4 d re occupancies ............... ~ ....... 22-3;6.4 ......................................... ;...',... 29;8.5.~ ......................................... : ......... 30r5.4 ....................................... ~ ....... ;~ 29-5.4 -S- Scol Scr~ Seat~ Sec Self- Se Sew Sep~ Sept Shal Sho~ s~gn Sle~ Sli, Sli~ Slip port (security vestibule) (definition) ........................ 14-1.3, 15zl.3 of the standard ......................................... 'l .... 1-3, A-1-3.2 a/storm doors ................................................... 5-2.1.4.5 ng ............................ see also Folding seating; Telescopic seating Aisle accessways, existing assembly occupanciesi 9-2.5.7, 9-2.5,8, A-9-2.5.7, A-9-2.5.7.1, A-9-2.5.7.3, A-9-2.5~8 to A-9-Z5.8.2 sic accessways, new assembly occupancies ................ 8-2.5.7, 8-2.5.8, A-8-2.5.7, A-8:2.5.8 sics serving, existing assembly occupancies. 9-2.5.9, 9-2.5.~0, A-9-2.SA0.1, i A-9-2.5,10.2 isles serving, new assembly occupancies .................. !8-2.5.9, 8-2 5.10 SSembly occupancies ..................................... ~ ......... 31-2;4 ~dary means of escape Xisting residential board and care occupancies .................... 23-2.2.3 ew res dentia board and care occupancies ....... 22-2.2.3 ~"e- and two-family dwellings ......................... 21-2.2.3, A-21~2.2.3 rity vestibule ............................ see Sally port (s~curity vestibule) :losing devices Ii ~finition ...................... 3-2 ~oors .............. 5-2 1 8 ~ale atmosphere (definition) ............................. i" 10-1.3, 11~t.3 ated exit ramp (definition) .............................. ! ............ 5-1 ~ated exit stair (definition) .................................. , ..........5-I ~ation of means of egress ................................. ! ...........$- 1.3 ,~finition ................................................. l.. 10-1.3, 11-1.3 tit access corridors ...................................... ~-1.3.5, A-5-1.3.5 :e equipment isting assemb y occupanc es ...... 9-3.2.3 A-9-3 2 3 3(a), A-9-3 2.3 3(a)(1) Ex. ~w assembly occupancies ................................ ~ ......... 8-3.2.} re mobility impairment (definition) ...................... . .i ........... 5-1.2 I! (definition) ........................................................... 3-2 l~! (definition) ....................... 3-~2 ~ ................. : ................................. see Identfficahon s~gr~ nng rooms, separation of ~isting residential board and care occupancies .................... Z3-3 3.6 odging/rooming houses ................................... ......... ~ 20-3.~ :w residential board and care occupancies ............... ........ 22-3.3.6 escapes apacity ........................................................... 5-2.10.2 }eneral ........................................................... 5-2.10.1 idustrial occupancies ............................................. 28-2.2.11 mrage occupancies ............................................... 29-2.2.10 ng doors, horizontal .............................................. 5-2.1.14 r~sis~ance, ramps ........................................ i ....... 5-2.5.3.2 SI6W evacuation capability Existing residential board and care occupancies ....... 23-1.3(b), 23-2.1.3.2, 23-3.1.2.1, A-23-L3, A-23-3.1.2.1, Ex. 1 New residential board and care occupancies ..................... 22-1.3(b), 22-3.L2.1, A-22-3.1.2.1 Smoke barriers ......................... see also Building spaces, subdivision of Definition .............................................................. 3-2 Doors in ..................... 6-3.4, 12-3.7.5, 12-3.7.6, 12-6.3.7.6, 13-6.3.7.6, A-6-3.4.1 to A-6-3.4.3, A-12-3.7.5, A-12-3.7.6, A-12-6.3.7.6, A-13-3.7.6, A-13-6.3.7.6 Existing apartment buildings ....................................... 19-3.7.1 General ............................................. 6-3.1, A-6-3.1, A-6-3.2 New health care occupancies .................... 12-3.7.1, A-12-3.7.3, Ex. 2, A-12:3.7.5, A-12-3.7.6 Penetrations/openings in .............................................. 6-3.6 Smoke compartments (definition) ................................... 3-2, A-3-2 Smoke cont'01 ............................................. 7-3, 31-4.6, A-7~3.1 Smoke dampers .................................................... 6-3.5 Smoke detection systems Complete ........................................................ 7-6.2.7 Existing residential board and cure occupancies .................. 23-3.3.4.6 Partial ......................... 7-6.2.8. A-7-6i2.9 Smoke-detectors Definition .............................................................. 3-2 Existing residential board and care occupancies ....... 23-2.3,4.3, 23-3 3.4,5, A-23-Z314.3 New residential board and care occupancies .....................22-2.3.~.3, 22-3.3:4.7 Smoke-protected assembly seating Definition ...................................................... 8-4.2, 9-4.3 Existing assembly occupancies ..................... 94.3, A-9-4.3, A-9-4,3.3 New a~sembly occupancies ................................... 8-4.3, A-8-4.3 Smokeproof enclosures Access .............................................................. 5-2.3.6 Day-care centers ................................................. 10-7.2.2.4 Design ........................................................... A-5-2.3.2 Discharge ........................................................... 5-2.3.5 Door closers ....................................................... 5-2.3.11 Emergency lighting ............................................... ~. 5-2.3.14 Enclosure ........................................................... 5-2-3.4 Existing apartment buildings ....................................... 19-2.2.4 Existing assembly occupancies ...................................... 9-2.2.4 Existing business occupancies ...................................... 27-2.2.4 Existing day-care centers ......................................... 11-7.2.2.4 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ................... 15-2!2.4 Existing educational occupancies .................................. 11-2.2.4 Existing health care occupancies ................................... 13-2.2.4 Existing hotels and dormitories ............. 17-2 2 4 Existing mercuntile occupancies ................................... 25,2!~.4 Existing residential board and care occupancies .................. 23~3.2.2 4 General .................................. : ......................... 5-2.3.1 Industrial occupancies ............................................. 28-2,2.4 Maintenance/testing .............................................. 31-1.3.10 Mechanicul ventilation ............................ 5-2.3.8, 5-2.3.10, 5-2.3.12 Natural ;ventilation .................................................. 5-2.3.7 New apartment buildings .......................................... 18~2!2.4 N6w a~sembly occupancies .......................................... 8~Z2i4 New business occupancies ......................................... 26-2.2.4 New detention and correctional occupancies ....................... 14-Z2.4 New educational occupancies ................................ - ......10-2-Z4 New health cure occupancies ............................. ; ........ 12-2i2.4 New hotels and dormitories ........................................ 16-2,2.4 New mercantile occupancies ....................................... 24-Z2-4 New residential board and care occupancies ..................... 22-3.212.4 parking structures ................................... 29-g.2d2.4 Stair pressurization ..................................... 5-2.3.9 A-5-2.3~9.1 Standby power ..................................................... 5-2.3.12 Storage occupancies ............................................... 29-2.2.4 Testing ............................................................ 5-2.3.13 Smoking Assembly occupancies ............................................... 31 ~2.3 Board and care occupancies ......................................... 31~7.4 Health cure occupancies ................................... 31-4.4, A-31-4.4 Space heating devices, portable ........... · ....................... 31-4.7, 31-5.6 Special amusement buildings Definition ...................................................... 8-1.3, 9-1.3 Existing assembly occupancies ..................... 9-4.6, A-9-4.6, A-9-4.6.2 Exit marking ....................... 84.6.4, 9-4.6.4, A-8-4.6.4.4, A-9-4.6;4.4 Interior finish ............................................... 8-4.6.5, 9-4.6.5 New assembly occupancy .......................... 8-4.6, A-8-4.6, A-8-4~6.2 Special hazard protection .................................................. 6-4 S~ecial purpose industrial occupancies ............... 28-1.4.1(b), 28-4.2, EX. 2 Special str~ctures ..~ ..................... Chap. 30; see also High rise buildings Application ......................................................... 30-1.1 B~ilding services ...................................................... 30-5 Classific~tiou of occupancy .......................................... 30-1.4 Corridors ............................................................ 30-3.6 1994 EDITION 101-314 LIFE SAFETY CODE Definition .................................................... 4-1.1, 30-L3 .Detection/alarm/communication systems ............................ 30-3.4 Elevators/eSCalators/conveyors ....................................... 30-5.3 EEmergency lighting ....................................... 30-2.9 xit discharge ........................................... i.. 30-2.7 Exit travei distance ....................... 30~2 6 EXits, nfimb~r of ................. ~ ........................ .. ~.: 30-2.4 ................................. 30,2.2.2 ................................ 30-1.5 arran~'~t' '. .............. 30-2.5, A-30-2.5.2 Capa~iiy ....................... i .......... .. ....30-2.3 compon~ ats ....................... .30-2.2, A~30-2 2 illun~ina on ................................ ~ .... . ~ 30-2 8 marking .............................. ~ .... ; .... ~ .. 30-2.10 ~ requirements .................................. 30-2 ............................................. ~,~:11 I .............. , ......................... 30-1 Chap.,31 .............................................................. 30-3 Rubbish/laundry chutes, incinerators .......................... 30-5 4 Ufifl~rground b~tildings '30 7 UUtmes .' ........................................................... 30-5.1 Vehicles/vessels, provisions for ........................ 30-6, A-3{}26 Vertical OPenings, protection of ..................................... 3 .3.1 Wind0w!e~s buildings ...................................... 0_7 Spiral stairs',:.. ............................. 5- 2.7 S~rihkl6r S~tst~ms ....... see Automatic sprinkler s, Siaff ~.:..~. ~... i. ~.: ....................................................... ~ 3.8 ' . .................. 31-5.1, A-31-5.1.2toA-3 i.3 ~ .................................................... 22-1.3, 1.3 occupancies ..................... 31-5.1, A-31~5.1.2 to A-3 ................................. 31-4.1, A-31 i.2 .......................... 9-3.2.7, A-9-3.2.7.3 .............................. 8-3.2.7, A-8-3~2 7.3 .................................................. 8-3.2A.4 ...................................................... 8-1.3, 9-1.3 .......................................... 8-3.2.1.9, 9-3.2.1 9 ~ requirements ........................ 8-3.2.1.10, 9-3~2.1.10 ccupancies ................................ 8-3.2.1, 8-3.2.1.3 ning protection .......................... 8-3.2.1.7 9-3.2A,7 ~ walls ................................................. ~ 8-3.2 1,6 ............................................ 8-3.2.1.11, 9-3 2.:1..1i ......................................... 8-3.2.1.5, 9-3.2.1.5 :xit passageways ...................................... 5-2 6 3 ........ see also Fire escape stairs; Outside stairs; Swinging stairs ................. 8-2.5.9.4, A-8-2.5.9.4 .................. 9-2.5.9.4, 9-2.~.1L3, A~9-2.5~9.4 ... 5-2.2~2.6 ................................... 10-7.2.23 A-10-7.2.2.3 ................................................. 5-2.2.3, A-5-2.2~3A .................................. 5-2.2.2.1, A-5-2.2.2.1 ................................... 5-2.2.6, A-5-2.2.6.2 apartment buildings .............................. 19-2.2.3 assembly occupancies ..................... 9-2.2.3, A-9-2.2.3~ Ex. 5 business occupancies ...................................... 27~2,2,3 day-care centers ........................... 11-7.2.2.3, A-11-7.2.2.3 detention and correctional occupancies ................... 15~2~2,3 edUcational occupancies ....................... 1 t-2.2.3, A- 1 ~2.g 3 health care occupancies ................................... 13-2.2.3 hotels and dormitories .................................... 17[-2.T3_ ~ mercantile occupancies ................................... 25,2.2.3 · esidential board and care occupancies ... 23-2.2.4, 23-2.2.6, 23-3.2.2.3 ...' ......................................................... 572&l ................................... 5-2.2.4.1, 5-2.2.4.6, A-5-2.2.4.6(e) ............................. 5-2.2.4.2, 5-2.2.4.5, A-5-2.2~4.2 28-2.2.3 ...................................................... 5-2.2.2.5 .......................................... 18-2 2}3 ......................... 8-2.2.3, A-8-2.2.3,~ EX. 5 ......................................... 26-2.2.3 and correctional occupancies ....................... 14-2.2.3 occupancies .......................... 10-2.2,3, A-I0-2.2.3 ...................................... 12-2.2.3 dormitories ........................................ 16-2.2.3 ....................................... 24-2.2.3 occupancies ... 22-2.2.4, 22-2.2.6, 22-3,2.2.3 dwellings ............ 21-2 5 g structures ............................................... 29-8.2.2.3 1994 EDmON Pressurized ............................................... 5-2.3.9, 31-1.3.10 Riser height/tread depth .............................. 5-2.2.2.3, A-5-2.2.2.3 Spiral ............................................................. 5-2.2.2.7 Storage occupancies ........................................... ~ .... 29-2.2.3 Tread slope .......................................... 5-2.2.2.2, A-5-2.2.2.2 Types ............................................................... 5-2.2.2 Winders .............................................. 5-2.2.2.8, A-5-2.2.2.8 ........................................ 30-8.4 ...................................... ...... 5-2.3.12 1.11 Doors; .............................................. Elevat0rs/escala[ors/conveyors E~ergency hghtmg ............................... ;.. E~it discharge .................................... :.. Exi~ passage~vays .................................... Exit irave distance . Ex~ts, horizontal ...................................... Exits, number of .............................................. 29-2~4 Fire escape ladders ................................................ 29-2.2.9 Fire escape stairs ......................................... 29-2.2.8 General requirements '.'.'.'.'. ........ ' ........................ : ......... .29-1 Grain storage elevators ................................. Hazard of contents, classification of .................... :~'. .... and air conditioning ................ . .~.'.. e buildings ........................................... egress arrangement ...................... egress capactty ............................................ s reqmrements .............................. ~ ......... ................. ' ......................... 4-1.11, 5 features ............................................. chutes, incinerators .. Slide escapes ......................................... Sm6keproof enclosures .. i ...................... Special provisions ........................................... ... Stairs ......................................................... ~... Umierground spaces ................................. . Utiliti~ ............................................... Vertical openings, protection of ........................ Storage occupancy ............................................... Store (definition) ............................................... . Stored ~lectrical energy systems, maintenance .............. Storm doors .......................................................... Story (definition) .......................................................... Story of exit discharge (definition) ................................. : .... street (definition) .................................................. Street floor (definition) ............................................. Structure (definition) . Subclassfficatmn of occupancy ' Existing assembly occupancies ................... 9-1.4.1, Existing mercantile occupancies ............................... Industrial occupancies ....................................... NeW mercantile occupancies .. ................................. Supervision, automatic sprinklers . Swinging stairs ................................ 5-2.8.7, A-5-2.8.7, -T- Telescopic seating Aisles. new assembly occupancies ................................... 8-2.5 ~ 1 Aisles)accessways, existing assembly occupancies ................. '.. 9-2.5 ~ i INDEX 101-315 Aisles[accessways, new assembly occupancies ...................... 8-2.5.11 Guards/railings, existing assembly occupancies ................... 9-2.11.1.2 (~uards/railings, new assembly occupancies ....................... 8-2.1L1.2 Temlporary platforms (definition) .................................. 8ii.3, 9-1.3 Testmng ' . Alarm systems ........................................ 7-6.1.7,,A-7-6.1.7 Automatic sprinkler systems .......................................... 7-7.5 Elevators ............................................................. 7-4.8 Emergency generators ............................................. 31-1.3.8 ,mergency lighting ................................................ 31-1.3.7 ~quipment .............................................. 31-1.3, A-31-1.3.2 ressurized stairs ................................................. 31-13.10 -oscenmm opening protection ................................ 8:3.2.1.7(e) nokeproof enclosure ventilation equipment ...................... 5-2.3.13 nokeproof enclosures ........................................... 31-1.3.10 .ored electrical energy systems .................................. ~. 31-1.3.9 Te le wall/ceiling materials ..................... 6-5.2.3, A-6-5.2.3.5 The mai barriers (definition) ................ 22-1.3, 23-1.3, A-22-1.3~ A-23-1.3 Thr st stage (definition) .......................... ................. 8-1.3, 9-1 3 To~n rs )efinition ................................................. 30-1.3.2 :.xits .. · ..................................... ........... A-30-2.4, Ex. 3 Transfer grilles ,l~,xisting health care occupancies ......................... 13-3.6.4 l~ew health care occupancies ..... ; ................................. 12-3 Tra+el distance ..................... see also Exit travel distance ~xisting ambulatory health care centers .......................... 13-6.2.6.2 Existing day-care centers .................................... 11-7.2.6.2 Existing family day-care homes .................................... 11-9.2.6 Existing group day-care homes ................................... 11-8.2.6 Existing health c~re occupancies ................................. .. 13-2.6.2 ~,imits (by occupancy) .................... · ....... Table A-5-6.1 ~,ew an;fl~ulatory health care centers ............................. 12-6.2.6.2 New health care occupancies .................................... .. 12-2.6.2 Treads, stair Aisies .............................................. 8-2.5.9.5, A-8-2.5.9.5(b) l~epth ................................................ 5-2.2.2.3, A-5-2.2.5~.3 Ex~sting assembly occupancies ..................... 9-2.5.9.5, A-9!2.5.9.5(a), ~. A-9~2.5.9.5(b) SloPe ................................................. 5-2.2.2.2, A-5-2.2.').2 Tripping hazards ......................... 5-2.2.3.4, A-5-227..3.4 TriOn and incidental finish .......................................... ..... 6-5.5 Turnstiles ............................................................. 5-2.1.11 Existing assembly occupancies ..................................... 9-2.2.2.7 esv assembly occupancies ........ ~ .............................. 8-2.2.2.7 Un~rgraund buildings Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.4.1 Day-care homes ................................................... 10-8.4.1 Definition .............................................. 30-1.3.3, A-30.1.3.3 Existing assembly occupancies ........................................ 9-4.1 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27-4.1 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.4.1 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-4.1 Existing family day-care homes .................................... 11-9.4.1 Existing group day-care homes ..................................... 11-8.4.1 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-4.1 New assembly occupancies ............................................ 8-4.1 New business occupancies ........................................... 26-4.1 New detention and correctional occupancies ......................... 14-4.2 New educational occupancies ..................................... '... 10-4.1 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-4.1 Special provisions .....................................................30-7 U~ lergraund spaces, storage occupancies ...............................29-7.4 U~a rented fuel-fired heating equipment ................................. 31-3.9 I~olstered furniture ........................................ see Furnishings ; Conditions I to V Existing detention and correctional occupancies ................... 15-1.4.1, New detention and correctional occupancies ...................... 14-1.4.1, Utilities ................................................................... 7-1 Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.5.1 Existing ambulatory health care centers ............................ 13-6.5.1 Existing apartment buildings ........................................ 19-5.1 Existing assembly occupancies ........................................ 9-5.1 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27-5.1 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.5.1 Existing detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 15-5.1 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-5.1 Existing health care occupancies ..................................... t3-5.1 Existing hotels and dormitories ...................................... 17-5.1 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-5.1 Existing residential board and care occupancies ....... ~ ..... .23-2.5.1, 23-3.6.1 Industrial occupancies ............................................... 28-5.1 Lodging homes ............................................. : ........ 20-5.1 New ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6.5.1 New apartment buildings ............................................ 18-5.1 New assembly occupancies ............................................ 8-5.1 New business occupancies ........................................... 26-5.1 New detention and correctional occupancies ......................... 14-5.1 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-5.1 New health care occupancies ........................................ 12-5.1 New hotels and dormitories ......................................... 16-5.1 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-5.1 New residential boar~t and care occupancies .............. 22-2.5.1, 22~3.6.1 Parking structures ................................................. 29-8.5. Rooming houses ..................................................... 20-5.1 Speciat structures ................................................... 30-5.1 Storage occupancies ................................................. 29-5.1 Vehicles Definition ......................................................... 30-1.3.4 Exposition facilities, displayed in ............................ 8-4.4.4, 9-4.4.4 Special provisions ............................................. 30-6, A-30.6 Ventilation .................. see also Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning Day-care centers ................................................ 10-7.2.11.1 Existing apartment buildings ....................................... 19-4.1 Existing day-care centers ........................................ 11-7.2.11.1 Existing edncational occupancies .................... 11-2.11.1, A-I 1-2.11.1 New apartment buildings .............................. - .............. 18-4.1 New educational occupancies ........................ 10-2.11.1, A- 10-2.11.1 Smokeproof enclosures ................... 5-2.3.7, 5-2.3.8, 5-2.3.10, 5-2.3.12 Stages ................................................... 8-3.2.1.5, 9-3.2.1.5 Vertical openings Day-care centers ................................................... 10-7.3.1 Day-care homes ................................................... 10-8.3.1 Definition .............................................................. 3-2 Existing ambulatory health care centers .............................. 13-3.1 Existing apartment buildings ........................................ 19-3.1 Existing assembly occupancies ......................... 9-3.1, A-9-3.1, Ex. 3 Existing business occupancies ........................................ 27-3.1 Existing day-care centers .......................................... 11-7.3.1 Existing detention and correctional oceupancms ..................... 15-3. i, A-15-3.1.2(a), A-15-3.1.2(c), A-15-3.1.3 Existing educational occupancies .................................... 11-3.1 Existing group day-care homes ..................................... 11-8.3.1 Existing health care occupancies ..................................... 13-3.1 Existing hotels and dormitories ...................................... 1%3.1 Existing mercantile occupancies ..................................... 25-3.I Existing residential board and care occupancies ........... 23-2.3.1, 23-3.3.1 Fire protection features ......................... 6-2.4, A-6-2.4.2, A~6-2.4.4, A-6-2.4.5(g), A-6-2.4.6, A-6-2.4.11, Ex. 1 Industrial occupancies ............................................... 28-3.1 Lodging homes ..................................................... 20-3.1 New ambulatory health care centers ............................... 12-6.3.1 New apartment buildings ............................................ 18-3.1 New assembly occupancies ............................. 8-3.1, A-8-3.1, Ex. 3 New business occupancies ........................................... 26-3.1 New detention and correctional occupancies ........................ 14-3.1, A-14-3.1.2(a), A-14-3.1.2(c) New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-3.1 New health care occupancies ........................................ 12-3.1 New hotels and dormitories ......................................... 16-3.1 New mercantile occupancies ......................................... 24-3.1 New residential board and care occupancies .............. 22-2.3.1, 22-3.3.1 Rooming houses ..................................................... 20-3.1 Special structures ................................................... 30-3.1 Storage occupancies ................................................. 29-3.1 Vessels Definition ......................................................... 30-1.3~5 Special provisions ............................................ 30-6, A-30-6 Visual protection Fire escape stairs ................................................... 5-2.8.5 Outside ramps ....................................... 5-2.5.5.2, A-5-2.5.5.2 Outside stairs ......................................... 5-2.2.5.2. A-5-2.2.5.2 -W- Waiting spaces Existing assembly occupancies ...................................... 9-1.7.3 New assembly occupancies .......................................... 8-1.7.3 1994 EDITION 101-316 LIFE SAFETY CODE Walls ............................ see Corridor wall construction; Interior finish Water accumulation, outside ramps .................................. 5-2.5.5.3 Water surrounded structures (definitionl .. ........................... 30-1.3.6 A-15-4.1.1 New detention and correctional occupancies ....... ...... 14-4.1, A-14-4 1 1 Windowless bnildings Day-care centers .................................................... 10-7.4.1 Day-care homes .................................. 10-8 4 1 Definition ....................... 30-1 3~7;A-30-1.3.7.1(e), A-30-1.3 7.2(e) Existing assembly occupancies .......... ..... Existing business oCCul~ancies : , . Existing day-care centers ..... Existing educational occupancies . - Existing family day-care I~mes ....................... ..:.. 11-9.4 1 Existing groutS, dab-care homes .......................... ~..., 11-8.4,1 Existing health care occupancies ................................. ~;.;. 13-4.1 Existing mercantile occupancies ................................... 25--4.1 Ne3v a~embly occupancies ........................................ 8-4. t New busines~ occupancies ....................................... 26-4.1 New educational occupancies ........................................ 10-4.1 New health care occupancies ........................... 12-4.1 New mercantile occupancies ................................ 24-4 Special provisions ............................................. ~fl-7 Windows ............................................ see also Outside windows Day-care centers ................................................10-7.2.11.1 Existing apartment buildings ............................ 19-4.1 Existingday-carecenters. .................. : .. · ~..~ 11~7.2.11 1 Existing educational occupancies .............. 11-2.11.1, A-II-2.11 1 New apartment buildings ............................... . .' . ~. ~... 18-4 1 New educat onal occupancies ................... ..... 10-2.11.1, A-10-2.11.1 .y. Yard (definition) ......................................................... 3-2 -Z- · New detention and correctional occupancies ............. 14-14.1, Aq4-L4.1 Zoned Impeded Egress Use Condition ill Existing detention and correctional occupancies ........ 15-1:4 1~ 15-! 4.2,. A-15-L4~l, A-15q.4!2 New detention and correctional occupancies ... 14-1.4.1, 14-t.4~2; Ac14-1.4.], A-I4~L4~2 1994 EDITION